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EN
Markets are usually considered as strongly efficient - each investor is said to have the same information at the same time. But due to incomplete, false or vague information on the market, significant data have become an expensive good. Thus, the accessibility to it may vary. In the following paper a behavioural approach to decision-making is presented. An investor's decision to enter a trade is based on multiple criteria such as knowledge, personal experience, investing history and individual characteristics. All those factors are reflected in individual investor's preference toward a short or long position in a trade of good. In the paper we present two exchange models of an arbitrary good, where information about the market is reflected in investors' preferences. A two- -sided matching approach for choosing contract sides is given. Simulations of market dynamics, including asymmetry and changeability of information, are performed and a possible equilibrium is discussed. The main idea of this paper is to research possible states of market equilibrium on the basis of behavioural factors and describe its usefulness for modelling market dynamics.
EN
The article presents a definition and specific characteristics of the state aid: the state resources, the economic advantage, the selectivity, the distortion of competition and the affect trade between Member States. Moreover, the article presents a division of state aid for its active and passive forms, and discusses the implications of granting the state aid in the form of subsidies and tax preferences. The article includes a hypothesis that the granted state aid in the any form can cause the price cut on the market, ceteris paribus, what will affect trade between the EU Member States in a long-term perspective.
PL
W Polsce, jak i w innych zachodnich krajach, przedstawia się Koreańską Republikę Demokratyczno-Ludową jako kraj egzotyczny, rządzony przez reżim komunistyczny, gdzie życie codzienne naznaczone jest głodem, chorobami, gdzie ciągle istnieją obozy koncentracyjne. Sama Korea prezentuje się jako kraj kwitnący, wzór do naśladowania dla innych państw. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, jak ważne były relacje handlowe między Polską i KRLD w okresie 1948–1974 dla obu stron. Poland, along with many Western media, have portrayed the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea as an exotic country ruled by an absurd communist regime, where everyday life is plagued with hunger, disease and concentration camps. In turn, North Korea poses as blissful country, a paradise on Earth, and serving as an example to others. The aim of the article is to show to which extent trade relations between Poland and North Korea were important for both countries for the period 1948 till 1974.
XX
Artykuł stanowi próbę określenia roli konsumenta w koncepcji sprawiedliwego handlu (fair trade). Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie wywiadu kwestionariuszowego, zrealizowanego wśród mieszkańców Łodzi.
EN
Fair trade is a social movement aimed at enhancing the economic development of poor countries of the South. It is a micro-economic approach to support sustainable development policy. Its objectives is to reduce social stratification by protecting the rights of marginalized producers and workers as well as improve quality of life. Statistical methods were used in the analysis of fair trade popularizing. The topic is presented on the example of the test choice preferences of consumer products in Łódź. (original abstract)
XX
Systemem statystyki, który umożliwia zbieranie informacji o wewnątrzwspólnotowej wymianie towarowej jest INTRASTAT. Opiera się on na uzyskiwaniu informacji bezpośrednio od podmiotów realizujących wymianę handlową z krajami Unii i będących płatnikami podatku od towarów i usług (VAT). W Polsce obowiązuje dwustopniowy system progów statystycznych. Jego stosowanie powoduje, że dane o handlu wewnątrzwspólnotowym, pochodzące ze zgłoszeń INTRASTAT, składanych przez podmioty, nie są pełne i muszą być doszacowywane. W artykule podano główne założenia szacowania oraz w jakich przypadkach stosowana jest ta procedura. Opisano również trzy etapy algorytmu szacowania.
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