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Rewel (Tallinn) w planach Zygmunta Augusta

100%
Jeziorski P. A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
|
2014
|
issue 21
23-49
PL
Rewel (współczesny Tallinn) w połowie XVI w. należał do grona największych miast Inflant. Ten ważny port morski, odgrywający kluczową rolę w hanzeatyckim handlu z Rosją, składał się z silnie ufortyfikowanego miasta i zamku. Po ataku wojsk Iwana Groźnego na Inflanty w 1558 r., mieszkańcy Rewla – wobec słabości zakonu inflanckiego – szybko odczuli zagrożenie ze strony brutalnego agresora. Szukając pomocy u ościennych państw, władze Rewla zwracały się do Szwecji i Danii, nie otrzymując wsparcia. Sytuacja zmieniła się, gdy w konflikt inflancki zaangażował się król Zygmunt August, dążący do opanowania całości ziem inflanckich. Doceniał on znaczenie Rewla jako najważniejszego portu północnych Inflant, umożliwiającego szybki dowóz żywności, broni oraz żołnierzy dla walczących. Uwikłany w gry dyplomatyczne Zygmunta August przegapił najdogodniejszy moment do opanowania Rewla. Wykorzystał to nowy król Szwecji, Eryk XIV Waza, który w 1561 r. opanował Rewel i pewną część Harii i Wironii. Działania podjęte przez Zygmunta Augusta, mające na celu odzyskanie Rewla, nie przyniosły oczekiwanych efektów, również w związku z niechęcią władz i mieszkańców miasta do przejścia pod rządy litewskie. Borykający się z problemami finansowymi polski władca, ostatecznie nie zdołał odzyskać Rewla ani na drodze dyplomatycznych pertraktacji (kongres szczeciński w 1570 r.), ani przy pomocy siły. Utratę Rewla i dopuszczenie do opanowania dużej części Estonii przez Szwedów uznać trzeba za jeden z ważniejszych jego błędów, skutkujący w przyszłości utratą większej części ziem inflanckich.
EN
Reval city (modern Tallinn) in the middle of the 16th c. was one of the largest cities of Livonia. This important seaport, which played a key role in the Hanseatic trade with Russia, consisted of a strongly fortified city and castle. After invasion of the army of Ivan the Terrible into Livonia in 1558, the residents of Reval – facing the weakness of the Livonian Order – quickly felt the threat of a violent aggressor. Looking for help from neighboring countries, the authorities of Reval turned to Sweden and Denmark for help but were not granted any support. The situation changed when in the Livonian conflict became involved King Sigismund Augustus, who strived to rule the whole Livonian lands. He appreciated the importance of Reval city as the most important port on the northern Livonia, enabling rapid delivery of food, weapons and soldiers for fighting. Involved in the diplomatic game Sigismund Augustus missed most convenient moment to get control over Reval city. The moment was seized by the new king of Sweden, Erik XIV Vasa, who in 1561, conquered Reval and a portion of Harrien (Harju) and Wierland (Virumaa). Action taken by Sigismund Augustus, to get control over Reval, did not bring the expected results, also due to the reluctance of the authorities and inhabitants of the city to pass under the rule of Lithuania. Struggling with financial problems Polish king ultimately failed to recover Reval through diplomatic negotiations (Szczecin Congress in 1570), as well as, by force. The loss of Reval city and acceptance of the Swedish rule over a large part of the Estonia must be regarded as one of the most important errors of King Sigismund Augustus, resulting in the loss of the greater part of the Livonian lands.
2
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Rewel (Tallinn) w planach Zygmunta Augusta

100%
Jeziorski P. A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
|
2014
|
issue 21
23-49
EN
Reval city (modern Tallinn) in the middle of the 16th c. was one of the largest cities of Livonia. This important seaport, which played a key role in the Hanseatic trade with Russia, consisted of a strongly fortified city and castle. After invasion of the army of Ivan the Terrible into Livonia in 1558, the residents of Reval – facing the weakness of the Livonian Order – quickly felt the threat of a violent aggressor. Looking for help from neighboring countries, the authorities of Reval turned to Sweden and Denmark for help but were not granted any support. The situation changed when in the Livonian conflict became involved King Sigismund Augustus, who strived to rule the whole Livonian lands. He appreciated the importance of Reval city as the most important port on the northern Livonia, enabling rapid delivery of food, weapons and soldiers for fighting. Involved in the diplomatic game Sigismund Augustus missed most convenient moment to get control over Reval city. The moment was seized by the new king of Sweden, Erik XIV Vasa, who in 1561, conquered Reval and a portion of Harrien (Harju) and Wierland (Virumaa). Action taken by Sigismund Augustus, to get control over Reval, did not bring the expected results, also due to the reluctance of the authorities and inhabitants of the city to pass under the rule of Lithuania. Struggling with financial problems Polish king ultimately failed to recover Reval through diplomatic negotiations (Szczecin Congress in 1570), as well as, by force. The loss of Reval city and acceptance of the Swedish rule over a large part of the Estonia must be regarded as one of the most important errors of King Sigismund Augustus, resulting in the loss of the greater part of the Livonian lands.
3
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(Nad)morskie pogranicza nowoczesności. Rostock, Kłajpeda i Tallin od lat 70. XIX do lat 20. XX w.

94%
Kochanowski J.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
|
2013
|
vol. 73
EN
Coastal frontiers of modernity. Rostock, Memel and Tallinn from the 1870s to the 1920s. (Summary)Three various port cities of the Baltic Sea are discussed in the article: Rostock, Memel and Tallinn. These three cities were selected because of their location in the dynamic south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea region and comparing the related historical, demographic, social, economic and legal and state-related conditions, promises interesting and original results. The article discusses the fifty years between the 1870s and the first half of the 20th century. It was then that the cities had to deal with both the new political situation after the unification of Germany and the technological and globalization processes which occurred at an alarming speed, and – after World War I – the challenges posed by the emergence of new national states. The article attempts to answer the question of whether, how and why Rostock, Memel and Tallinn differed from other maritime cities, and what the sum of their social, economic and political experiences were when entering into the 20th century, in particular the interwar period. It was the interwar period that determined the nature of the cities after 1939 when the fate of all three was united – first under German, and from 1944/1945 – under Russian influence. In consequence, all three faced the transformation challenge more or less at the same time (Rostock in 1990, Memel and Tallinn in 1991). The article discusses mainly the factors that were decisive for the (non)modern nature of the said cities, their (non) compliance with the global technological and economic standards and their reactions to external models.
4

Poliitilised ökoloogiad ja antropotseen urbaansuse pingeväljade maastikes

84%
Tarmo P.
Mäetagused
|
2022
|
vol. 84
7-36
EN
This article approaches complex relationships between disturbance-based ecologies and processes of urbanisation by focusing on urban fringes and valuation of life-forms within landscapes. The thematic discussion is inspired by changes of the Paljassaare Peninsula in Tallinn, which motivated the author to analytically assemble historical layers, ecological imaginations, and stories of planetary affects. The fieldwork related to the article’s argumentation is mainly based on the ethnographic method bringing together observations, interviews, and thematic narratives. The study indicates that disturbances and non-humans/birds become part of the landscape as intertwined materiality and perceiving-with, which involve tensions between presence and absence, and also tensions between past and future. The environment is not a passive “stage” in the process, but appears through emotional landscapes by creating relations between humans and non-humans. Transboundary flight trajectories of birds widen the perspective on earth-bound connections in urban space and make to rethink ways of co-existing. Urban landscapes linked to the sea accumulate diverse disturbances and ruptures, and their effects can be conflicting and interpretations change in time. The current study reveals tension fields and partial continuity of processes in which the Soviet-era legacy forms just one part in the complex assemblage. The border zone and the closed military-industrial complex in Tallinn coastal terrain generated conditions for disturbance-based ecologies, which have significantly influenced urban landscapes. Interim usages and valued ecologies slowed down effects of urbanisation and gave “voice” to particular characteristics of urban nature through which the Paljassaare Peninsula and migratory corridors of birds became part of a wider urban change. The desired (urban) nature appears as an expression of good and bad ecologies influenced by imaginations about landscapes and infrastructure. The evolvement of green areas and waterfront spaces in post-socialist cities is approached as part of Europeanisation, in which practices of European Union states are smoothly and uncritically adapted. The example of Paljassaare reveals entangled multi-dimensional connections between history, civil-society initiatives, and ideas of spatial planning, which were based on care and enabled the bordering of Natura 2000 bird protection area despite urbanisation pressure. Therefore, urban nature and urban landscapes as contested links between the (post)Soviet heritage and Europeanisation require in-depth analysis for revealing a more complex process than linear transformation. The following of disturbance-based ecologies and longer durations make it possible to problematise the Soviet-era homogenous legacy. Anthropocene traces, as a dominant force of humankind, have materialised in Paljassaare through industry, mining, building of a military complex and infrastructure of urbanisation, which, step-by-step, firmly linked the former islands to the city. Urban spatial futures lean on environmental legacy and simultaneously try to distance from the dark side of legacies. The paradox is that the terrains extensively disturbed by human activities can become meaningful within landscapes in problematising the forces of humankind and the position of humans in the context of the Anthropocene.
5
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Polish Community in Estonia

84%
Kisłacz H.
Studia Polonijne
|
2022
|
vol. 43
|
issue Specjalny
33-39
PL
Artykuł przedstawia dzieje Polaków zamieszkujących Estonię, rozpoczynające się w XVI wieku, kiedy tereny Inflant (dzisiejsza Estonia) zostały włączone do Rzeczypospolitej. Przez wieki Polacy byli ważnymi członkami tamtejszej społeczności, głównie na Uniwersytecie w Dorpacie (Tartu). W wiekach XIX i XX stworzyli wiele organizacji, w tekście krótko opisano działalność niektórych z nich. Przedstawiono także współczesną działalność estońskiej Polonii polegającą na organizowaniu różnego rodzaju imprez, spotkań czy aktywizowaniu  więzi gospodarczych między Polską a Estonią oraz współpracy z polskimi instytucjami.
EN
This article presents the history of Poles living in Estonia, dating back to the 16th century, when the territory of Livonia (today’s Estonia) was incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. For centuries, Poles were important members of the local community, mainly at the University of Dorpat (Tartu). In the 19th and 20th centuries, they created many organisations; the article briefly describes the activities of some of them. The author also presents the current activity of Estonian Polonia in organising various events, meetings or stimulating economic ties between Poland and Estonia, as well as cooperation with Polish institutions.
6
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Dva jezuitské deníky z diplomatických misí. K úloze členů jezuitského řádu v mezinárodní diplomacii 17. století

67%
Hojda Z.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2012
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vol. 27
|
issue 2
315-328
EN
One of the important positions in which the Jesuits regularly appeared was the role of a legate’s confessor. Some of them left behind their travel diaries (reports) on the diplomatic journeys which they undertook. The paper introduces two texts: a diary of Caspar Paschke, who accompanied the emperor’s envoy Gotthard Hellfried of Welz to Stockholm in 1700 and a relation by Paul Tafferner, who was a member of the emperor’s envoy to Istanbul led by Walter Leslie. The nature of texts is very different and so are the missions.
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