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EN
Igielska Anna, Fabuła zagadki. O Błędnych gwiazdach Wielkiej Niedźwiedzicy LuchinaViscontiego [The Plot of a Riddle. On Luchino Visconti’s Vaghe stelle dell’Orsa]. „Przestrzenie Teorii” 32. Poznań 2019, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 45–75. ISSN 1644-6763. DOI 10.14746/pt.2019.32.2. The article (of an analytical and interpretative nature) is devoted to the literary background of Luchino Visconti’s Vaghe stelle dell’Orsa (1965). The author studies in detail the links to three works, which form, as she claims, the primary points of literary references. What the article discusses, apart from the myth of Electra and Gabriele D’Annunzio’s novel Forse che si, forse che no (1910), are Richard Wagner’s music drama Die Walküre (1870) – absent so far in the Viscontian literature concerning the said movie – and Thomas Mann’s novella Wälsungenblut (1905/1958), which argues with Wagner’s work in a parodistic manner. By demonstrating how Visconti (1) transposes the literary allusions, (2) combines them into an overall structure, and (3) uses them on the plot level to encode the topic of brother- sister incest, the author comes to the conclusion that what we have here is a story in the form of a riddle, which Visconti dubbed for his own use a “crime movie unlike any other”. That riddle appears as a settlement with a romantic myth of love and carries on the poetics of philosophical ambivalence, so proper to Visconti.
EN
The imperial coronation of Charles IV in 1355 has been widely regarded by scholars as of little import and without lasting historical significance. In fact, the opposite is the case. The coronation journey needs to be understood in the wider context of the power struggle between the Holy Roman Empire and papacy in Italy. This article examines the complex situation from the perspectives of Charles and his opponents and supporters in Italy. It demonstrates how the coronation led to a decisive redistribution of power relations in Italy and Europe, resulting in the Golden Bull (1356) and the Aegidian Constitutions (1357). A previously unknown letter by Niccolò Acciaiuoli, who directed the political affairs of the Kingdom of Naples, is discussed here for the first time. It illuminates the political tactics of the opposing Guelphs and the effect of Charles’ presence in Rome on their aims. The article also re-examines the long-disputed question as to why Charles did not accept Petrarch’s invitation to act in Italy as the defender of the res publica, and why the humanist failed to accept the invitation to accompany Charles to Rome.
PL
Koronacja cesarska Karola IV w 1355 r. była dotąd powszechnie uważana przez badaczy za wydarzenie mało istotne i bez większego wpływu na przyszłość. W rzeczywistości było jednak odwrotnie. Podróż koronacyjna Karola IV musi być rozpatrywana w szerszym kontekście walki o władzę we Włoszech między Świętym Cesarstwem Rzymskim a papiestwem. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę skomplikowanej sytuacji z perspektywy Karola oraz jego przeciwników i zwolenników we Włoszech. Ukazano, jak koronacja cesarska Karola IV doprowadziła do zasadniczej zmiany układu sił politycznych we Włoszech i w Europie, co skutkowało w konsekwencji wydaniem Złotej Bulli (1356) i Konstytucji egidiańskich (1357). Autorka po raz pierwszy odwołuje się w swoich rozważaniach do nieznanego wcześniej listu Niccola Acciaiuoliego, który kierował polityką Królestwa Neapolu. List ten rzuca nowe światło na taktykę opozycyjnego stronnictwa gwelfów i wpływu obecności Karola w Rzymie na jego polityczne cele. W artykule postarano się również udzielić odpowiedzi na od dawna przykuwające uwagę uczonych pytanie, dlaczego Karol nie zaakceptował prośby Petrarki, aby podjął we Włoszech działania na rzecz obrony tego, co określano mianem res publica, i dlaczego humanista nie przyjął zaproszenia, aby towarzyszyć Karolowi w jego podróży do Rzymu.
IT
Questo articolo si concentra sull’analisi del linguaggio filmico di due film italiani appartenenti a contesti storici e sociali diversi: Il Gattopardo di Luchino Visconti, film che racconta la Sicilia del 1860, sullo sfondo degli eventi politici dell’epoca, con un linguaggio corrispondente sia al periodo storico che all’ambiente, e il film Perfetti sconosciuti di Paolo Genovese, che racconta di un incontro informale tra alcuni amici, in cui gli autori si sforzano di avvicinare il più possibile il linguaggio alla lingua quotidiana. L’obiettivo del lavoro è dimostrare quali siano le differenze tra il parlato filmico e il parlato naturale; nel processo di analisi comparativa si mirerà a dimostrare che così come il contesto storico e sociale dei due film è diverso, allo stesso modo è diverso e diversificato il linguaggio. Nel quadro teorico della pragmalinguistica vanno considerati i fattori della situazione comunicativa e alcuni aspetti della modalità e della struttura informativa dell’enunciato.
EN
The paper analyses the language of two Italian films set in different historical and social contexts. The Leopard (Il Gattopardo) by Luchino Visconti is set in Sicily in 1860, on the background of contemporary political events, with a language corresponding both with the historical period and the social setting. In the film Perfect Strangers (Perfetti sconosciuti) by Paolo Genovese, old friends meet at a dinner table. With their informal talk, the characters’ language strives to be as close as possible to everyday language. The aim of the article is to demonstrate the differences between the language of the first film and the “natural” language of everyday life of the second one. Through comparative analysis, the article demonstrates how the differences in the historical social contexts determine the language of both films. Within the framework of pragmalinguistics, some aspects of the modality and of the information structure of the sentence are taken into consideration.
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