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The Polish-Czechoslovakian Conflict over Cieszyn Silesia, Spiš and Orava in the years 1938-1939 as Reported by the Polish Provincial Press published in Siedlce

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CABAJ J.
Historia i Świat
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2020
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issue 9
127-145
EN
a few months in 1938 and 1939 - from the time Hitler made his claims towards Czechoslovakia until the moment the state was dismantled. The author has focused on presenting the Polish-Czechoslovakian relations as reported by the press published in Siedlce, a district town located in the centre of pre-war Poland. At that time four periodicals were published there. The analysis of these publications has allowed the author to determine that the editors informed their readers about the situation of the disputed territories on a regular basis. The editors tried to make their message more attractive by posting photos or accounts by special correspondents. They built among its readers a negative image of the Czechoslovakian state, which was presented as an artificial creation where the rights of national minorities were not respected. The incorporation of these lands into Poland was presented as a symbol of historical justice. The press also played an important part in mobilising the local community to act for fellow countrymen from the lands being the object of the Polish-Czechoslovakian dispute. However, it did not recognise the growth of Slovakian independence activities, which were important for the internal affairs of Poland’s southern neighbour.
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The Determinants and Specific Features of Traditional Diet in the Context of Identity, with Selected Examples from Locations in the Upper Spiš Region

100%
Krišková Z.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2019
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vol. 29
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issue 3
236 - 245
EN
The study focusses on the region of Upper Spiš in Slovakia, beneath the High Tatras. The mentioned data are primarily based on multi-year ethnologic field research. The results of diet monitoring confirm that the diet is conditioned by primarily geographic, economic, and ethnic determinants based on which a location within the defined area creates specific lines: a) locations with mining industry in addition to primary agriculture, in which inter-ethnic, mainly German-Slovak socio-cultural contexts oscillate; b) locations with dominating agrarian culture and pastoralism in connection with Wallachian colonization, where we can also find Polish and Slovak influences, c) Tatra locations with focus on the High Tatras and the associated development of tourism. In the above-mentioned context, several specific features with distinctive cultural and identification accent has been created in the diet (designation of society members according to typical dishes). The diet and the processes and products associated with it can be undoubtedly defined as an element of communities´ identity, and within those ties as an important part of cultural heritage in the perspectives of sustainable development. However, a corresponding way and extent of preservation and mediation under current conditions is unavoidable, considering the developed tourism in that Tatra region.
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Poľsko–slovenská administratíva farnosti Spišského Zamaguria (Spišského dekanátu a Nedeckého dištriktu) v rokoch 1939–1948

100%
Ciągwa J.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 2
349–364
EN
The Slovak aggression on Poland in September 1939 had led to an incorporation of 14 villages situated in Upper Spiš, the so called Zamagurie, into the Slovak state. The parishes which were situated on this territory (functioning as the Spiš Deanery in the Polish Church administration) had passed to the jurisdiction of the Spiš bishop, having previously been excluded from subordination to the Krakow archbishop. Six Polish priests had remained on their posts until April 1940. The priestly services performed by them caused numerous legal problems. An example of such problems may be the provisions of the personal marriage law which remained in force in Slovakia, particularly as regards the civil-legal effectiveness of the marriages contracted before Polish priests; in view of these provisions, such marriages were considered invalid, unless the priest had taken an oath of allegiance to the Slovak state. The situation of the Polish priests had led to arguments between the bishop metropolitan of Krakow Adam Sapieha and the Slovak church hierarchs or else the Slovak lay authorities. Contrary to the widespread opinion to be found in Polish research as well as in the popular opinion, the Polish priests who had been deprived of their parishes were not at all mistreated. They returned to the General Gouvernement or else were also placed in Slovak monasteries. Repressions directed against Polish priests concerned above all their negative attitude towards the Slovak state and the local population. In the years 1940–1945, it was the Slovak priests who were in charge of the Spiš parishes. After Upper Spiš had been taken over by the Polish army, the Slovaks, including the priests, were subjected to repressions. The example of priest Franciszek Móš who, following a few months spent in custody, was subsequently expelled from Poland, is not an isolated case. By the end of 1945, the Slovak priests had left the territories which were taken over by Poland. After taking over the recovered parishes, the Polish priests discriminated against Slovak parishioners, among other by making it difficult for them to perform the religious rites in the Slovak language. Such conduct was the cause of the complaint lodged by the Consul General of Czechoslovakia with the Polish authorities. The attitude of the Polish priests was on the whole accepted by the Polish church hierarchy, including the bishop metropolitan Adam Sapieha.
4
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Ostatni niewolni we współczesnej Europie – relikty poddaństwa na Spiszu i ich zniesienie w latach trzydziestych XX w.

84%
Baran-Kozłowski W.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2021
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issue 1 (28)
104-117
EN
In Polish Spiš, incorporated on 28 July 1920 into the Second Polish Republic, there were three villages (Niedzica, Falsztyn and Niżne Łapsze) which belonged to two related families (the Salamons and the Jungenfelds). These villages were relics of feudalism in the form of serfdom of one of the categories of local peasants referred to as “żelarze”. This problem, solved in two stages in Hungary in 1848 and 1896, in Polish Spiš was not eliminated until 20 March 1931 when a legal act led to enfranchisement of “żelarze” by way of purchase over the next three years.
5
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Działalność kolekcjonerska Juliusza Zborowskiego na rzecz Muzeum Tatrzańskiego w kontekście plebiscytu spisko-orawskiego

67%
Kwiecińska M.
Lud
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2023
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vol. 107
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issue 1
307-328
EN
Juliusz Zborowski, a graduate of Polish Philology at the Jagiellonian University, moved to Podhale in 1913, as he started working as a teacher in a junior high school in Nowy Targ. The historical events of those years, related to the establishment of new borders of the Second Polish Republic, made him engaged in activities for the protection of cultural heritage in the disputed areas of Spisz and Orawa. He was a member of the Main Plebiscite Committee of Spisz-Orawa, then the head of its press section of Gazeta Podhalańska (1919–1920), from 1918 a member of the Tatra Society, and in 1922 he became the first director of the Tatra Museum. In 1920, the Main Plebiscite Committee was liquidated, and the money collected for its activities was allocated to the purchase of ethnographic artefacts from the so-called southern borderlands of the Second Polish Republic. Zborowski started sourcing them for the museum. As a result, over two hundred examples of paintings painted on glass and colored ceramics as well as numerous objects from private collectors enriched the collections of the Tatra Museum.
PL
Juliusz Zborowski, absolwent polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w 1913 roku zamieszkał na Podhalu, bo podjął pracę nauczyciela w nowotarskim gimnazjum. Wydarzenia historyczne tamtych lat związane z ustalaniem nowych granic II Rzeczpospolitej sprawiły, że zaangażował się w działania na rzecz ochrony kulturowego dziedzictwa na spornych terenach Spisza i Orawy. Był członkiem Głównego Komitetu Plebiscytowego Spisko-Orawskiego, następnie kierownikiem jego referatu prasowego „Gazety Podhalańskiej” (1919–1920), od 1918 roku członkiem Towarzystwa Tatrzańskiego, by w 1922 roku zostać pierwszym dyrektorem Muzeum Tatrzańskiego. W 1920 roku Główny Komitet Plebiscytowy uległ likwidacji, a zebrane na jego działalność pieniądze zostały przeznaczone na zakup etnograficznych okazów z tak zwanych kresów południowych II Rzeczpospolitej. Zborowski zajął się ich pozyskiwaniem dla muzeum. W efekcie ponad dwieście egzemplarzy obrazów malowanych na szkle i barwnej ceramiki oraz liczne obiekty od prywatnych kolekcjonerów wzbogaciły zbiory Muzeum Tatrzańskiego.
6
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National minorities in the Polish-Czechoslovak relations (1948-1989)

67%
Nowak K.
Historia Slavorum Occidentis
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2020
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issue 4 (27)
18-37
EN
The article describes the role of the problem of national minorities (Poles in Zaolzie, Czechs mainly in Kłodzko, and Slovaks in Polish parts of Spiš and Orava) in Polish-Czechoslovakian relations during the communist era. In the light of the author’s research, the nationalist heritage of border disputes from the first half of the 20th century influenced relations between the two countries also in later years, although the minority problem in their mutual relations was marginal and officially did not exist for both sides.
7
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Jeszcze raz w sprawie działalności Piotra i Mikołaja Komorowskich na Górnych Węgrzech w XV wieku

67%
Krajewski K.
Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne
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2021
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vol. 13
133-160
EN
Karol Krajewski takes up the subject of the activity of Piotr and Mikołaj Komorowski of the Korczak coat of arms in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the fifteenth century. Their activity is closely related to the topic of Upper Hungary in this period, a topic that has been discussed many times since the beginning of modern historiography, especially in Slovak and Polish historiography. Krajewski’s article is an attempt to assess the value of this research.Krajewski focuses on the activity of Piotr and Mikołaj Komorowski in the Hungarian territories in the years from c. 1440 to c. 1480. Describing the activity of Mikołaj Komorowski, Krajewski points to, among other things, his active participation, in the capacity of a military commander, in the civil war in Hungary on the side of Władysław III of Poland (Władysław Jagiellończyk) and his conflict with the bishop of Kraków Zbigniew Oleśnicki for the Spiš starostwo (county). Among the activities of Piotr Komorowski, Krajewski discusses the gradual building of his position in the area of Upper Hungary during the life of Władysław III and in the period after this king’s death, his rivalry and cooperation with other powerful nobles in this region, his involvement in the events related to the activity of the so-called bratrzyks, and his participation in the conflicts between Casimir IV Jagiellon (Kazimierz Jagiellończyk) and Maciej Korwin.
DE
Der Autor des Artikels greift das Thema der Tätigkeit von Piotr und Mikołaj Komorowski mit dem Wappen von Korczak im nördlichen Teil des Königreichs Ungarn im 15. Jahrhundert auf. Diese Tätigkeit steht in engem Zusammenhang mit dem damaligen Oberungarn, das heißt mit einem Thema, das seit Beginn der modernen Geschichtsschreibung bereits mehrmals behandelt wurde, vor allem in der slowakischen und polnischen Geschichtsschreibung. In dem Artikel wird ein Versuch unternommen, den bisherigen Forschungsstand zu verifizieren.Der Autor konzentriert sich auf die Tätigkeit von Piotr und Mikołaj Komorowski in den ungarischen Territorien in den Jahren von etwa 1440 bis etwa 1480. Bei der Beschreibung von Mikołaj Komorowskis Aktivitäten verweist er unter anderem auf seine aktive Teilnahme als Oberbefehlshaber am Bürgerkrieg in Ungarn auf der Seite von Władysław III. von Warna oder auf den Konflikt des Magnaten mit dem Bischof von Krakau - Zbigniew Oleśnicki, um die Starostei Zips. Zu den Aktivitäten von Piotr Komorowski gehörten: der allmähliche Aufbau seiner Position in Oberungarn zu Lebzeiten von König Władysław III. von Warna und nach dessen Tod, Rivalität und Zusammenarbeit mit anderen, in dieser Region tätigenMagnaten, Beteiligung an Ereignissen verbunden mit der Tätigkeit der so genannten „Bratschiki“ und Teilnahme an Konflikten zwischen Kasimir dem Jagiellonen und Matthias Corvinus.
PL
Autor artykułu podejmuje temat aktywności Piotra i Mikołaja Komorowskich herbu Korczak na obszarze północnej części Królestwa Węgierskiego w XV wieku. Działalność ta jest ściśle związana z tematem Górnych Węgier w tym okresie, tematem, który był już od początku nowoczesnej historiografii wielokrotnie opracowywany, szczególnie w historiografii słowackiej i polskiej. W artykule podjęto próbę weryfikacji tego dorobku. Autor skupia się na działalności Piotra i Mikołaja Komorowskich na terenach węgierskich w latach od około 1440 do około 1480 roku. Opisując aktywności Mikołaja Komorowskiego, wskazuje między innymi na jego czynny udział jako dowódcy wojskowego w wojnie domowej na Węgrzech po stronie Władysława III Jagiellończyka czy też konflikt tego możnego z biskupem krakowskim Zbigniewem Oleśnickim o starostwo spiskie. Wśród działań Piotra Komorowskiego opisane zostały: stopniowe budowanie pozycji na obszarze Górnych Węgier za życia Władysława III Jagiellończyka i w okresie po jego śmierci, rywalizacji i współpraca z innymi możnymi działającymi w tym regionie, włączenie się przez Komorowskiego w wydarzenia związane z aktywnością tzw. bratrzyków oraz udział w konfliktach między Kazimierzem Jagiellończykiem a Maciejem Korwinem.
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