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EN
The article concerns the anti-Semitic rhetoric employed during the trial of Rudolf Slánský in 1952 and the Polish Political Crisis of March 1968. In both cases, the accusation of Zionism meant a propagandistic revival of the anti-Jewish stereotype. The ideological schizophrenia called for the condemnation of Zionism along with anti-Semitism, but in fact a xenophobic stereotype prevailed. In both cases, Polish and Czechoslovak anti-Semitism took the form of a coded message, hidden in various suggestions, allusions and unstated messages, which were clear and unambiguous for the recipient. This article is focused on their analysis.
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PL
In this article the author presents an interpretation of a contemporary novel written by an Israeli writer, Eshkol Nevo and places it both within a concept of the Zionist idea as presented by Herzl himself and the Jewish settlement in Argentina as envisioned and supported by baron Hirsch. The key issue here is the relation between the imagined and the real.
EN
The many-faced hero. The evolution of the Zionist myth of Sabra in the contemporaryIsraeli war films The concept of the New Jew was one of the most important founding myths of Zionism. During the construction of a Jewish state in Palestine, the New Jew was hailed Sabra (with reference to the kind of prickly pear popular in this region). In the twentieth century, the figure of Sabra became an important element of the identity and culture of Israelis. The main purpose of this article is to show the evolution of the mythical narrative typical for the cinematic incarnations of Sabra, which in recent decades has taken place in Israeli war films.
EN
Zamenhof was one of the few thinkers who noticed the impossibility of a just dispensation between ethnicities and religions in the Russian Empire. He aspired to present a social system where national actions could run in the most natural way and where no one has the right to rule on behalf of the nation. In Zamenhof ’s opinion multiculturalism composed of different ethnical groups inhabiting the same territory is a social phenomenon just as a class system. However, if class system relates to social antagonisms in the matter of possession, then ethnicity is the most important element of segmentation where neither ownership, class nor political criteria are distinctive as ethnicity is a natural and culturally established social bond. Zamenhof rejected all political Jewish programs of his age and created his own program called Hillelism (which was directed at Jews and which he later abandoned) which after modification was renamed as Humanitarianism. Precisely this proposition has many common characteristics with multiculturalism avant la letter.
EN
Withdrawal of Heroes: Death of the Zionist Myth of Masada in Joseph Cedar’s Beaufort Masada is an ancient fortress, which during The First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE) served as a refuge for the last bastion of Jewish resistance. In the first half of the twentieth century, the history of the Masada’s defenders was absorbed by the Zionist movement and transformed into a vital national myth, which became an important element of the identity and culture of future Israelis. The main purpose of this article is to show the deconstruction of the Masada mythical narrative made by Israeli director Joseph Cedar in his movie Beaufort.
EN
The article describes the origin and first nine years (1928–1936) of “Dzienniczek dla Dzieci i Młodzieży” (Children and Adolescents Journal), a supplement to the “Nowy Dziennik” (New Journal) published by Cracovian Zionists. The supplement was at first edited by Runa Reitmanowa, then by Marta Hirschprung. The Children and Adolescents Journal had its own vignette and numeration. It was created as a biweekly, but there were departures from this rhythm. The supplement was a valuable and extensive research material. It was there where the problems of the Zionist adolescents have been discussed. The supplement was a tool in the Zionist upbringing, it helped create the sense of national identity. The paper was published in Polish, put it propagated the cult of Hebrew. It allowed readers to create the published material. As Children and Adolescents Journal, it was published until November 1936. Starting February 1937, the editorial board of the New Journal started publishing the supplement for adolescents – “Świat Młodych” (World of Young) and bade farewell to the readers of the section edited by Marta Hirschprung. The analysis of the content of the New Journal shows that per the readers’ request there was a comeback of the section addressed to the youngest. The “Dzienniczek” (Little Diary) has been showing up irregularly from 1937 to 1939.
EN
The article aims to describe the civilizational aspect of the State of Israel in the historiosophic and geopolitical thought of Aleksandr G. Dugin, who is considered the most influential and controversial representative of modern Russian neo-conservatism. Firstly, the article presents the intellectual and political context of Dugin’s intellectual evolution. Secondly, it shows the role of the State of Israel in the conflict of civilizations. Thirdly, it describes Dugin’s interpretation of the cul-tural and civilizational identity of the State of Israel and its geopolitical conse-quences.   
EN
This contribution presents the author’s representation of Jewishness as it was formed from the beginnings of his artistic output, first of all in his early poetry from the 1930s and subsequently after the Second World War, when he elaborated upon the theme of Jewishness in his prose texts. His poetic texts reveal how the historical events of the second half of the 1930s affected his as yet unstabilised poetics, inclining towards the depiction of a timid and tender subject, and shifted his work towards the construction of a suprapersonal Jewish identity (Hebrejské melodie — Hebrew Melodies, Kniha nocí — The Book of Nights, Sonáta z konce tisíciletí — Sonata from the End of the Millennium, Když — When, Variace na téma z Kiplinga — Variations on a Theme from Kipling). At the same time it is necessary to state that his work also accentuates images referring generally to the oppressive existential or marginal situation of humanity (Kniha nocí, Litanie k času — Litany to Time). In his postwar prose output Fischl first of all thematised the search for an obliterated Jewish identity (Píseň o lítosti — Song of Pity), and in later texts (Jeruzalémský triptych — Jerusalem Triptych) he then focused on a presentation of the Holocaust as a memento of the Jews, which was intended to refer not only to Jewish victims, but rather to impel us all to search for the traditional values of humanity. This theme corresponds with his post-war conception of humanising the world, in which literature is to play an important role in restoring order in the world.
EN
Yiddish Cinema in the Prewar Polish Lands: The Socio-political and Cultural Contexts The article is an attempt to consider the impact of social-political contexts on Yiddish cinema in Poland before the outbreak of the Second World War. It also analyses the influence of cultural and ideological tendencies represented by the diaspora in Poland: traditional – related to Judaism and Yiddish language; Zionist – trying to resurrect Israel and appealing to Hebrew as the language of the Jews; Bund – a left wing party that supported a secular Yiddish culture and opposed Zionism, as well as the assimilation of Polish culture and language.
PL
Abstract. Avisar Ilan, The national and the popular in Israeli cinema. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 29–44. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.02. The article examines Israeli cinema as a critical participant in the local drama of national ideology and national identity. Israeli filmmakers have engaged in enunciating the national culture, in the context of the medium’s history, political ideologies, and the tension between high art and popular culture. The historical review of Israeli films shows dramatic changes over the years from nationalistic propaganda to radical critique and post-Zionism. Israeli cinema appears now to seek a constructive and fruitful dialogue with the viewers. In the recent wave of popular films, the national ideology is more conscious of its past mistakes and inherent deficiencies; its presentation of national identity is less narrow and more open to alternative types, thereby suggesting new vistas of national culture
EN
Abstract. Avisar Ilan, The national and the popular in Israeli cinema. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 29–44. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.02. The article examines Israeli cinema as a critical participant in the local drama of national ideology and national identity. Israeli filmmakers have engaged in enunciating the national culture, in the context of the medium’s history, political ideologies, and the tension between high art and popular culture. The historical review of Israeli films shows dramatic changes over the years from nationalistic propaganda to radical critique and post-Zionism. Israeli cinema appears now to seek a constructive and fruitful dialogue with the viewers. In the recent wave of popular films, the national ideology is more conscious of its past mistakes and inherent deficiencies; its presentation of national identity is less narrow and more open to alternative types, thereby suggesting new vistas of national culture.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the contribution of Religious Zionism to the strategy and ideology of Zionism. This contribution consisted in conferring a halo of sanctity upon Zionism, nation, state and the territory of Palestine, by means of quotes from the Torah, Jewish prophets, poets and mystics. Thanks to the efforts of Religious Zionists, Zionism as a whole gained its nationalist-religious specificity and later imparted these traits to the state Israel.
PL
This article focuses on Armand Lévy, Adam Mickiewicz’s secretary, as the missing link between Romantic Polish nationalism and proto-Zionism. It examines Lévy’s interpretation of Adam Mickiewicz’s use of Jewish motifs and how Lévy’s interpretation provided his friend and neighbour in Paris, Moses Hess, a German-Jewish socialist, colleague and rival of Karl Marx, with a repertoire he had lacked to structure his proto-Zionist ideas. The article discusses how ideas from one cultural sphere were transferred to others. Mickiewicz, seeking to find ways to strengthen the Polish nation-building process following the partition of his motherland, used his interpretation of the contemporary Jewish Diaspora as a model. His secretary, the Frenchman Armand Lévy, reinterpreted Mickiewicz’s interpretation. His convoluted life course eventually led him to think about the Jews in nationalist terms via the discursive tools he acquired from Mickiewicz. Going beyond the latter’s views, Lévy regarded the Jews as a diasporic nation aspiring to gain political statehood. He championed Jewish messianism as a concrete step towards the Jews’ sovereignty. This, in turn, provided Moses Hess with a repertoire he had lacked until this point: namely, an acquaintance with Jews who were committed to renewing the sovereign Jewish life as of old. The article shows how Armand Lévy – a person acting in a sociological ‘contact zone’, i.e. in a social space where cultures meet, clash, and grapple – was able to cross the boundaries of Frenchness, Polishness, Jewishness, cosmopolitanism and nationalism, transferring motifs between Jewish and non-Jewish émigrés in complex ways which provoked unexpected results.
EN
The article, based on documents of the State Archive of Odessa Region and researches of the Ukrainian and foreign scholars, covers the activities of a number of Odessa Jewish societies and their leaders who played a significant role in organizing the emigration of Jews from the South of the Russian Empire to the Middle East - to Syria and Palestine in the 1880-1920s. It is characterized an organizational framework and different areas of work of public associations, established to aid migrants. Also it is highlighted the stages of palestinophile movement and role of certain groups and personalities who made a significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of Zionism. The author introduced and summarized the new archival sources and information about more than two dozen Jewish societies, clubs, bureaus, funds and commissions who had been working in Odessa in the economic, financial, cultural, educational and political spheres for supporting the Palestine project.
EN
This essay aims at exploring Zionist currents that resisted the establishment of a Jewish nation-state, their non-statist vision of Zionism and its roots in Jewish conditions and political traditions, as well as in European anti-statist ideologies and national patterns. First, the non-Zionist diaspora nationalism of Simon Dubnow will be examined, as an important point of reference of non-statist Zionisms; then, the reservations of Ahad Ha’am, founder of “spiritual Zionism”, from the vision of a nation-state and the Marxian anti-statism of Ber Borochov and his socialist followers will be observed. Thereafter, the anarchism of Martin Buber and his followers in the binational factions “Brit Shalom and Ihud” will be discussed; here anti-statism is manifestly theological. Lastly, the current manifestations of non-statist Jewish nationalism will be succinctly explored, focusing on two religious-Zionist rabbis, the late Menachem Fruman and Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, and the American historian David N. Myers.
EN
The article discusses the metamorphoses of a book: The Guide for the Per-plexed by Moses Maimonides. The receptions of the book from the time of its publication (1191), and especially his translation into Hebrew (1224) were diverse and went through many changes during the last eight centuries. From its publication the book caused a storm among Jewish thinkers and rabbis, and was accused of being a profanation, was banned, and even burned. These facts are particularly intriguing taking into account the authoritative role of Maimonides in the Jewish world, who was considered as the second Moses, was named the “great eagle”, and his book Mishneh Torah, a comprehensive code of Halakhah (Jewish law) is a canonical book since then. Acceptance and rejection of this book can be observed in the Jewish world till today. The book was understood as the source for very different philosophical and theo-logical approaches. Therefore, it has a sense to talk about ‘many Guides for the Perplexed’. The article is concentrated particularly, on modern times: Haskalah and Zionism.
EN
In Between. Two Home Countries in the Polish Language Press for Jewish Children in the Second Polish RepublicIn the interwar period in Poland the big Polish-language Jewish journals (Chwila, Nowy Dziennik and Nasz Przegląd) published supplements for children. Two of them (Chwilka and Dzienniczek dla Dzieci i Młodzieży [Diary for children and young people]) were typical magazines for children. The third, the Mały Przegląd [Little review], led initially by Janusz Korczak, became the tribune of its youngest readers. Its content was composed of letters, reports and interviews by young correspondents. All these magazines were directed to children of the accultured Jews, readers of Polish-language Zionist press. It would seem, therefore, that their educational ideals should be similar.How were the patriotic values shown to the Jewish children from the acculturated Zionist families, familiar with Polish culture better than average Jewish children, but raised in cult of Palestine and the return to Eretz? What should be told to the children, if they were to be educated as good patriots? And patriots of what country? How to explain Palestinian patriotism to children who have never seen their country, lived in Poland and spoke Polish? And at the same time – how to explain the Polish patriotism to children who live in a country with a constantly growing anti-Semitism, of which they are only the marginalized, second-class citizens. As a result, the two dailies, almost identical in their views, have supplements presenting a surprisingly different approach to patriotism. The article was based on an analysis of all vintages of Dzienniczek and Mały Przegląd. Pomiędzy. Dwie ojczyzny w pismach dla polskojęzycznych dzieci żydowskich w II RzeczypospolitejW okresie międzywojennym wielkie polskojęzyczne dzienniki żydowskie – „Chwila”, „Nowy Dziennik” i „Nasz Przegląd” wydawały dodatki dla dzieci. Dwa pierwsze, „Chwilka” i „Dzienniczek dla Dzieci i Młodzieży”, były to zwykłe, konwencjonalne pisemka dla dzieci, „Mały Przegląd” kierowany początkowo przez Janusza Korczaka, stał się trybuną swoich najmłodszych czytelników, a jego treść złożona była z listów, reportaży i wywiadów młodych korespondentów. Wszystkie pisemka kierowane były do dzieci akulturowanych Żydów, czytelników polskojęzycznej syjonistycznej prasy. Wydawało by się zatem, że ideały wychowawcze powinny być zbliżone.Jak dzieciom żydowskich z rodzin akulturowanych i syjonistycznych – a więc zarazem znających polską kulturę lepiej niż przeciętne żydowskie dzieci, ale wychowywanych w kulcie Palestyny i powrotu do Erec, ukazywano wartości patriotyczne? Cóż zatem należało mówić dzieciom, jeśli chciało się je wychować na dobrych patriotów? I jakiego kraju patriotów? Jak wytłumaczyć palestyński patriotyzm dzieciom, które nigdy swojego kraju nie widziały, żyły w Polsce, mówiły po polsku? I jednocześnie – jak wytłumaczyć polski patriotyzm dzieciom, które mieszkają w kraju o stale rosnącym antysemityzmie, którego są obywatelami, ale obywatelami drugiej kategorii, spychanymi na margines? W rezultacie dwa pisma wyrastające z dwóch niemal identycznych w poglądach dzienników prezentowały zaskakująco różne podejście do patriotyzmu. Artykuł oparty został na analizie wszystkich roczników „Dzienniczka” i „Małego Przeglądu”.
EN
What kind of country are we talking about when we speak of Poland from the perspective of the organized Jewish political leadership in Poland? What should the scope and characteristics of the new Polish state in their view be? What kind of relations should Poland have with neighbouring states, as well as within, among its various populations and societies? The paper explores the changing answers given by different political Jewish leadership in a period of liminality – the interval between two stages and two distinct situations: the imperial order (Austrian and Russian) and the Polish national state. It examines Galicia and the Congress Poland from 1914 to 1918 when the territory was disputed among different empires and nations and its fate was far from clear. The article claims that the different visions of Poland presented by the Jewish leadership were grounded in two assumptions. The first was that the Jews as an integral part of society were legitimately entitled to express their own vision of the future state, the second – that the Jews, as an integral part of society, were entitled to equality on all levels of social life. That is the reason, the article claims, behind the demands for a fair distribution of the state’s resources regardless the mother tongue, religion, or ethno-national identification. The efforts the leaders of the Polish Jewry made to include the Jews as a minority group equal to others in the Polish state took place in the framework of the ethno-national ethos as the constitutive principle of state-building. The changing political circumstances and the growing hegemonic discourse based on the nation and nationality brought, claims the article, to the raising of a new Jewish national leadership during World War I. This leadership became convinced that, in the light of the discriminatory policies and growing anti-Jewish violence, only a mechanism of minority rights could guarantee Jewish existence in Poland.
EN
The history of the “Leopolis” lodge in Lwów (Lviv, Lemberg, Lemberik) concentrates all the most important processes and phenomena transpiring among the local Jews from the end of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. Thanks to the enfranchisement introduced in 1867 numerous Jews (in particular among the assimilated Jewry) enjoyed social promotion and successful professional careers. A considerable number evolved from involvement in the pro-assimilation current to fascination with Zionism. Those who maintained bonds with the Jewish community and felt responsible for its progress made use of a new organizational formula, namely, the Independent Order of B’nai B’rith. This organization, universally known as “B’nai B’rith”, was founded in New York by the German-born émigré Heinrich Jones in 1843. The Order’s objectives included the moral and intellectual elevation of its members. Both the latter and their families could rely on assistance in assorted difficult situations (e.g. illnesses or involuntary financial problems). The statute of the “Leopolis” Humanitarian Society was registered on 5 October 1899 with a rescript issued by the Lwów Governorship, and the foundation meeting took place on 29 October of that year.“Leopolis” was created mainly by representatives of the free professions, the intelligentsia, and entrepreneurs functioning both locally and abroad. The former activity took place in the seat of the lodge and included routine and special-occasion sessions, with debates about crucial problems of the Jews of Lwów and across the world. In addition, the lodge held scientific, popular, and world outlook lectures. The “Leopolis” seat also hosted assorted social and special-occasion events (e.g. celebrations of Hanukkah and Purim). A major part of the work conducted by the Order’s members took place outside the lodge, with mention due to efforts pursued for the sake of the orphaned, the poor, and the ailing as well as material and financial help rendered to these beneficiaries, who included primarily Jews; in certain instances assistance was also provided for the Christians, as exemplified by the new Israelite Hospital erected by members of “Leopolis”. The projects proposed by the organization responded to the material problems faced by the Jews of Lwów at the turn of the nineteenth century. Better familiarity with this issue also facilitates closer insight into the life of the community.
PL
Statut Stowarzyszenia Humanitarnego „Leopolis” zarejestrowano 5 października 1899 r. reskryptem namiestnictwa we Lwowie. Spotkanie założycielskie odbyło się w dniu 29 października tego samego roku. „Leopolis” stanowiło część międzynarodowego Niezależnego Zakonu Synów Przymierza (Independent Order B’nei B’rith), który założył 13 października 1843 r. w Nowym Jorku emigrant pochodzenia niemieckiego Heinrich Jones. Organizacja ta stawiała sobie za cel moralne i umysłowe uszlachetnianie swoich członków. Zarówno oni, jak też członkowie ich rodzin mogli liczyć na pomoc Zakonu w sytuacjach trudnych (np. podczas chorób, niezawinionych kłopotów finansowych).„Leopolis” tworzyli głównie reprezentanci wolnych zawodów, inteligenci i przedsiębiorcy. Ich działalność miała charakter wewnętrzny i zewnętrzny. Ta pierwsza rozstrzygała się w siedzibie loży. Należą do niej rutynowe oraz uroczyste posiedzenia, podczas których debatowano o kluczowych sprawach Żydów we Lwowie i na świecie. Oprócz tego wygłaszano odczyty naukowe, popularno-naukowe, refleksyjne i poglądowe. W lokalu „Leopolis” urządzano również zabawy towarzyskie i świąteczne (np. z okazji świąt chanuki i purim). Gros aktywności członków Zakonu objawiało się jednak poza dosłownie rozumianą lożą. Wymienić trzeba przede wszystkim prace na rzecz sierot, biednych, chorych oraz udzielane im wsparcie materialne i finansowe. Odbiorcami tej pomocy byli przede wszystkim Żydzi. W niektórych wypadkach pomoc otrzymywali również chrześcijanie, przykładem tego jest wybudowany przez członków „Leopolis” nowy Szpital Izraelicki, gdzie przyjmowano ich na leczenie. Wykonywane przez tę organizację projekty stanowiły odpowiedź na realne potrzeby Żydów lwowskich u schyłku XIX i na początku XX w. Lepsze poznanie tego zagadnienia to także wgląd w życie wewnętrzne tej społeczności.
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