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1

Релігійні чинники у процесі формування національної ідентичності населення українсько-польсько-чехословацького пограниччя (1918-1939) (на прикладі українців Східної Галичини та Закарпаття)

100%

Ruda O.

Wieki Stare i Nowe

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 17

128-144

PL

W artykule omówione zostały działania edukacyjne i wychowawcze Kościoła greckokatolickiego w Galicji Wschodniej i na Zakarpaciu. W latach międzywojennych czynnik religijny wciąż pozostawał jednym z kluczowych elementów kształtowania tożsamości narodowej Ukraińców. Zwłaszcza Kościół greckokatolicki odegrał znaczącą rolę w zachowaniu tożsamości narodowej i religijnej Ukraińców. Duchowieństwo greckokatolickie, głównie w Galicji Wschodniej, mniej na Zakarpaciu, było tą siłą napędową, która określała kierunek rozwoju ukraińskiego życia narodowego w zakresie politycznym. Kościół ten wywarł ogromny wpływ na rozwój kultury ukraińskiej i dziedzictwa narodowego, w latach 20. i 30. XX wieku pozostał ważnym czynnikiem konsolidacji i wsparcia duchowego w walce o państwowość ukraińską. Kościół greckokatolicki miał wielkie zasługi nie tylko dla rozwoju szkolnictwa świeckiego, lecz także aktywnie prowadził swoją działalność edukacyjną, naukową, kulturalną i charytatywną. Jego głównym zadaniem było kształcenie Ukraińców Zakarpacia i Galicji Wschodniej w duchu religijnym i narodowym.

EN

The article discusses the educational actions of the Greek Orthodox Church in Eastern Galicia and Transcarpathia. In the interwar period, the religious influence remained one of the key elements of national identity creation of the Ukrainians. In particular, the Greek Orthodox Church played an important role in the preservation of the national and religious identity of the Ukrainian people. The Orthodox clergy - particularly in Eastern Galicia, and to a lesser extent in Transcarpathia - constituted a powerful force in shaping the development of the Ukrainian political life. The Church exerted a significant influence on the development of Ukrainian culture and national heritage, and throughout the 1920s and 1930s, it remained an important factor in the unification and spiritual guidance in the fight for the Ukrainian independence. The Greek Orthodox Church was not only extremely important for the development of the secular system of schooling, but also actively took part in educational, scholarly, cultural and charity efforts. Its main mission was to educate the inhabitant of Transcarpathia and Eastern Galicia in the religious and national spirit.

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The Strategic Role Of the Local Communities in The Development Of Cross-Border Cooperation Between Ukraine And The EU (on the example of the Transcarpathian Region)

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Melehanych H. I.

Border and Regional Studies

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2020

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vol. 8

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issue 1

7-20

PL

Niniejszy artykuł został poświęcony problematyce współpracy transgranicznej pomiędzy Ukrainą i państwami Unii Europejskiej. Przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania jest Zakarpacie, gdyż ten region graniczy z czterema państwami członkowskimi UE. Szczególne znaczenie dla realizacji różnych programów współpracy transgranicznej mają wspólnoty lokalne reprezentowane przez organy władzy samorządowej. One to właśnie powinny dysponować wiedzą i doświadczeniem, które umożliwiają wprowadzanie w życie projektów i programów finansowanych z różnych źródeł i zorientowanych na wsparcie dla regionów przygranicznych. Rozwój przygranicznych obszarów Ukrainy i ich perspektywy na przyszłość w znacznej mierze zależą od strategicznie przemyślanego sposobu wydatkowania dostępnych środków.

EN

This article is devoted to the study of the implementation of cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and EU countries. Transcarpathia was chosen as the region for the study because it is here that Ukraine is bordering with four European states. The most important role in the implementation of cross-border programs belongs to the communities in the field provided by the local self-government bodies. It is they who have the relevant knowledge and experience to successfully implement projects and programs from different funding sources targeted for the development of cross-border regions. The successful development and success of Ukraine’s border territories largely depend on the successful mobilization and strategic use of funds.

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Jasina – cerkiew Strukowska z Listy UNESCO na tle innych świątyń huculskich

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Witkowski W.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2015

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issue 2

7-39

EN

In 2013, the tserkva dedicated to the Ascension, and traditionally called the Strukivska tserkva, in Yasinia, in the district of Rakhiv, in the Transcarpathian area, in the Hutsul Lands, was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, together with fifteen other wooden tserkvas in Polish and Ukrainian Carpathian region. Due to his long-lasting supervision over inventory measurements of the Hutsul folk architecture and wooden sacred architecture in the Hutsul Lands and in the Pokuttya region, the author makes a detailed presentation of this temple, which is known in Poland mainly in tourist and sightseeing circles, and compares it with other Hutsul tserkvas with similar plan characteristics. The article contains presentation of the history of this tserkva, which was built in 1824. Its traditional name is supposed to originate from the surname of a Hutsul shepherd, Ivan Struk, who probably founded it as a votive offering for a miraculous rescue of a flock of sheep in winter, which is a theme of a legend that is popular in this part of the Hutsul Lands. On the basis of the field studies that – among others – resulted in making measurement documentation by architecture students from the Lodz University of Technology, under the supervision of the author, there are discussed characteristics of the log construction, with consideration given to the use of squared timber, corners with dovetail joints and cut endings of logs, which is common among others in wooden sacred architecture in the Transcarpathian area, but more seldom in the Galician Hutsul Lands. The temple has no choir gallery over the vestibule for women, which is atypical in Hutsul tserkvas, yet here it is a result of very small sizes of the object. In the tserkva there has been preserved a valuable baroque iconostasis, unfortunately with icons that have been painted on the former paintings recently. A high artistic value is represented by a few other elements of the decor: single icons, processional crosses and banners. Another interesting element is a severe decoration of wooden construction arches at the junction of nave square and side arms, with the characteristic wooden volutes, which is unique for the Hutsul Lands but known for example in the Podhale region. It is one of the two tserkvas of the Hutsul type situated on the South of the Carpathian arch. Other wooden tserkvas in this area belong to totally different types of spatial forms, which are not related to the Hutsul Lands. Due to its plan and shape the one-dome Strukivska tserkva may be classified to the group of a dozen or so recognised wooden temples mainly from the Galician Hutsul Lands and the Pokuttya region that are based on a spatial pattern of a central building on the Greek cross plan, which is composed of five squares, with the middle one being bigger than the remaining ones. This group may comprise both elder (the end of the 18th c. – the beginning of the 19th c.) traditional one-dome Hutsul tserkvas, such as: Deliatyn (1785, extended in 1894, 1902, 1911- -1912), Velyka Kam’yanka (1794), Zelena, the district of Nadvirna (1796, later extended), Zhabye Slupeyka (about 1800, extended in 1850, does not exist), Dora (1823, extended in 1844), Lojeva (1835), Bili Oslavy (called the lower one, 1835), and fivedome objects from the 2nd half of the 19th c.: Tlumachyk (1852, does not exist), Knyazhdvir (1864, does not exist), and Havrylivka (1862, not examined by the author yet), and also the threedome tserkva in Hvizdets (1855), in which the side arms are narrower (rectangular, not square). Whereas, three temples from the parish of Mykulychyn, designed by professionals: Mykulychyn (1868, designed by the architect J. Czajkowski), Tatariv (1912, designed by the architect Franciszek Mączyński from Cracow, polychromes made by the painter Karol Maszkowski, also from Cracow) and Polyanytsya Popovichivska (1912, does not exist), the so called new tserkva in Vorokhta (the 30s of the 20th c.), the tserkva in Zarichchya (1943, designed by the architect Lev Levyns’kyi), are creative interpretations of the original pattern. The two latter ones may be classified simultaneously to a large group of tserkvas in the national Ukrainian style. Similar characteristics are probably to be found in the tserkva in Tysmyenichany (1865), not examined by the author yet. A few tserkvas were extended from the classic three-part plan to the ‘cross’ plan with an enlarged nave square by means of adding side arms; for example: Krasne, the district of Rozhniativ, earlier the county of Kalush (about 1840, extended, 1899 rebuilt) and Chornyi Potik, (the 19th c?). The Strukivska tserkva is decidedly the smallest one in the discussed group (side of the nave log construction is about 5 metres long), which may be explained by the fact that it was a private, peasant foundation. Tserkvas that belong to the pattern described above are situated in a quite compact group in a relatively small geographical area, which may be basically associated mainly with the upper Pruth valley from Vorokhta to Zabolotiv. Some of them are located by roadsides that lead to major tracts or to the Pruth valley. The river and trade routes at its banks contributed to spreading of the pattern, yet it did not spread beyond these tracts. Maybe, in the course of some further studies in the areas of Pokuttya, at the North of the Pruth river, which have been less explored yet, it will happen to find some other examples of objects with the same original plan. The pattern of the tserkva at the Greek cross plan with enlarged nave square was present (though very rare) not only in other regions of former Galicia, but also in Northern, middle, and Eastern lands of Ukraine. However, tserkvas of this type did not exist in a compact group in such a small area as in the discussed region of the Hutsul Lands and Pokuttya. Due to its morphology the group described as the cruciform tserkvas with enlarged nave square presents a set that may be distinguished from the remaining types of wooden temples in the Hutsul Lands and Pokuttya, and may be referred to as Western or – to be more precise – North-Western type the Hutsul wooden tserkva with two variants and older and younger variations. It is not only the fact of identical scheme of groundfloor plan and similar sizes that is significant here, but also the time when the temples were built (the end of the 18th c. – the beginning of the 2nd half of the 19th c.). An additional fact that in this area there were built a few other tserkvas the forms of which present an interpretation of the original pattern indicates that the pattern was so marked in the described area that it was also observed by professionals, who as early as in the 2nd half of the 19th c. and the beginning of the 20th c. wanted to respect consciously the local building traditions, which presented an inspiration for them. The Strukivska tserkva in Yasinia constitutes a very important element in this interesting group of temples. It is an ‘import’ of the pattern of ‘cruciform’ tserkva from the Galician Hutsul Lands to the Transcarpathians. It was built at the same time when the model of ‘cruciform’ tserkvas with enlarged nave square was spreading to the North from the main Carpathian arch. It represents a high level of building technique, with some distinct features that were characteristic of the area. It has been preserved in a relatively pure form, not ‘spoiled’ (as some other Hutsul tserkvas) with extending, rebuilding, or changing materials for covering walls and roofs. At present, it does not demand any important conservatory works. The inscription of this tserkva on the UNESCO World Heritage List seems thoroughly justified. In the group of eight Ukrainian wooden tserkvas that are inscribed on the List, as many as two come from the Hutsul Lands and Pokuttya, which is a clear evidence for the role of this region for the Ukrainian culture. Translated by Joanna Witkowska

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A minor ally or a minor enemy? The Hungarian issue in the political thought and activity of Ukrainian integral nationalists (until 1941)

80%

Wojnar M.

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2018

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vol. 53

PL

Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy roli, którą Węgry i Węgrzy odgrywali w myśli politycznej i działalności ukraińskich nacjonalistów integralnych w okresie od początku lat dwudziestych po 1941 r. W tekście koncentruję się na myśli politycznej i działalności Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów, ale omawiam również poglądy Jurija Łypy na kwestię węgierską. Przeanalizowany materiał prowadzi do wniosku, że stosunek ukraińskich nacjonalistów integralnych wobec Węgier i Węgrów wahał się pomiędzy traktowaniem ich jako drugorzędnego sojusznika i drugorzędnego wroga. Czynnikiem zbliżającym strony było dążenie do rewizji traktatów pokojowych, z kolei punktem spornym, pretensje terytorialne względem Zakarpacia. Na poziomie taktycznym działacze OUN dawali prymat relacjom z Pragą nad stosunkami z Budapesztem. Pewna zmiana w tej kwestii zaszła dopiero w 1933 r., kiedy pozycje OUN nad Wełtawą uległy pewnemu zachwianiu. Po zajęciu Ukrainy Karpackiej przez wojska węgierskie w marcu 1939 r. stosunek ukraińskich nacjonalistów wobec Węgier stał się jednoznacznie wrogi. The article is an attempt to analyze the role that Hungary and the Hungarians played in the political thought and activity of Ukrainian integral nationalists in the period from the early 1920s to 1941. The text focuses on the political thought and activities of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), but I also discuss the views of Yurii Lypa on the Hungarian issue. The analyzed material leads to the conclusion that the attitude of Ukrainian integral nationalists towards Hungary and Hungarians ranged from treating them as a minor ally to a minor enemy. One factor bringing the sides together was the attempt to revise peace treaties, while a point of contention was the territorial claims on Carpathian Ruthenia. At the tactical level, OUN activists gave relations with Prague primacy over relations with Budapest. There was only a change in this regard in 1933, when the OUN’s positions on the Vltava were somewhat shaken. After the occupation of Carpathian Ruthenia by the Hungarian army in March 1939, the Ukrainian nationalists’ attitude towards Hungary became unequivocally hostile.

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1 Border and Regional Studies

1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

1 Wieki Stare i Nowe

1 Melehanych H. I.

1 Ruda O.

1 Witkowski W.

1 Wojnar M.

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The Strategic Role Of the Local Communities in The Development Of Cross-Border Cooperation Between Ukraine And The EU (on the example of the Transcarpathian Region)

Jasina – cerkiew Strukowska z Listy UNESCO na tle innych świątyń huculskich

A minor ally or a minor enemy? The Hungarian issue in the political thought and activity of Ukrainian integral nationalists (until 1941)