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1

Family and Tribal Structures in the Political Systems in Middle Eastern States

100%

Trawinski B.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2005

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issue 26

57-80

EN

Family and tribal structures are among the crucial elements which decide how political systems in the Middle East work. Despite the expansion of such universal concepts as Pan-Arabism and Pan-Islamism and attempts at adapting the concept of the national union, the feeling of tribal identity and loyalty resulting from it are still a vital and significant factor in political policies of the states in the region. The role of tribal structures is not limited to exerting influence on the social and political life on the local plane, but on many occasions tribal affiliation is a significant part of political bargains nationwide. Frequently the influence of family and tribal ties is concealed by a far too obvious exposition of religious ties, while tribal interests which in fact motivate politicians in the Middle East are overlooked. In the era of the state reconstruction in Iraq, it is advisable to take into account the role of this factor as it determines the functioning of states in the Middle East region. In considering prospects for a change in this situation, it is recommended to take advantage of the experiences of regions of the world in which the atrophy of tribal structures already happened, namely Europe and China.

2

The Tribe and the State

88%

Samsonowicz H.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2005

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vol. 112

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issue 3

5-20

EN

The paper deals with reflections on the transformations occurring within societal organisation upon the example of Poland, Bohemia and Rus' at the end of the tenth century and during the first decades of the eleventh century. Emphasis placed upon differences between the tribal and state system is accompanied by special attention focused on the changes to which both those systems were subjected, together with an attempt at defining particular development phases. The point of departure of the ensuing deliberations is a characterisation of social groups interested in systemic transformations. Among the catalysts determining the origin of such groups the author distinguishes economic factors relating to the possibility of obtaining new sources of revenue, and psychic factors connected with promotion within the hierarchy of prestige. In the latter domain, an essential role was played by the emergence of the collective consciousness of a group interested in systemic changes, based on an awareness of its distinction from other groups and the creation of a memory about its past. Fundamental differences between tribal and state organisation involved the significance and power of the executive authority enjoyed by the duke's armed squad. Originally, the authority of the ruler was extremely broad, but with time it became restrained by new social elites whose origin was highly differentiated: they were composed of persons who no longer saw perspectives for themselves within the old order as well as those tribal elders who were capable of adapting themselves to the new system. The state witnessed a new division of the social revenue, which favoured the duke and his entourage, thus producing an increasingly strong polarisation of the population. Another phenomenon involved a gradual transformation of the structures of the economic and political administration by creating new provinces (including Church ones) and stronghold|castle-town districts. We are unable to define precisely the onset of the transformation of tribal structures. Rapid changes affecting the character of the state, linked with a growing prominence of the lords, were discernible already during the mid-eleventh century.

3

NATIVE PEOPLE OF NORTH AMERICA (THE SO CALLED INDIANS): HISTORICAL OVERVIEW, ETHNOPSYCHOLOGICAL OUTLINE (Az eszak-amerikai bennszulottek (un. indianok): tortenti attekintes, etnopszichologiai vazlat)

63%

Szegal B.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

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2009

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vol. 64

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issue 1

85-109

EN

The first part presents, describes, analyzes, and interprets the main concepts related to the Indians. The importance of the conceptual clarifications is closely related to many misleading generalizations based upon biased data. A historical overview of North American people before Columbus' arrival, their ethnopsychological peculiarities are presented, followed by a description and analysis of the relationships between the indigenous people and Europeans. The majority of the first Americans had perished due to conflicts, wars, genocide, restrictions and discriminations imposed by the new inhabitants of the continent as well as by epidemics of infectious diseases. The latest decades have seen the beginning of Indian Renaissance. The second part of the paper describes the psychological peculiarities of Native Americans. An important issue is methodology of data collection, validity and reliability of the data. Discussions and comparisons of the data, stemming from various sources, serve as the basis for descriptions of Indian behaviour. The following categories of values, attitudes, and features had been identified: - cooperation, group harmony, modesty, limited rivalry; - moderation in behaviour, self-restraint, reservation, slow responses, patience; - attention, excellent observational abilities, perceptual peculiarities; - cautious behaviour, avoidance of eye contact, keeping social distance; - view of time as relative, orientation to the present; - preference of concrete rather than abstract concepts, pragmatism; - love of children, importance of the family, role of the relatives; - permissive rearing, peculiar discipline methods; - generosity, indifference to ownership and saving, limited role of private property; - respect for the elderly, veneration of age, harmonious age relations.

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1 Kwartalnik Historyczny

1 Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

1 Sprawy Narodowościowe

1 Samsonowicz H.

1 Szegal B.

1 Trawinski B.

1 2009

2 2005

Family and Tribal Structures in the Political Systems in Middle Eastern States

The Tribe and the State

NATIVE PEOPLE OF NORTH AMERICA (THE SO CALLED INDIANS): HISTORICAL OVERVIEW, ETHNOPSYCHOLOGICAL OUTLINE (Az eszak-amerikai bennszulottek (un. indianok): tortenti attekintes, etnopszichologiai vazlat)