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EN
The work presents an overview of selected documents prepared by international organizations and institutions which shows that the issue of improving the inhabitants’ quality of life has been approached numerous times since the 1950s. The documents focused on the issue of decent living meant to fulfil people’s basic existential needs. The last of the documents quoted, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, discusses the issue of the promotion of the broadly-understood prosperity for all people of all ages. The issues of the health of the elderly and the improvements thereto are also frequently discussed in the documents of international organizations and institutions. A particular attention, in this case, is paid to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and health-improving behaviours. The purpose of the work is to determine the actions and solutions undertaken by international, national and EU initiatives directed at the elderly and intended to improve their quality of life.
PL
W opracowaniu dokonano przeglądu wybranych dokumentów organizacji i instytucji międzynarodowych i wykazano, że problem poprawy jakości życia obywateli był podnoszony już od lat 50. ubiegłego wieku. Zwracano w nich uwagę na godziwe życie, zapewniające mieszkańcom naszego globu zaspokojenie podstawowych potrzeb egzystencjalnych. W ostatnim z przytaczanych dokumentów, tj. w Agendzie na Rzecz Zrównoważonego Rozwoju 2030 podnoszona jest kwestia promocji szeroko rozumianego dobrobytu dla wszystkich ludzi w każdym wieku. Dużo miejsca w dokumentach organizacji i instytucji międzynarodowych i krajowych zajmuje kwestia stanu zdrowia osób starszych i jego poprawy. Szczególną uwagę zwraca się w tym przypadku na upowszechnianie stylu życia i zachowań sprzyjających zdrowiu.Celem opracowania jest wskazanie działań i rozwiązań, jakie są wyznaczane i podejmowane w inicjatywach międzynarodowych, unijnych i krajowych skierowanych do ludzi starszych i zmierzające do poprawy ich jakości życia.
EN
Objectives: The World Health Organization (WHO) provides data on national indices of health, environment and economy. When we were asked, why air pollution is negatively correlated with cancer mortality, our first response (presumably the mortality data are not age-adjusted) was not sufficient to explain the paradox. Material and Methods: A table including all-cause, cancer and childhood mortality, life expectancy, gross national product per person, smoking prevalence, physician density and particulate matter (PM₁₀) per country (N = 193) was developed. For explorative purposes weighted cross-sectional multiple linear regressions models were built. Results: Air pollution is positively correlated with infant and overall mortality and negatively with life expectancy. This might not only depict a true causal effect of PM₁₀ because air quality is also an indicator of a country’s prosperity and general state of environment. Cancer mortality is negatively correlated with PM₁₀. However, this association turns positive when economic or health system indicators are controlled. Conclusions: The World Health Organization’s world-wide data sets demonstrate the large disparity of our world. A careful and professional approach is needed as interpretation is difficult, especially for lay persons. Therefore, with publicly available data WHO should also provide interpretation and guidance.
EN
This article addresses issues of urban renewal in the context of the ongoing process of ageing population in the XXI century. In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) has released publication "Global Age-Friendly Cities: A guide', which set out a vision of modern cities – tailored to the needs of all residents, regardless of age, with particular emphasis on the needs of the elderly. The article on the example selected, the aging of European cities and the principles defined by the Age Friendly Cities program of the author shows how innovative measures are being taken to urban renewal.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł porusza problematykę odnowy miejskiej w kontekście postępującego procesu starzenia się społeczeństwa w XXI wieku. W 2007 roku Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) wydała publikację „Global Age-Friendly Cities: A guide”, w której określiła wizję współczesnych miast – dostosowanych do potrzeb wszystkich mieszkańców, niezależnie od wieku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem potrzeb osób starszych. W artykule na przykładzie wybranych, starzejących się miast europejskich oraz zasad określonych przez program Age Friendly Cities autorka pokazuje działania jakie są realizowane w celu odnowy tych miast.
Studia Ełckie
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2021
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vol. 23
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issue 1
99-116
EN
The specific perspective from which the Italian Church moves its reflection on mental health germinates and flourishes within the National Office of Health Pastoral Care of the Italian Episcopal Conference (CEI) and through the concrete commitment of Caritas. The various themes that will follow have as a common matrix the Conferences of the last fifty years launched by this office, dedicated to the theme “The Italian Church and mental health”. The starting point is that, according to the WHO, the extent of mental suffering is an increasing phenomenon everywhere. An approximate calculation of the incidence of mental distress certifies remarkable figures: about one billion people are currently in a state of mental distress. The National Office for Health Pastoral Care of the CEI in 2017, after years of research and studies, also inaugurated the “National Table on Mental Health” made up of professionals from the world of health, pastoral care and more. The anthropology and the experience of the Church, with regard to the right to health, aims to assume a different and higher vision of rights and teaches that the commitment to promote the life of every man comes before economic and political interests or simply utilitarian that make life “slave”. Starting from the Italian social context, we will try to clarify some fundamental aspects to which the Church is trying to give answers, through pastoral paths that are difficult to implement.
PL
The present paper looks at a purely hypothetical situation where the government of the Republic of Estonia has received information that the World Health Organization has declared the start of an influenza pandemic. The government starts looking for ways to use all means of power it has to protect the population. The foreign policy goals in this situation can be summarized as supporting neighboring countries through sharing expertise when possible, monitoring the actions of Russia which there is general distrust towards, being an equal partner of shared values to the Nordic countries, and negotiating with vaccine producers while looking for any solutions that might make vaccines attainable for more countries. The strength of Estonia lies in using soft power instruments. The country can use its image as a link between Scandinavia and Eastern Europe to act as a bridge to the ideas and values of health protection. Estonia can also share expertise in fields like ICT. Complicated relations with Russia are not easy to overcome even for humanitarian causes which suggests the necessity of active involvement in international initiatives. To enlarge the vaccine supply, Estonia is again likely to benefit from international cooperation. Richer states and international organizations can perceive Estonia as wishing to subdue to their own soft power by following their example of inoculating the populace.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14761
EN
The aim of this work is an evaluation of the relation between risk behaviour of adolescents (bad eating habits, sedentary behaviour and abuse of psychoactive substances and stimulants) and fulfilling pro-health recommendations related with physical activity. The survey study was conducted in 2016 in Warsaw middle and high schools among 609 students using standardised international tools. World Health Organisation recommendations concerning pro-health physical activity level are met only by 24.2% of surveyed teenagers. Physical activity is a factor protecting teenagers from sitting for over 2 hours a day and bad eating habits. Prophylactic programs should consider promotion of physical activity.
PL
Europejskie społeczeństwo starzeje się i staje się to widoczne jak nigdy wcześniej. „Stary Świat” to już nie tylko nazwa utożsamiana z kolebką cywilizacji zachodniej, lecz również symbol przemian demograficznych stanowiących jedno z głównych wyzwań dla władz lokalnych. Starzenie się społeczeństwa europejskiego jest bowiem procesem wywierającym istotny wpływ na politykę lokalną. Działania podejmowane przez władze lokalne są próbą znalezienia rozwiązań, które będą stanowiły adekwatną odpowiedź na ten proces. Przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule jest członkostwo europejskich miast i gmin w sieci Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia (ang. WHO) jako zjawisko będące wyrazem aktywności władz lokalnych wobec procesu starzenia się mieszkańców. Członkostwo w Globalnej Sieci Miast i Gmin Przyjaznych Starzeniu (ang. Global Network of Age-friendly Cities and Communities) można potraktować jako jedną z form wsparcia w działalności władz lokalnych. Sieć ta zrzesza miasta i gminy, które spełniają określone warunki dotyczące podejmowanych działań na rzecz osób starszych. Z jednej strony, członkostwo jest formą uznania przez WHO działań władz lokalnych, z drugiej zaś – platformą wymiany doświadczeń i dobrych praktyk. Znaczną część tej sieci stanowią miasta i gminy europejskie. Główny problem badawczy podjęty w niniejszym artykule dotyczy udziału europejskich miast i gmin w Globalnej Sieci Miast i Gmin Przyjaznych Starzeniu. Jej rozwój jest bowiem wyrazem istotności i zasadności koncepcji przestrzeni przyjaznych starzeniu, a udział europejskich miast i gmin w sieci wskazuje na jej znaczenie w Europie. Przeprowadzona w artykule analiza dotyczy określenia reprezentacyjności miast i gmin europejskich w sieci wraz z uwzględnieniem podziału na poszczególne państwa europejskie.
EN
European society is aging, and it is becoming visible than ever before. The Old World is not only a name identified with the cradle of the Western civilisation, but also a symbol of demographic changes, which are one of the main challenges for local authorities. The aging of the European society is a process that has a significant impact on the local policy. In many European cities and municipalities, actions taken by local authorities have become an example of finding solutions that will be an adequate response to this process. The subject of the analysis in this article is membership of European cities and municipalities in the network of the World Health Organization (WHO) as a phenomenon expressing the activity of local authorities towards the process of aging residents. Membership in the Global Network of Age-friendly Cities and Communities can be treated, on the one hand, as one of the forms of support in these activities. It brings together cities and communities that meet certain conditions regarding actions taken for the benefit of the elderly people. On the one hand, membership is a form of recognition by WHO of the activities of local authorities. On the other hand, it is a platform for exchanging experiences and good practices. European cities and municipalities constitute a significant part of this network. The main research problem addressed in this article concerns the membership cities and communities from Europe in the Global Network of Age-friendly Cities and Communities. The development of the network is an expression of the importance and legitimacy of the age-friendly concept and the participation of European cities and communities in the network indicates its importance in Europe. This analysis is aimed on determining the representativeness of European cities and municipalities in the network, including the division into individual European countries.
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EN
Aim. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of education on the rate of suicides in India. The paper further attempts to take a global outlook on how prevalent is suicide among countries with high education indicators. Methodology. The paper is based on secondary research with data collected from National Databases like National Crime Records Bureau and International databases of World Health Organization and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Data analysis is done using statistical technique like Correlation and using Microsoft Excel. Results. The study reveals that in India, the increase education levels of people have had negligible impact on the number of suicides in the country. Across states, the suicide rate and literacy rate have a positive correlation of 0.35; while correlation doesn’t mean causation and the two are mildly correlated, it does establish the fact that education doesn’t have a direct impact on the suicide rate. Also, the analysis indicates that even though the education levels in the country have risen, subsequently, the educational level among people who committed suicides also increased. Further, it is found that the countries that are ranked higher on PISA ranking and tertiary education attainment have mostly higher rates of suicide. Conclusions. As shown throughout the study, education hasn’t been an effective instrument in equipping people with life skills: with the increase in education levels across the country, there has been an increase in the education level of people who commit suicides concomitantly, as if the education is happening in vacuum with no effect on the persona of people committing suicides. Thus, it’s significant we question our educational practices; and re-align our goals of education such that it leads to overall development of an individual.
EN
The current epidemic situation in particular necessitates a discussion on the effectiveness of global health systems. The aim of this paper is to calculate the effectiveness indexes of health care systems across the world. In the study, the effectiveness of national health care systems is taken into account in accordance with the World Health Organization convention as health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE); i.e., the average number of healthy life years that a new-born individual can expect have. The study also considers medical care based on the amount of public expenditure on health care per capita (maintaining PPP). The results of the research for 191 countries carried out by the WHO form the basis for analyses of the effectiveness of health care systems. The study is carried out using the research methods proposed in the publication of Evans et al.: i.e., both parametric (FHD, DEA) and non-parametric methods of approximation of the frontier production function (COLS, stochastic approach). The most important results arising from the study include observations on obtaining other estimates of the structural parameters of the models (adding the theoretical values and the values depending on the ui distributions adopted). Thus, the frontier production functions differ from one another depending on the assumptions adopted about the stochastic specification of distributions. In the analysed period, a concentration of observations parallel to the limit is also noted, which proves that the differences between countries in the effectiveness of expenditure on health are diminishing, and that the distance from the origin point of the coordinate system is shifting to the right – which, in turn, proves that in many countries, spending on health is increasing. On the other hand, the distance between the frontier efficiency curve and the origin point of the coordinate system is found to be small.
PL
Celem pracy jest obliczenie indeksów efektywności systemów ochrony zdrowia na świecie. Podczas realizacji badania efektywność narodowych systemów ochrony zdrowia będzie uwzględniania zgodnie z konwencją Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, jako oczekiwana długość życia w zdrowiu (HALE – health-adjusted life expectancy), czyli przeciętna ilość lat życia w zdrowiu, której nowonarodzona jednostka może oczekiwać. Opiekę medyczną uwzględnia się natomiast, jako wielkość publicznych wydatków na służbę zdrowia per capita (z zachowaniem PPP). Rezultaty badań dla 191 krajów przeprowadzone przez WHO będą stanowiły podstawę analiz efektywności systemów ochrony zdrowia. Badanie zostanie zrealizowane z wykorzystaniem metod badawczych zaproponowanych w publikacji Evans i in. (2001), tj. zarówno parametrycznych (FHD, DEA), jak i nieparametrycznych metod przybliżenia granicznej funkcji produkcji (COLS, podejście stochastyczne). Najważniejsze wyniki wypływające z przeprowadzonego badania obejmują spostrzeżenia dotyczące uzyskiwania innych oszacowań parametrów strukturalnych modeli (dodając do wartości teoretycznych wartości uzależnione od przyjętych rozkładów ui), a co za tym idzie, w efekcie graniczne funkcje produkcji różnią się od siebie, w zależności od przyjętych założeń dotyczących specyfikacji stochastycznej rozkładów. W badanym okresie zaobserwowano również równoległe do granicy zagęszczenie obserwacji, co świadczy o zmniejszaniu się różnic w efektywności wydatkowania środków na zdrowie pomiędzy krajami oraz oddalenie od początku układu współrzędnych w prawo, co z kolei świadczy o zwiększaniu wydatków na zdrowie w wielu krajach. Natomiast oddalenie się granicznej krzywej efektywności od początku układu współrzędnych było niewielkie.
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