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1

CHANGES IN POPULATION IN THE TRANSYLVANIA AREA (Przemiany ludnosciowe na obszarze Transsylwanii)

100%
Eberhardt P.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
|
2008
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vol. 43
221-243
2

The office of count of Székelys during the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg

80%
Korde Z.
Tortenelmi Szemle (Historical Review)
|
2004
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vol. 46
|
issue 3/4
193-239
EN
Appointed by the ruler, the count of Székelys (székelyispán or comes Siculorum) was the principal (or leader) of the self-governing Transylvanian Székelys. The study seeks to reveal the extent to which the era of Sigismund of Luxembourg (1387-1437) represented a separate stage in the history of the office of count of Székelys. The first part of the essay discusses the appointment of the various holders of the post, the duration of their office, and the political circumstances that influenced their work. During the initial period of Sigismund's reign, the baronial league led by János Kanizsai exerted considerable influence upon the king. Accordingly, most holders of the office of count of Székelys were appointed from among this group. Once the king had strengthened his position, however, even an uprising by the league was unable to stop him. Indeed, from 1404, the king managed to consolidate his system of government, with the assistance of the Cillei-Garai group of barons. During this period, appointments to the post reflected the wishes of the king and the group of cooperative barons forming the mainstay of regal power. The fact that two officeholders - Mihály Nádasdi (1405-1422) and Mihály Kusalyi Jakcs (1426-1438) - dominated the 33-year period between 1404 and 1437 is indicative of the degree of stability. Sigismund attempted to counterbalance the powerful Transylvanian voivodas by extending the territorial jurisdiction of the count of Székelys. The death of the emperor-king was quickly followed by the collapse of the power structures. Still, as far as the office of count of Székelys was concerned, the early part of 1441 was the real dividing line, when János Hunyadi and Miklós Újlaki unified for the first time the authority of count and voivoda - although it was still only a temporary development at this point. The second part of the study examines the consolidation of the holding of the office by several nobles, the manner in which the fortresses constituted the count's honor, changing military roles by way of reaction to the Turkish threat, problems arising from the development of Székely country boroughs, increasing social tensions among the Székely population, and the alliance in 1437 of the three Transylvanian nations, signifying the root of the peculiar Transylvanian system of order - whose conception was assisted by the counts of Székelys. The period between 1387 and 1441 was a distinctive period in the history of the office of count of Székelys. It may also be called the last 'classical' era, because the next period, the Hunyadi era, saw the final merger with the post of voivoda and the abandonment of the separate office of count of Székelys in 1467.
3

GRAVES BELONGING TO THE FIRST HORIZON FROM ALBA IULIA-STAȚIA DE SALVARE. DISCOVERIES MADE DURING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FROM 1980 AND 1981

80%
Dragotă A., Popescu M.-E., Blăjan M.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 1
119 – 152
EN
The present paper discusses the analysis of the 18 graves discovered during the research carried out between 1980 and 1981 at Alba Iulia-Stația de Salvare. The following data is designed to provide additional information on the Transylvanian funerary landscape at the dawn of the Middle Ages. The research carried out at the site mentioned above has revealed some truly remarkable information about an archaeological find that is only partially understood. In terms of the grave orientation, a wide range can be observed so that one cannot highlight a predominant. All 18 uncovered graves present a diverse and numerous funerary inventory: weapons (battle axes, arrowheads, daggers), utensils (flint, knife, blades, steel, skins, burnt spindle whorls), adornments and clothing accessories (buttons, Kecel type buckles, beads, earrings, rings, bracelets, torques, pendants, appliques, coins) and pottery. In addition to these elements, remains of animal offerings deposited at the time of the deceased’s burial were discovered in the sepulchral pits. At the current research stage, it is appropriate to add the graves that are the subject of this article to the 87 found between 1981 and 1985 in the same area. Taking into account elements of rite and ritual, funerary inventory, and other conclusive aspects, one can place the graves within the first funerary horizon dated to the 9th – 10th c., when existed Bulgarian enclave in Transylvania. All these burial finds can be added to those made at Blandiana A and Sebeș (Alba County, Romania) and facilitate the idea that a Bulgarian enclave existed in the Transylvanian area in the 9th – 10th c.
4

THE ROLE OF THE SZÉKELY PEOPLE IN DEFENDING THE COUNTRY IN THE ÁRPÁDIAN AGE

80%
Benko L.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
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2005
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vol. 101
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issue 3
269-274
EN
The eleventh and twelfth-century history of the Székely, one of the characteristic groups of Hungarians, has to be revised at a number of points as compared to earlier studies in the field. This paper discusses an important issue within that period of the history of the Székely: their role in defending Hungary. The discussion retains its original form as an oral presentation and focuses on the results of the inquiry. It argues against the claim that the Kingdom of Hungary had employed foreigners, nomadic people from the East, to defend the country in the early Árpádian age. Rather, the kings of Hungary at that time organised Hungarian troops to accomplish that task from light horsemen capable of forming flying patrols and deployed them next to strategically prominent roads and mountain passes, generally at the fringes of the territories within which Hungarian was spoken. Many of these groups of people, referred to as the Székely, were later transferred from those remote areas to what is known as the Székely land in eastern Transylvania today, also with defence tasks, only in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
5

The role of national identity on shaping social networks in Transsylvania

80%
Veres V.
Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)
|
2007
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vol. 17
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issue 1-2
47-70
EN
The purpose of this study is to analyse in detail the manifestation and influence of national identity dimensions of Transylvanian social networks in inter-ethnic perspective. The empirical data came from the research entitled 'The Influence of National Identities of Social Networks between Romanians and Hungarians from Romania' and the data was collected in February 2000. The sample consists of 1756 cases, of which 831 are ethnic Romanian Dases, 925 are ethnic Hungarian, all from Transylvania.It was observed that national attitudes have an important role in forming social relations. The social networks of the Hungarians from Transylvania are organised on an ethnocentric basis, hardly intersecting with the Romanian's social networks and vice-versa. The social groups which are less affected by ethnocentric socialisation, have more inter-ethnic relations than the others, such as less educated people, the Romanian youngsters and the Hungarian older people. The Transylvanians have more inter-ethnic relations in the case of weak ties. We can observe different tendencies between the different youngsters according to ethnicity in the proportion of inter-ethnic social relations.
6

FORMATION OF ROMANIAN LEGAL ELITES AND NATION-BUILDING IN THE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY TRANSYLVANIA

80%
Iudean O.-E.
|
2022
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vol. 70
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issue 5
853–886
EN
During the second half of the nineteenth century, the Romanian elites and various Romanian-backed cultural-political, ecclesiastical and educational organisations in Transylvania began to make a concerted effort to improve the social-economic and educational standing of Romanians in the area as a means of avoiding political disenfranchisement and contributing to nation-building in the context of increased pressure to assimilate into the society of the Kingdom of Hungary. One of the primary coordinates of this effort was to increase the number of young Romanians trained in law at the universities and academies in the Dual Monarchy. The paper provides a comparative overview of the three main areas of employment in which Romanian graduates of law could return the support they had received from Romanian-backed organisations, and themselves contribute to nation-building: the attorneys employed by Romanian banks and credit institutes, the lawyers of the Romanian Greek Catholic and Orthodox dioceses, and the law graduates who worked as county attorneys in administration Transylvania after 1867.
7
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HISTORICKÉ PODHĽADY, SEDMOHRADSKÉ ROMÁNY (NARATÍVNE ŠTRUKTÚRY A BIOGRAFICKÉ PRAMENE V PRÓZACH GYÖRGYA DRAGOMÁNA A SÁNDORA ZSIGMONDA PAPPA)

70%
Boka L.
World Literature Studies
|
2014
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vol. 6 (23)
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issue 2
78 – 90
EN
This paper investigates the so-called Transylvania novels within the historic branch of contemporary Hungarian prose poetics, with particular regard to the frameworks evoking, or even constructed upon, historical moments, by a generation of authors who have, in recent years, presented the situation in pre-1989 Transylvania and Romania from the plural bottom-view perspective of children or common people. These authors, especially György Dragomán and Sándor Zsigmond Papp, have first-hand experiences of the historic time and space of their works, so they ground fictitious elements in historic fact, while belonging to a larger group of prose writers. Besides the near past of Transylvania as a background, this aforementioned group also often stages earlier periods of Transylvania as an independent Princedom or part of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Most importantly, however, this paper proposes to survey the compositional processes and motifs based on shared sources and authorial precursors, and the generational presence of analogous modes of evocation and recollection.
8
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COGNITIVE CARTOGRAPHIES IN LIVIU REBREANU’S “FOREST OF THE HANGED”

70%
Bako A.
World Literature Studies
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2022
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vol. 14
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issue 4
78 – 90
EN
The study proves the fact that between literature and knowledge there is a double exchange of influence, the former offering a manner of acting when confronted with extreme situations, and the latter offering valuable documentary data essential for the anchoring of the reader in the narrative action. The formation of cognitive cartographies is studied in the Romanian novel Forest of the Hanged (1922) by Liviu Rebreanu, which brings up various key elements for our study: World War I in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the inter-imperial issue which influenced the geopolitical and cultural situation, but also the analysis of cognitive cartographies generated by “phantom borders”.
9

PROBLEM OF THE EARLIEST SLAVS IN INTRA-CARPATHIAN ROMANIA (TRANSYLVANIA AND THE NORTH-WEST VICINITY)

61%
Stanciu I.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
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2013
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vol. 61
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issue 2
323 – 370
EN
Predominantly during the second half of the last century, the problem of the presence of the earliest Slavs on the current territory of Romania was relentlessly debated among national experts. From the beginning the situation proved to be more complicated in the intra-Carphatic regions, territories included in the Gepid kingdom, and then in the Avar Khaganate. At the south-eastern extremity of Transylvania, in a territory in which there seemed to be no direct presence of the Early Avar Khaganate, a habitation attributed from an earlier date to the Early Slavs was identified, often dated to the second half/third of the 6th century and the first half of the next century. It is thought that following a later movement of the Slavs advanced in the direction of central Transylvania. However, a reevaluation of the archaeological data would rather indicate that even for the central-eastern region of Transylvania, a change in the cultural environment took place the latest towards the final part of the 6th century – the beginning of the 7th century, probably in relation precisely with the expansion of the Slavic habitation in a western direction. Similarly to other peripheral regions of the Avar Khaganate from the early-middle period, certain elements of the Prague culture seem to associate with the Transylvanian cemeteries. There are archaeological data which point to the cultural relationships between the archaeological groups known in Transylvania, but inferences regarding the potential ethnic processes taking place at the time are premature. Despite some literary sources according to which the Slavs were active at the mouth of the Tisza River already from the middle of the 6th century and somewhat later, archeological data are too scarce to support a thorough argumentation. However, an entire series of settlements together with two incineration cemeteries belong in north-western Romania to a horizon observed in the entire region of the upper Tisza, south-eastern Poland and even further to the north-east. Emerging in the region where in the immediately prior period there are no known vestiges, this horizon can be attributed to the Early Slavs. The Slavic colonization of Transylvania seems to have evolved on the horizontal (most likely peaking in the late 6th century and during the entire 7th century) in two directions: from north-western Romania (the region of the upper Tisza) and from Moldova, over the passes of the Eastern Carpathians with a first landmark in the south-eastern part of the Transylvanian basin.
10

GRAVES WITH CEREMONIAL AND WORSHIP OBJECTS FROM THE KING’S SPRING NECROPOLIS IN ALBA IULIA, ALBA COUNTY

61%
Dragotă A.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2017
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vol. 65
|
issue 1
163 – 175
EN
This article will focus on a very controversial subject related to the Christianization of Transylvania through a Byzantine pathway. The four worship objects, meaning three reliquary crosses and a small pectoral cross from the King’s spring necropolis in Alba Iulia, are solid proof a Byzantine mission in this area. The uniqueness of this necropolis comes from it being used by people from different ethnic communities (Magyars, Slavs, Romanic population) who were accepting Christianity. This is an area that catches best the passing from paganism to Christianity. Some local traditions and customs are kept (the presence of coal remains in the sepulchral pit, presence of ceramic offerings such as animal or egg offerings, the dressing of the pit with lithic material) together with the new Christian elements (position of the bodies, position of the arms). In addition to this there are several Byzantine objects and the funeral inventory (pentagram rings, cluster shaped earrings, pendants made using the granulation or the filigree technique). The renewal of Christianity in Transylvania is brought by the long disputed Hierotheus episode and the christianization of Gylas in Constantinople.
11
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GENRE HYBRIDITY, SELF-DISCOVERY AND TRAUMA: ANDREA TOMPA’S THE HANGMAN’S HOUSE

61%
Balogh M.
World Literature Studies
|
2023
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vol. 15
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issue 4
83 – 95
EN
Andrea Tompa’s novel A hóhér háza (2010; The Hangman’s House, 2021) gives insight into a teenage girl’s coming of age during the last decades of the Ceauşescu regime. Recounting the story of three generations of a Transylvanian intelligentsia family, from the 1940s until the fall of the dictatorship in 1989, the novel depicts all the crucial moments of 20th-century Transylvanian history. At its crux stands a journey of self-discovery, which gains meaning in the context of the family history. This duality is reflected in the hybridity of the novel’s genre. Tompa’s work is of a hybrid genre that, in addition to the dominant presence of the autobiographical novel, encompasses elements of the Bildungsroman and the family novel. Self-discovery and family history are joined together in the protagonist’s character, as the traumatic experiences of the family past become crucial parts of the protagonist’s self-knowledge and personality through post-memory.
12
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ALONG THE BORDER BETWEEN PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY. GRAVES WITH RITUAL FIRE HEARTHS DISCOVERED IN THE NECROPOLIS OF ALBA IULIA-‘IZVORUL ÎMPĂRATULUI’ DURING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CAMPAIGNS OF 2006 – 2007

61%
Dragotă  A., Popescu  M.-E.
Študijné zvesti
|
2023
|
vol. 70
|
issue 2
327 – 344
EN
Three graves were discovered during the archaeological excavations (2006, 2007) in the cemetery of Alba Iulia-‘Izvorul Împăratului’ (Alba County, Romania). All three presented a fire hearth on the side of the burial pit. The graves share some common features, including the male sex of the deceased, the orientation on the W – E axis (grave 86; 155), except grave 168 (WSW – ENE) and the stone edging of the grave pits. The grave inventory consists of pottery (ritually broken in grave 86; 155; 168), a sickle (grave 86), steel, flint (grave 155), an arrowhead, a sabre- sword (Säbelschwert) and remains of a wooden sheath with traces of textiles (grave 168). It may not be by chance that such a ritual hearth was also set up for the leader of Gyula’s military entourage (grave 168). The role of these unique findings, appearing at the borderline between paganism and Christianity, can be correlated with the purification of the deceased before passing into the afterlife. All the elements of funerary rites and rituals allow us to place all of these burial findings in the second half of the 10th c.
13

PROPOSED FEDERALIZATION OF THE HABSBURG MONARCHY IN THE WORK THE UNITED STATES OF GREATER AUSTRIA BY AUREL C. POPOVICI

61%
Hollý K.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2013
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vol. 61
|
issue suppl. issue
29 – 50
EN
The study analyses the proposal to federalize the Monarchy contained in the work The United States of Greater Austria (1906). Its author was a political representative of the Transylvanian Rumanians in the Kingdom of Hungary, Aurel C. Popovici (1863 – 1917). His work appeared in a period of crisis for the Monarchy and represented a proposal for its solution by means of the constitutional reform. Popovici proposed the formation of 15 federal states headed by the Emperor and central government in Vienna. This proposal is analysed in the study in the wider context of the political situation in the Habsburg Monarchy. As a comparative framework for the interpretation of Popovici’s ideas, the study also analyses the thinking of the Austro-Marxists, specifically K. Renner and O. Bauer. They were working on projects to reform the Monarchy at the same time.
14

DVAJA VYSOKÍ ŠTÁTNI ÚRADNÍCI – DVA INTEGRAČNÉ POKUSY – DVE „IMPERIÁLNE KARIÉRY“? (KNIEŽA KARL SCHWARZENBERG A GRÓF EMANUEL PÉCHY V SEDMOHRADSKU)

61%
Pál J., Holec R.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
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2014
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vol. 62
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issue 3
447 – 470
EN
The struggle over Transylvania between the Hungarian political elites and the central state authorities in Vienna had various forms in the period starting with the revolution of 1848-49. Incorporation of Transylvania into the Kingdom of Hungary or the opposite process of its direct administration by Vienna represented the competing integration projects. They were promoted by various high state officials, usually representatives of the aristocracy and high ranking army officers. Their life stories and careers are good example for the statement that behind the top politicians was a large group of loyal bureaucrats, who served the regime, joined one regime with the next and kept the whole system running. It was not always a matter of the most important personalities, but their careers as loyal bureaucrats may supplement and clarify the overall picture of the Empire and the collected biographies of officials may contribute to clarifying the mechanisms of its functioning. The study devotes detailed attention to various generals and aristocratic officials, especially on two of the most typical representatives placed in charge of Transylvania: Prince Karl von Schwarzenberg and Count Emanuel Péchy. The route from the pre-modern to the modern state was characterized by continuity and effective bureaucratic and military control over its own territory, in this case over Transylvania.
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