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PL
In Jesus Christ, the human person finds greatness, dignity and worth of humanity. This article reflects on the doctrine of the great African bishop, St. Augustine of Hippo and Pope John Paul II. It discusses the truth about Jesus Christ, the Redeemer of humankind. The concept of redemption as represented by the bishop of Hippo is in essence sacerdotal and sacrificial as it is ultimately expressed by the sacrifice of the Cross. The Cross of Jesus Christ manifests the great and merciful willingness of God towards the fallen human person who is the slave of sin. The triple victory of Christ: over sin, death and Satan, restores the human person to life in the communion with God.
Polonia Sacra
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2022
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vol. 26
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issue 1
139-164
PL
The proposed topic is extremely timely in an era of debate over the possibility of allowing divorced persons who have remarried to receive Holy Communion. In this regard it is worth examining the causes and consequences, which are still present in the canon of the Catholic Church, with a different understanding of the attribute of marital indissolubility. While in fact the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church agree on the teaching of the sacraments, including the teaching of the sacrament of marriage and its attribute of indissolubility, in practice the understanding of indissolubility results in a different use of canon in both Churches. The reason is primarily a different interpretation of the so-called Matthew clause. Hence, in the East, St. Basil the Great in some way allowed the practice of penance for divorced people who remarried. While his teaching on marital indissolubility is clear, the same cannot be said for the explanation of the discipline he recognizes. Interpretation of the individual principles described by St. Basil, causes many difficulties. In the West, the most significant Church Father in this matter is St. Augustine, he synthesized the teaching on marriage while explaining the doctrine and practice to be followed. He did not omit the attribute of indissolubility and defined the relationship between a man and a woman before the end of the previous marriage as adultery. As a consequence of the differences in understanding of the attribute of marital indissolubility, there are clear restrictions in today’s canonical discipline in the Catholic Church, which must be observed in the case of some pastoral service towards an Orthodox person, whether in the case of a mixed marriage or for any other reason.
EN
The paper focuses on two basic issues from the writings of St. Augustine: the matter of being and the problem of ontologism. Augustine’s considerations offer a subtle and innovative proposal, which bodes well for further research prospects. The author himself never acknowledged the fact that the notion of being has priority over theory of cognition. Similarly, intuition itself (also in the context of faith) does not imply the unity of cognition and being. Nevertheless, one cannot deny the presence of a certain anthropological-cognitive triad in Augustine’s thought: it manifests itself in the unity of the moment, namely the consciousness of the subject, of being, and of existence. It is impossible to determine unequivocally whether Augustine's views can be described as ontologism. On the basis of our philosopher's personal experiences, God, unattainable for the human mind, remains an eternal light. However, that does not indicate a stance where the Augustinian visio would imply a direct vision of the nature of God. The analyses carried out in the article remain to some extent open.
EN
The article introduces the philosophical conception of “Christian marriage” worked out by St. Augustine in the treatise De bono coniugali (400–401 AD) which is a part of his polemics with the Manichaeans and Iuvinian(us). The treatise has been evaluated in the light of the Augustian methodology of De civitate Dei (410–430 AD). The author concludes that in writing De civitate Dei St. Augustine took inspiration from the methodology outlined in the earlier De bono coniugali.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono filozoficzną konstrukcję „małżeństwa chrześcijańskiego” opracowaną przez św. Augustyna w rozprawie pt. De bono coniugali, napisanej w latach 400–401, powstałej w polemice z manichejczykami i Iuwinianem. Praca została poddana ocenie w świetle metodologii Augustiańskiej zawartej w traktacie Civitas Dei, napisanym w latach 410–430. Autor dochodzi do przekonania, iż św. Augustyn w De civitate Dei inspirował się metodologią przedstawioną w zarysie we wcześniejszym De bono coniugali.
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EN
Augustin in his correspondence many times uses the metaphor based on medicine and hygiene – deeply rooted in biblical, patristic and philosophical tradition of his times. Directly or indirectly he refers mainly to two ideas: Christ as Medical Doctor and St. Paul's doctrine of the Church as the Body of Christ. Christians are members of the Church. Their personal sins, spiritual flaws, foreign doctrines and heresies they are attracted to, schisms they join such as Judaism. Priscilianism, Manicheism, Donatism, paganism, pride and discord among communities are all presented metaphorically as illnesses. Augustine uses the images of blindness, cancer, gangrene, madness, lethargy, dementia and injury. The Author as the Shepherd of the Church offers various devices and ways to fight the vices, using medical terms in a didactic context. In this way, medicine becomes the representation of the Church’s discipline, ethics and spirituality.
PL
Augustyn w swojej korespondencji wielokrotnie posługuje się mocno osadzoną w tradycji zarówno biblijnej, patrystycznej, jak i filozoficznej swoich czasów, metaforyką opartą na medycynie i higienie. Wprost lub pośrednio odwołuje się przede wszystkim do dwóch idei: Chrystusa – Lekarza oraz Pawłowej doktryny o Kościele jako Ciele Chrystusa. Chrześcijanie są członkami Kościoła. Ich osobiste grzechy, duchowe braki, jak również obce doktryny i herezje, którym ulegają, oraz schizmy, do których przystępują, takie jak judaizm, pryscylianizm, manicheizm, donatyzm, pogaństwo, pycha i niezgoda pomiędzy wspólnotami, w tym kluczu metaforycznym są przedstawiane jako choroby. Augustyn najczęściej posługuje się obrazami: ślepoty, nowotworu, gangreny, obłąkania, ospałości, otępienia i poranienia. Nasz Autor jako pasterz Kościoła w swoich wypowiedziach podaje również różne narzędzia i sposoby walki z nimi, które także opisuje w kategoriach medycznych, często powiązanych z pedagogicznymi. W ten sposób medycyna staje się obrazem dyscypliny kościelnej, etyki i duchowości.
6
81%
EN
Augustine rejected the Manichean claim that freedom was something illusory. It was precisely in debates with the Manicheans that he forged his doctrine of evil as a lack of good where it ought to exist. Freedom, necessarily directed toward good and justice, is the opposite of coercion, but concurrently cannot be reconciled with evil and sin, whereas our real freedom is never in discord with the absolute transcendence of God.
PL
Augustyn odrzucał manichejską tezę, jakoby wolność była czymś iluzorycznym. Właśnie w dyskusjach z manichejczykami wykuwał swoją naukę, że zło jest brakiem dobra tam, gdzie ono być powinno. Wolność, w sposób konieczny ukierunkowana ku dobru i sprawiedliwości, jest prze- ciwieństwem przymusu, ale zarazem nie da się jej pogodzić ze złem i grzechem. Natomiast nasza realna wolność nigdy nie kłóci się z absolutną transcendencją  Boga.
EN
This article forms a part of Rev. Prof. Marian Kurdziałek’s lecture devoted to the pre-Thomist conceptions od philosophy-theology relationship. More precisely, this article is a reconstruction of the Prof. Kurdziałek ‘s discussion of the relevant ideas in St. Augustine’s thought. To begin with, Kurdziałek presents St. Augustine’s holistic understanding of philosophy and theology as essentially one and the same endeavor, a way leading to beatitude. He goes on to illustrate this thesis with a number of quotes, chiefly from Augustine’s philosophical dialogues, but also from his later writings. Kurdziałek then proceeds to discuss the place of ethical knowledge in Augustine’s theology and the relationship of cosmology and theology in thought of the bishop of Hippo. The lecture is concluded by a presentation of Augustine’s psychology, again conceived as a starting point of a spiritual itinerary, one of the ways ultimately leading to God.
EN
The original contribution of the Bishop of Hippo to the formation of widows is the study of spiritual, internal beauty (pulchritudo spiritalis). It was perfectly harmonized with other indications addressed to them, especially in De bono viduitatis and Epistula 130, and is part of a much wider concept of the spiritual man (homo spirituals), which after 411 the Hipponese develops in an anti-Pelagian context. Although the widow's abstinence is a gift from God and prompts her to be grateful, it does not absolve her from the trouble of pleasing her Bridegroom. Since the great shepherd of the Church of Hippo was well aware that he should teach continence so that widows themselves would love it, he speaks of it and of all God-consecrated widowhood in terms of beauty and spiritual bliss. Yes, step by step, with unparalleled eloquence and skill, it traces the smallest elements of the spiritual beauty of violas viduarum.
PL
Oryginalnym wkładem biskupa Hippony w formację wdów jest nauka o pięknie duchowym, wewnętrznym (pulchritudo spiritalis). Została ona doskonale zharmonizowana z innymi wskazaniami adresowanymi do nich zwłaszcza w De bono viduitatis oraz Epistula 130 i jest częścią o wiele szerszej koncepcji człowieka duchowego (homo spirituals), którą po 411 roku Hippończyk rozwija w kontekście antypelagiańskim. Choć wstrzemięźliwość wdowia jest darem Bożym i skłania do wdzięczności, to jednak nie zwalnia z trudu podobania się Oblubieńcowi. Ponieważ wielki pasterz Kościoła w Hipponie zdawał sobie doskonale sprawę, że o wstrzemięźliwości powinien uczyć tak, aby pokochały ją same wdowy, dlatego też mówi o niej i o całym poświęconym Bogu wdowieństwie w kategoriach piękna i rozkoszy duchowych. Tak, krok po kroku z niezrównaną swadą i znawstwem kreśli najdrobniejsze elementy duchowego piękna violas viduarum.
9
72%
PL
Już dla ojców Kościoła (por. Passio S. Polycarpi, a zwłaszcza dla św. Augustyna) kult świętych był przeciwieństwem kultów politeistycznych. Treścią artykułu jest przedstawienie biblijnego zakorzenienia obecnych w katolicyzmie pięciu aspektów kultu świętych: 1. Oddając cześć świętym, dziękujemy Bogu za to, że tak wiernie obdarzał swój Kościół poprzednich pokoleniach. 2. Nasze dziękczynienie przeniknięte jest błaganiem, ażeby Bóg również nas raczył obdarzać podobnie, jak niegdyś obdarzał naszych ojców i matki w wierze. 3. W kulcie świętych wyrażamy naszą wiarę, że święci modlą się za nas, zarazem ich samych prosimy o to, żeby się za nami wstawiali. 4. Wyrazem kultu świętych jest również oddawanie czci ich relikwiom, 5. oraz ich naśladowanie. Mówiąc najkrócej: Naśladując świętych, uczymy się tego, jak możemy i powinniśmy naśladować Chrystusa.
EN
The worship of saints was contrary to the polytheistic worships already in existence for the Church Fathers (cf. Passio by St. Polycarpi, and especially for St. Augustine). The content of the article is to present the biblical inveteracy of five aspects of the worship of saints in Catholicism today: 1. By worshiping the saints, we are giving thanks to God for His faithful bestowing of His own Church in previous generations. 2. Our thanksgiving is penetrated by an entreaty, that God would also give us the same gift as he once bestowed upon our fathers and mothers in the faith. 3. In the worship of saints we express our faith that saints pray for us, at the same time we ask them to intercede for us. 4. The expression of the worship of saints is also the worship of their relics, 5. and their imitation. In short: By imitating the saints, we learn how we can and should imitate Christ.
PL
W niniejszym tekście starano się ukazać, że nie ma teoretycznej niejasności wokół pojęcia rodziny. Podkreślają to zarówno Arystoteles, jak i Augustyn. Można nawet posunąć się do stwierdzenia, że jest to prawda powszechnie uznawana wśród tych, którzy wiedzą, o czym mówią. Jest to rekapitulacja ze szczególnym naciskiem na teoretyczną surowość. A dalej: wydaje się, że jest wiele kulturowej pogardy dla rodziny. Duch czasu działa tu silnie i tak po prostu nie zniknie. Dziwne wydarzenia prowadzą do ogromnych problemów, które wynikają z atomizmu społecznego, koncepcji antyinstytucjonalistycznych i globalistycznych oraz skupiają się na nich. Rozwija się to ex negativo na tle solidnego instytucjonalizmu. Na przykład destrukcyjny uniwersalizm Jürgena Habermasa można zrozumieć poprzez skoncentrowane się na teorii instytucji Arnolda Gehlena. Autor stara się doprowadzić do wglądu w następujący sylogizm: Człowiek jest z natury insty­tucjonalistyczny. Globalizm lub internacjonalizm jest wewnętrznie antyinstytucjonalny. Globalizm lub internacjonalizm prowadzi zatem bezpośrednio do likwidacji człowieka. I na koniec: wszystko to można przezwyciężyć. Sposobem na przełamanie tendencji ducha czasu jest jedyna niezbędna instytucja – rodzina. Rodzina wyzwala się praktycznie, a wyjaśnia teoretycznie.
EN
This text intends to show: First: There is no theoretical unclarity surrounding the notion of the family. Taken together, its definition in Aristotle and St. Augustine is, as it were: perfect, intellec­-tually completely satisfying. One could even go so far as to say that this is a truth universally acknow­ledged among those familiar with the subject. This is recapitulated with a special stress on theoretical stringency. However, there seem to be many cultured despisers of the family. The force of the zeitgeist runs strong here, and it will not simply go away. Strange developments lead to huge problems surro-unding and resulting from social atomism, anti-institutionalistic and globalistic concepts. This is deve­loped ex negativo, against the background of robust institutionalism. Jürgen Habermas` destructive universalism e.g. can be understood via a concentration on Arnold Gehlen`s institution-theory. The text tries to lead to insight into this syllogism: Man is institutionalist by nature. Globalism or internationalism is intrinsically anti-institutionalist. Globalism or internationalism therefore directly leads to the abolition of man. But, finally: Of course all this can be overcome. The way to transcend the zeitgeist- tendencies is the only necessary institution, the family. The family liberates practically, and it clarifies theoretically.
Collectanea Theologica
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2020
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vol. 90
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issue 5
477-504
EN
In the writings of St. Augustine, the Latin word cor occurs more than 8,000 times, being one of the most important, though ambiguous, terms of his anthropology and spirituality. As a synonym for the inner man (homo interior) it encompasses the whole affective, intellectual, moral and religious life. In this sense, it is the privileged place for a personal encounter with God. The analysis of Augustine’s writings reveals a link between the concept of the Trinity and indications concerning the spiritual life of man. Reflections on the “heart” can be put into a kind of triptych: creation “in the image of God,” illumination by Christ, and dilatation by the Holy Spirit. The impact of God on the human heart should find its completion in a voluntarily adopted attitude of adoration, humility and love.
EN
The article presents the concept of eternity and temporality in the perspective of the early medieval thinker, philosopher and Latin-language writer Augustine of Hippo in the context of the existence of God. It explains how the author distinguished eternity from time and emphasizes that eternity is a condition for the existence of temporal reality. In the first place, when discussing the author’s thoughts, conclusions are described about how he grasped eternity in contrast with the temporal world. Augustine describes eternity as immutability, distinguishing it from the changeability of time. Then, the experience of temporality by human consciousness was analyzed and the subjectivity of experiencing the passage of moments was emphasized. Augustine saw the impancy of the present and at the same time the impossibility of staying in it permanently. He understood time as a form of our mentality and distinguished three areas of time: the presence of the past, the presence of the present, and the presence of the future. Like most of his contemporaries, he misunderstood time linearly by giving it a specific direction, i.e. an arrow, which in fact is our cognitive illusion. The article uses the classic works of Augustine of Hippo, such as “De civitate Dei” and “Confessiones” and on their basis presents the concepts of the thinker from Tagasta and additionally expands them with reflections on the subjective experience of transience, which is experienced in human consciousness based on psychological knowledge.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję wieczności i czasowości w ujęciu wczesnośredniowiecznego myśliciela, filozofa i pisarza łacińskojęzycznego Augustyna z Hippony w kontekście istnienia Boga. Wyjaśniono, w jaki sposób autor odróżnił wieczność od czasu, oraz podkreślono, że wieczność jest warunkiem zaistnienia rzeczywistości temporalnej. W pierwszej kolejności przy omawianiu myśli autora opisano wnioski na temat tego, jak ujmował on wieczność w kontraście z czasowym światem. Augustyn opisuje wieczność jako niezmienność, odróżniając ją od zmienności czasu. Następnie analizie poddano doświadczanie czasowości przez ludzką świadomość i podkreślono subiektywność przeżywania upływania momentów. Augustyn dostrzegł nierozciągłość teraźniejszości i zarazem niemożność zatrzymania się w niej na stałe. Pojmował czas jako formę naszej umysłowości i wyróżnił trzy dziedziny czasu: obecność przeszłości, obecność teraźniejszości i obecność przyszłości. Jak większość mu współczesnych autorów błędnie ujmował czas linearnie, nadając mu określony kierunek, czyli strzałkę, która w rzeczywistości jest naszym złudzeniem poznawczym. W artykule wykorzystano klasyczne dzieła Augustyna z Hippony, takie jak „De civitate Dei” oraz „Confessiones”, i na ich podstawie przedstawiono koncepcje myśliciela z Tagasty oraz dodatkowo rozszerzono je o rozważania na temat subiektywnego przeżywania przemijalności, jakie jest doświadczane w ludzkiej świadomości, opierając się na wiedzy psychologicznej.
PL
Wyczytanie myśli Augustyna z tekstów Camusa, aby można było nazwać je komplementarnym, musiałoby polegać na analizie całości dzieła francuskiego pisarza, jako że echa camusowskiej lektury Augustyna nie urywają się w żadnym momencie jego działalności literackiej, natomiast zaczynają – być może najgłośniej – pobrzmiewać już w jednym z pierwszych pism, jakie wyszły spod pióra młodego Camusa. Artykuł ten ma więc służyć jako przypomnienie dotychczasowych ustaleń, a zarazem jako szkic do pogłębionej monografi i, wykazujący różnorodność pól, na których toczy się dialog Camusa z Augustynem, zawierający odniesienia do tych, na jakich dotychczas nie szukano „spotkań” obu myślicieli.
EN
Finding St. Augustine’s influence on texts of Albert Camus, in order to call it complementary, would have to rely on the analysis of the whole work of the French writer, since the “presence” of Augustine in work of Camus does not break off at any time of his literary activity. In contrast, it starts to have its overtone in the one of the first texts which have come out from the pen of young Camus. Thus this article has to serve as a reminiscence of the previous findings and at the same time their explanation (as they are not always methodologically satisfactory), and also as a sketch for a thorough monograph, showing a variety of fields, in which dialogue of St. Augustine with Camus takes place, containing a reference to those fields, that have not been the subject of interest yet.
Vox Patrum
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2016
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vol. 65
761-781
EN
St. Augustine is regarded as master of the an allegorical interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. It consists in drawing out from the biblical text the deepest meaning. Using such kind of interpretation, he tried in one of his greatest exegeti­cal works – Enarrationes in Psalmos, to explain for his faithful the mystery of the Church by means of a number of motives from the parables, biblical topographic and cosmic subjects, as well as from many biblical events and personages, in­terpreted in an allegorical spirit. So, in this article an effort has been made to show only some ideas of Augustine’s ecclesiological reflections that look as fruit of his allegorical interpretation of Noah’s Arc and the happenings related to it. The carried out analyses show that the figure of Noah’s Arc and the happenings related to it, served the bishop of Hippona to present the Church as a community composed of all nations of the world which are being incorporated in its organism after a previous conversion and receiving baptism as a result of proclamation the Gospel which should perform a priority role in the saving service of the Church. In Augustine’s opinion, the Church should be the place of proclamation the Truth, the teaching of which in the Church should be characterized by absolute fidelity to the Christian doctrine. What’s more, the Church is a community of saint and sin­ful people. It unceasingly undertakes strenuous efforts of moral cleaning, striving thereby for a growing moral perfection. That community is also characterized by awareness of a shared responsibility for the salvation of others, as well as by a conviction of the value of testifying to the holiness of life and the need of pro­claiming the Word of God. These constitute an essential factor which mobilizes to a growing fidelity in fulfilling the will of God expressed in the commandments, and to undertaking a strenuous effort to proclaim the Gospel. The carried out anal­yses also allow to ascertain that the moral renewal undertaken by the members of the Church, should take place in accordance with the recommendations of Christ, and their progress in acquiring moral perfection does not remain without influence on perceiving the institution of the Church. Also obdurate sinners are members of the Church, those who, in spite of the words of encouragement addressed to them that they might start a way of fidelity to God, they put off the final decision of con­version, resigning in this way from the possibility of salvation, offered to them by God. The Church shown by means of an arc, is a Church unceasingly persecuted because it does not give consent to moral violations by the sinners, having a tole­rating attitude toward them, in hope of their conversion. To Augustine’s vision of the Church belongs also his faithful safeguard of the Christian morality, as well as his fidelity in the service of proclaiming the Gospel. Both flow from the convic­tion of impossibility of one’s salvation outside the Church.
Vox Patrum
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2015
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vol. 63
157-183
EN
The presented article consists of two main parts. The first one describes the characteristic elements of God’s fatherhood as it is seen by St. Augustine. Author of the study shows in this section Augustine’s teaching on God as a creator and parent. Author points as well to the manifestations of God’s actions towards man, to show finally the views of St. Augustine on the place of God in human life. The second part takes into the light the thoughts of Bishop of Hippo on human fatherhood and especially reveals his views on the relationship of the human fatherhood to God’s fatherhood and indicates a good of the procreation. In the last part of this section, the author presents an assessment of earthly fatherhood made by St. Augustine.
Vox Patrum
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2018
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vol. 69
735-753
EN
The present article proves that Augustine, explaining in Enarrationes in Psal­mos the texts of Psalms, does not treat references occurig in them, to the moon merely as a part of the descriptions of beauty of the created world, but tries to perceive in it a hidden meaning, the disclosure of which serves the interpreation of different theological questions. For the bishop of Hippo, the moon is a meta­phor of God the Creator, of Christ, of the Church and of the human being. With reference to God the Creator, the moon is to remind Christians, that God creating everything as being good and beautiful, He himself is the Good and the Beauty. Furthermore, the motive of the moon is to point to God’s self-sufficiency, his freedom and independence. The moon as metaphor of Christ, in turn, allows to perceive in Him the true God who, through the event of Incarnation, revealed to the human being the eternal plan of salvation. The ecclesiological dimension of the symbolism of the moon, however, introduces the concept of the beginnings of the Church, points out to its persecutions and to the presence of sinful people in it. What’s more, the moon-Church is the mystical Body of Christ and Christi s its Head. It is, furthermore, a Glorious Church that will be reigning with Christ for ever. Through the antropological dimension of the figure of the moon, Augustine exposes to the listeners of his sermons the truth about human fragility, corporality and mortality, moral inconstancy and a necessity for gaining more and more per­fection with the suport of the Holy Spirit. The moon is salso to direct the human thinking at the truth of resurrection.
EN
This article shows the dangers in preaching of God’s word according to St. Augustine. The observations of the Bishop of Hippona are double. In the first group there are exterior dangers. Their source of origin is on the outside of the Church, from heretics and schismatics. In the second group there are internal dan­gers. Their source is in human dimension of the Church. Among them, according to St. Augustine, there are: preachers-mercennnaries, excessive pride of preacher, desire of human praises and honours, laziness in God’s service, giving into temp­tation of earthly comfort and care for worldly things.
Vox Patrum
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2013
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vol. 60
165-182
EN
The first coherent doctrine of voluntary poverty appeared in Western Church theology in the writings of St. Augustine. This idea developed gradually under the influence of the coenobitic ideal and vision of a community Church. First having excluded the Manichean vision of community (AD 386-396) St. Augustine adopt­ed the coenobitic conception of poverty (relinquishing individual possession in favour of communal ownership and working for the benefit of the community). In his mature period (AD 397-426) St. Augustine referred directly to the perfect vi­sion of the Christian monastic community described in Acts 4:32-36 as the source of voluntary poverty. In this way the monks copied the perfection of the Early Church community. One might say his approach to ascetic poverty was according to the principle of qualitative parity i.e. every monk receives the minimum of ma­terial necessities. St. Augustine’s sermons 355 from December AD 425/January AD 426 and 356 from January AD 426 show clearly how he and his brothers practiced individual and community poverty.
EN
The article is divided into two paragraphs. The first paragraph presents St. Augustine’s opinion on the husband as a person. His remarks on the appearance as well as the personal values of a man and husband are discussed.The second paragraph deals with the issue of personality formation, including such points as the care to form moral goodness, especially the virtues of chastity and continence. This paragraph also considers St. Augustine’s view on concupiscence. The bishop of Hippo not only assesses concupiscence but also gives encouragement to overcome it and at the same time suggests methods that enable its control.Keywords
Verbum Vitae
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2022
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vol. 40
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issue 1
69-84
EN
The aim of the article is to present St. Augustine’s view of the male and female sexes (sexus) as reflected in his teaching on the Incarnation of the Son of God. The article focuses first on Augustine's commentary on the first chapters of Genesis: De Genesi ad litteram libri duodecim. This work is a precious testimony to the divine origin of human gender. The "man" (homo), in the Latin version of Genesis 1:26-27 available to Augustine, is both "man" (mas, masculus) and "woman" (femina, mulier). A woman differs from a man in both physiognomy and biological features, with still other differences belonging to the social realm, nevertheless, as to the dignity stemming from being made according to the image of God, women are equal to men. Just as in Christ the full dignity of the male sex is revealed, so in the Mother of Christ is the full dignity of the female sex made manifest. According to Augustine, Christ, although he could have created his own body from a rib (or from any member) of Mary – thus showing in his body that he was able to replicate what had occurred in the miracle of creation – he instead chose to show that in his mother's pure body, in the female sex itself, there is nothing embarrassing. Women will be resurrected in their female bodies, in which their essential beauty, bestowed at the time of creation, will be highlighted.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie spojrzenia św. Augustyna na płeć ludzką (sexus), obecnego w jego nauczaniu na temat wcielenia Syna Bożego. Z uwagi na znaczną rozpiętość zagadnienia artykuł koncentruje się na najbardziej reprezentatywnym komentarzu Augustyna do pierwszych rozdziałów Księgi Rodzaju: De Genesi ad litteram libri duodecim. Dzieło to jest cennym świadectwem nauczania o boskim pochodzeniu płci. „Człowiek” (homo) w dostępnej Augustynowi wersji łacińskiej Rdz 1,26–27 to zarówno „mężczyzna” (mas, masculus), jak i „kobieta” (femina, mulier). Kobieta różni się od mężczyzny fizjonomią i cechami biologicznymi, inne różnice wynikają z uwarunkowań życia społecznego, jednak co do godności bycia stworzoną na obraz Boży kobieta jest równa mężczyźnie. Tak jak w Chrystusie objawia się pełna godność płci męskiej, tak w Matce Chrystusa objawia się pełna godność płci kobiecej. Zdaniem Augustyna Chrystus, choć mógł z żebra czy z jakiegoś innego członka ciała Maryi stworzyć własne ciało, a więc pokazać w swoim ciele, iż po raz wtóry potrafiłby zdziałać to, co się stało przez cud stworzenia, to jednak przez wcielenie unaocznił, że w czystym ciele matki, tym samym jej płci kobiecej, nie ma nic zawstydzającego. Kobiety zmartwychwstaną w swoich ciałach kobiecych, w których uwydatni się ich piękno otrzymane w momencie stworzenia
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