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EN
Guaranteeing the availability of European labour markets constituted a very important element of the Polish foreign policy during the negotiation of conditions under which Poland would become a member of the European Union. At the time of the Polish accession, Poles as citizens of United Europe gained the right to take up legal work in other Member States. This opportunity was taken by Polish young people – “thirdgeneration emigrants” tempted by better earnings and prospects for the future. The proposed text is an attempt to capture migrants’ reality in the context of adaptative difficulties experienced by migrants with regard to globalisation-related transformations and the construct of a global teenager. The research results were obtained from two research projects carried out: (1) a research project carried out under the promotional grant in the years 2008-2012 (National Center for Science in Krakow – NN 106 348 140 (grant manager: Prof. Magdalena Piorunek, PhD) under the title: ‘Polish emigration and reemigration as an experience. Sociological and pedagogical aspect’, the results of which have been published in: Kozielska J., (2014) Post-accession migration. The theoretical and empirical context. Social support. The research sample in the quantitative analysis consisted of 174 persons who emigrated for at least one year and stayed in Poland for at least 6 months from the time of their return to the time of the research. The sample was targeted, and the target group consisted of return emigrants who emigrated during the pre-accession period and decided to stay in a European state rather than a “traditional” country of migration like the United States of America. The quantitative research was supplemented with a qualitative analysis of texts derived from hermeneutic methods, which included online forums (created by and for emigrants, both those who are still abroad and those who are planning to return or have already returned to Poland) and blogs containing fragments of emigrants’ biographies; (2) a research project carried out in London and Scotland under the POSTDOC scholarship of the Adam Mickiewicz University “Unique Graduate = Opportunities. An increase in the didactic potential of the Adam Mickiewicz University through proinnovative education in English, interdisciplinariness, e-learning, investment in human resources” under the title: ‘Transnational biographical counselling. A paradigm of qualitative research. An in-depth interview – 15 families with children (aged between 3 and 13 years) (2015-2017)’.
EN
Aim/purpose – On the basis of a critical analysis of related literature, the article attempts to explain the concept and essence of collaborative consumption, a dynamically developing consumer trend. The principal goal is to demonstrate that young people in Poland are distrustful of sharing goods with strangers, and thus are much more willing to engage in collaborative consumption when they know the people with whom they make transactions. Following the analysis of the research material, it was also possible to confirm that a key reason for young people to participate in collaborative consumption lies in financial benefits and access to a wide range of goods and services. Design/methodology/approach – The tool used to conduct the research was my original questionnaire comprising 50 closed-ended questions regarding alternative consumer trends, including collaborative consumption. The survey was carried out from 10th May to 10th June 2017. The participants were recruited via the ankietka.pl website and social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Messenger, and e-mail. In order to partake in the survey, those interested had to visit a specific website containing the questionnaire. It was also distributed across special forums, university and private school fanpages. 240 people aged 18-34, belonging to Generations Y and Z, took part in the survey. Findings – The research shows that the higher the value of goods, the less likely younger consumers are to share them. Respondents most frequently exchange goods such as books, clothing and games. Their disposable income is a crucial factor influencing their interest in collaborative consumption. The most important advantages of collaborative consumption include the possibility of earning money and unhampered access to a wide range of goods and services. On the other hand, the central disadvantages are distrust and possible fraudulent transactions on the part of strangers. Research implications/limitations – Given the limited financial capacity, the study of collaborative consumption in consumer behavior of young people was confined to an online survey. Originality/value/contribution – This article is one of few publications in Poland that seek to provide some insight into collaborative consumption in the purchasing behavior of young people living in Poland and into the most important factors influencing respondents’ participation in the examined consumer trend.
PL
Wiek XXI został uznany za wiek kompetencji. W dobie negowania konsumpcjonizmu, coraz większej złożoności rynku, trudniejszych decyzji nabywczych, na znaczeniu zyskują kompetencje jako wyznacznik efektywności konsumpcji, zachowań nabywczych konsumentów. Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie kompetencji dwóch przeciwstawnych segmentów rynku, a mianowicie ludzi starszych i osób młodych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań finansowanych przez NCN (2011/03/B/HS4/04417) przeprowadzonych wśród 1 tys. respondentów w wieku 15-74, techniką CATI w 2013 r. Próba miała charakter losowo-kwotowy. Respondentów zapytano, jak oceniają swoje kompetencje w zakresie: zarządzania finansami gospodarstwa domowego, rozumienia informacji na etykietach/opakowaniach produktów, zrównoważonej konsumpcji, korzystania z internetu, przeglądarek itp.
EN
The 21st century is considered as the age of competencies. In the epoch of negating consumerism, greater and greater complexity of the market, competencies are becoming more and more important as an indicator of effectiveness of consumption. Competencies have been lacking of a unanimous definition, also in consumption economics. In her article, the author presented results of the surveys financed by the National Science Centre (2011/03/B/HS4/04417) carried out among 1000 respondents aged 15-74 by the CATI method, in the second half of 2013. The sample was of the random and quota nature. The respondents were asked how they evaluated their competencies as regards household’s finance management, understanding the information on product labels/packaging, sustainable consumption, use of Internet, etc. The research findings prove that we may rather speak of Poles’ low competencies and greater stocks of knowledge in the field of sustainable consumption are attributed to elder people.
PL
Praca przedstawia migracje zarobkowe młodych Polaków w kontekście ich sytuacji na rynku pracy w Polsce oraz wdrażaniem strategii Europa 2020. Głównym celem pracy jest poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie czy sytuacja młodych ludzi z wyższym wykształceniem na rynku pracy zmusza te osoby do poszukiwania pracy za granicą. Postawioną hipotezą jest stwierdzenie, że wzrost osób z wyższym wykształceniem wśród młodzieży w Polsce przekłada się na trudną ich sytuację na rynku pracy, co powoduje wzrost migracji zagranicznych do pozostałych państw UE. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
This paper presents the migrations of young Poles in the context of the situation on the labor market in Poland, and the implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy The main goal of this work is to search for answers to the question whether the situation of young people with higher education in the labor market is forcing these people to seek work abroad. The hypothesis is that an increase in people with higher education among young people in Poland, reflected in their difficult situation on the labor market, resulting in increased migration to other EU countries.(original abstract)
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Bezrobocie młodzieży w Polsce

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EN
This paper concerns the problem of young people on the labor market in Poland. People under 25 years, in accordance with the Act on employment promotion and labor market institutions dated. 20 April 2004, are one of the groups of people in a specific situation on the labor market. Therefore, this issue should be studied in theory and in practice. Intent of this article is describe the situation in the surveyed area. Because of that author presented statistics from the Central Statistical Office and the reports of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. Author used many of literature, f. e., edited by Małgorzata Szylko-Skoczny pt. "Sytuacja młodzieży na rynku pracy w wybranych krajach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej: raport z badań dla MOP". The article suggests that there is a problem with finding work for young people. This is mainly due to lack of experience, and to adapt to the conditions in the local labor market.
EN
One of the biggest challenges in 21st century is the issue of unemployment which affects not only the national economy, but also has a huge impact on people themself and their families. Economy recession which occurred globally, led to decrease in the relative supply and demand for work. The most affected group is youth, who despite of their education, cannot find their right place in labour market. Solutions provided by European Union are meant to prevent in development of the "lost generation", explore and develop the capability buried in youth unemployment, encourage to mobility when it comes to work. The main goal of UE member states (including Poland) is to implement these strategies to all administrative regions across the country. Decrease of unemployment in youth group will be a flashpoint in growth of these countries (including Poland).
EN
The change of career aspirations among students who have just started secondary education is a determinant of changes in the network of secondary schools. That is mostly apparent when we analyse the intake of students during the successive school years. While basic vocational schools are less and less common in school complexes, technical schools gain more popularity among the young. Many questions that arise with respect to the future of the Polish labour market reflect the most important concern: will the market provide any qualified craftsmen? The author of the article tries to find out what the cause of the situation might be - whether educational background in a primary school and "gimnazjum" (lower secondary school) is so high, or whether the level of education in a "technikum" (technical secondary school) had been adjusted (lowered) to students' expectations. The objective of this paper is to highlight this trend and look for the reasons of the phenomenon.
PL
Sytuacja ludzi młodych w Polsce i innych krajach UE znacząco się pogorszyła po 2008 r. Trudne wejście na rynek pracy ludzi młodych wymusiło korektę polityki państw na rynku pracy. W Polsce, w maju 2014 r. wprowadzono dodatkowe instrumenty rynku pracy dedykowane osobom młodym. Mimo wdrożenia dodatkowego wsparcia poziom bezrobocia w tej grupie spadł tylko o 3 p.p. w ciągu 2 lat. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja i ocena skuteczności dodatkowych instrumentów rynku pracy kierowanych do ludzi młodych w Polsce po 2014 r. Zaprezentowane zostaną także słabości systemu bonów wspierających ludzi młodych na rynku pracy, co pozwoli na wskazanie pożądanych kierunków zmian.
EN
The situation of young people in Poland and other EU countries deteriorated significantly after 2008. Unemployment among young people (15-24 years) exceeded several times the rate of total unemployment. Difficult entry into the labor market of young people forced revision of state policy in the labor market. In Poland, in May 2014. Introduced additional labor market instruments dedicated to young people. Despite the implementation of the additional support of young people in the labor market unemployment rate in this group fell by only 3% over two years. The aim of the article is to present and assess the effectiveness of additional labor market instruments addressed to young people in Poland after 2014. Will be presented as weakness voucher scheme to support young people into the labor market, which will indicate the desired direction of change.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present dependences between the level of education and the situation of youth on the labour market in the European Union. Young people leaving the education system and entering the labour market face many barriers. They can't find a job and especially they are worried about lack of good job opportunities in their field of study. One of the main concerns of young job seekers is that the available jobs are poorly paid, so they don't guarantee the suitable living standard. The activity and employment rates of young people in all European countries are much lower than in the remaining age groups and that confirms their difficult situation on the labour market.
EN
The subject of this article is to present importance of the international cooperation in developing European Model of Youth Monitoring by the initiative under the name European Network on Regional Labour Market Monitoring (ENRLM). The article presents institutional and pragmatic grounded reasons for taking up such initiatives. The example of the initiative within ENRLM was availed for institutional basis. However on pragmatic basis the article presents the youth situation within the labour market and the risks resulting from the socio-economic transformations caused by the crisis. The article reveals how important this type of international cooperation is in the implementation of European youth policy.
PL
Zielone miejsca pracy to miejsca pracy charakteryzujące się godnymi warunkami zatrudnienia, których efektem jest zmniejszenie presji na środowisko naturalne ze strony gospodarki i konsumpcji. W artykule przedstawiono aktualną sytuację studentów i absolwentów Politechniki Wrocławskiej (PWr) na lokalnym rynku pracy w kontekście zielonych miejsc pracy. Natomiast pojęcie zielonych miejsc pracy definiuje się jako jedną z sekcji Polskiej Klasyfikacji Działalności. Ponadto w artykule dokonano analizy popytu i podaży na zielone miejsca pracy, które zestawiono z wynikami badania oczekiwań studentów i absolwentów PWr. Aktualnie zielone miejsca pracy należą do grupy zawodów zrównoważonych.
EN
Green jobs are work places which characterise a decent employment conditions and which reduce pressure on environment caused by economy and consumption. This article presents actual situation of students and graduates of Wrocław University of Science and Technology (PWr) on local labour market in green job context. In this paper the green jobs definition was proposed as a section of Code List of Classification of Business Activities in Poland (Polish: Polska Klasyfikacja Działalności, PKD). Moreover, in the article analysed green jobs demand and supply, which was compared with results of expectation of students and graduates of PWr. Currently, green jobs belong to the balanced professions group.
PL
Rynek pracy jest obszarem o niezwykłej dynamice zmian. Każda grupa społeczna uczestników próbuje odnaleźć na nim swoje miejsce. Wśród nich znajdują się także osoby młode, które spotykają tam liczne ograniczenia. Dlatego konieczne jest podjęcie wobec nich szerszych działań systemowych. Podstawą do tego są zmiany w obowiązującym ustawodawstwie rynku pracy dokonane w 2014 r. W zasadniczym zakresie modyfikują one dotychczasowe rozwiązania pasywne odnoszące się do osób młodych.
EN
The labour market is an area of exceptional dynamic of change. Every social group of participants is trying to find their own place on it. Among them are found the young people who come across a number of restrictions. Therefore, it is necessary to take wider system solutions towards them. Basis for the this are changes in the applicable in the labour market legislation made in 2014. In the principal range it is modifying of the existing solutions passive young people.
EN
In the era of the modernization of professional and educational services due to the COVID-19 pandemic innovation processes have been activated. An important condition for high school graduate students is to have new competences in media literacy as part of the educational vision for modern Ukrainian society. New approaches and requirements for professional education determine fundamental changes in the methodology, organization of the education process, subjects, content and instruments helping students in practice and everyday activities. Vectors of educational cooperation with students are more reflected in virtual communications using information and communication technologies (ICT) as modern progressive digital media literacy and educational practices are adapted for young people. In our article, the results of the experimental investigation in using virtual info media practices in the organization of education of students in Journalism and Social Communications field is presented. The aim of the research is to demonstrate how applied experience of using school lessons with connected virtual communicative practices such as info media quests, virtual workshops and media bridges affect media literacy education. We underline the educational advantages of innovative technologies in studying media literacy in Ukrainian high schools and improving the digital communication and critical thinking competencies of young people. The results of the present investigation show that virtual info media practices in high school have made significant progress and have huge advantages over the traditional methods of education in the context of the realization of individual oriented approaches in media literacy education for young people. The opinion poll of the students studying Journalism and Social Communications at Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University with the approbation of appointed virtual communications forms demonstrates this upgrading of their media literacy levels and professional capabilities.
EN
On the basis of a critical analysis of related literature, the article attempts to explain the concept and essence of sustainable consumption, a dynamically evolving consumer trend, and its connection with Fair Trade. The article seeks to identify young people’s consumer attitudes and behaviours that can be defined as sustainable consumption. It strives to explain what most motivates young people to participate in sustainable consumption. The tool used to conduct the research was the original author’s questionnaire comprising 50 closed-ended questions regarding alternative consumer trends, including sustainable consumption. The survey was carried out from 1st February to 1st May, 2018. In accordance with the research assumptions, 589 people aged 18-34, belonging to the Y and Z Generations, took part in the survey. The research has shown that young people’s pro-environmental behaviours that can be classified as sustainable consumption depend on their gender, age, monthly disposable income, and place of residence.
PL
W artykule, w oparciu o krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu, podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia pojęcia i istoty dynamicznie rozwijającego się trendu konsumenckiego, jakim jest zrównoważona konsumpcja, a następie jego powiązania z ideą Sprawiedliwego Handlu. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja postaw i zachowań konsumenckich młodych polskich konsumentów, które wpisują się w ideę zrównoważonej konsumpcji. W opracowaniu podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia, co najbardziej motywuje młodych ludzi do uczestniczenia w zrównoważonej konsumpcji. Narzędziem wykorzystanym do przeprowadzenia badania był autorski kwestionariusz składający się z 50 pytań zamkniętych, dotyczący alternatywnych trendów konsumenckich, w tym zrównoważonej konsumpcji. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w okresie od 1 lutego do 1 maja 2018 roku. Zgodnie z przyjętymi założeniami badawczymi w badaniu wzięło udział 589 osób w wieku 18-34 lat, należących do pokolenia Y i Z. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że zachowania proekologiczne młodych osób, wpisujące się w ideę zrównoważonej konsumpcji, są uzależnione od płci respondentów, ich wieku, poziomu miesięcznego rozporządzalnego dochodu oraz miejsca zamieszkania.
EN
Young people difficulties on the labour market, in education and training have contributed to the introduction of an additional indicator characterizing the activity in the economy. Scientist and practitioners have developed a NEET indicator , which determines the population of young people who are unemployed, do not participate in formal education and training. This article will attempt to define this category in the narrow and broad sense and appearing in the conceptualization process research problems. According to Eurostat data NEET category will be used to diagnose the situation of young people in the transformed european countries. This issue is very important because the potential results of inactivity in the initial period of activity cause a lot of negative consequences in the long time, both in terms of micro and macro, which is confirmed by numerous scientific studies.
XX
Przedmiotem artykułu jest opis przygotowania i przeprowadzenia ankiety dotyczącej zamierzeń edukacyjno-zawodowych uczniów w szkołach gimnazjalnych Bełchatowa (woj. łódzkie). W badaniu (przeprowadzonym przez autora) zastosowana została metoda sondażu, który przeprowadzono na podstawie ankiety wśród uczniów kończących gimnazjum w roku szkolnym 2010/11. Ankieta skierowana była losowo do uczniów klas trzecich gimnazjum. Przy wyborze szkół kierowano się ich położeniem w różnych częściach miasta. (fragment tekstu)
PL
Specjalna Strefa Demograficzna powstała by zapobiegać i przeciwdziałać procesom depopulacji w regionie opolskim. Projekt „Szkolnictwo zawodowe bliżej rynku pracy”, realizowany przez szkoły zawodowe Opolszczyzny, wpisuje się w założenia SSD. W województwie zostanie stworzona racjonalna sieć szkół prowadzących kształcenie zawodowe. Doposażenie pracowni, praktyki w kraju i za granicą, kursy, wyjazdy studyjne mają zachęcić młodzież do pozostania w regionie. Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób realizacja projektu może wpłynąć na decyzje młodzieży związane z miejscem zatrudnienia i założenia rodziny.
EN
The Special Demographic Zone was created to prevent and counteract depopulation processes in Opole region. The project entitled “Vocational Education Closer to the Labour Market” implemented by vocational school of Opole region inscribes in the assumptions of the Special Demographic Zone. A rational network of schools conducting vocational education will be formed in the province. Additional equipment for workshops, vocational trainings in Poland and abroad, courses, study tours are supposed to encourage young people to stay in the region. The aim of the article is to answer the question how the project implementation may influence the decisions of teenagers related to the place of employment and starting a family.
XX
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie dynamiki przestępczości nieletnich w latach 2000-2010 na podstawie danych Komendy Głównej Policji, a także Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. (fragment tekstu)
EN
This article reviews the pathological problems among children and adolescents. The analysis included especially data on crimes against life, sexual freedom and morality, as well as crimes against property. There was an increase in juvenile delinquency. The movements in the formation of various crimes is presented. The causes of increase in crime among juvenile were indicated as well. (original abstract)
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyze and assess the situation of some vulnerable groups: disabled, older and youth in the Polish labour market. The presentation of reality exposes the weaknesses and shortcomings of labor market institutions, the process of education and social security in Poland. Although the current labour law prohibits all discrimination, presented groups are clearly discriminated. The young people, who are creating our economic development, are in the particularly difficult situation. The end of the article presents the trends that should be the subject of further research and serious discussion.
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