Search results

1

How opinions of the Czech Ombudsman influence the decision-making of administrative courts

100%

Chamráthová A.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2018

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vol. 16

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issue 4 (2)

21-29

EN

The paper deals with the possibilities the Czech Ombudsman has to influence the decision-making of the administrative courts in the Czech Republic. It describes both direct and indirect means of their influence, with the emphasis on the indirect means, as the direct means are very limited in the Czech Republic and are rarely used. The first part is concerned with the enumeration of means of how the opinions of the Ombudsman can become known to the administrative courts and their description and analyses the efficiency of the means described. The second part deals with the problems which occur while trying to assess their efficiency and mentions possible improvements.

2

Ocena rządowego projektu nowelizacji ustawy – Prawo o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi oraz niektorych innych ustaw

94%

Beata B.-A.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2019

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issue 2(62)

115-129

EN

The reason for introducing amendments to statutes is the intention to adapt the concepts and requirements of administrative court proceedings to the ones contained in the Code of Civil Procedure. According to the author’s opinion, the bill may be subject to further legislative procedures, however, with regard to the scope of the amendment’s subject matter, some legal doubts arise in certain areas. The author points out, inter alia, that the proposed changes may cause temporary organizational difficulties in the administrative courts. In the author’s opinion, introduction of a personal signature as one of the methods of authentication or signing of an electronic document will facilitate the preparation of electronic documents in the course of proceedings before administrative courts. The author also notes some inaccuracies and editorial errors in the bill.

3

Czynności kierownictwa rozprawą sądowoadministracyjną

94%

Górecki P.

Studia Administracyjne

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2012

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issue 4

273-293

PL

Art. 45 Konstytucji ustanawia obowiązek stosowania zasady jawności w postępowaniach przed sądami powszechnymi i szczególnymi. Przejawem tej zasady jest przeprowadzenie postępowania rozpoznawczego na rozprawie, co oznacza, że „rozprawa jest posiedzeniem jawnym, wyznaczonym dla rozpoznania sprawy” . Jest to zgromadzenie, w którym biorą udział sąd, strony i pozostali uczestnicy postępowania. Celem rozprawy jest umożliwienie stronom i innym uczestnikom bezpośredniego brania udziału w czynnościach sądowych, w tym w postępowaniu dowodowym. Ta forma postępowania wyjaśniającego jest najbardziej wszechstronną i najpełniej realizuje te wartości, których nosicielami są między innymi takie zasady, jak kontradyktoryjności, jawności, bezpośredniości, koncentracji dowodów i równości. Rozprawa jest kulminacyjnym momentem postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego. Jej cel wyznaczają ogólne cele procesu sądowoadministracyjnego i jego funkcje. Rozprawa sądowa zmierza do rozstrzygnięcia sporu pomiędzy stronami co do poprawności prawnej wydanego przez organ administracji publicznej rozstrzygnięcia, a przez to ochrony obiektywnego porządku prawnego. Rozprawa stanowi najważniejszy element całego postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego.

EN

The openness principle in common court and special proceedings, established in Art. 45, is one of the most significant constitutional principles. To implement the openness principle, the legislator adopted the rule that fact-finding proceedings before an administrative court are conducted in the form of a hearing and the participants of the proceedings are notified of the place and date of the hearing. A court hearing is aimed at resolving the dispute concerning the legal correctness of a decision issued by a public administration body, and in this manner, at protecting the objective legal order. All objectives of an open hearing will be achieved only when the person managing the hearing will perform activities in compliance with law. This study presents a range of activities performed by the management of subjective, disciplinary and informational nature consolidating the order of the hearing and the repressive-disciplinary actions from the time the case comes up before the court to the issuance of a decision to close it under applicable legal regulations on the proceedings before administrative courts.

4

Postępowanie w sprawie bezczynności w zakresie udzielenia informacji publicznej w orzecznictwie sadów administracyjnych

94%

Szustakiewicz P.

Przegląd Prawa Publicznego

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2012

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issue 6

74-83

EN

Written in the art. 61 of the Polish Constitution citizens’ right to access to public information is an important guarantor of physical functioning democracy, as the political system. The law was implemented in the Act of 6 September 2001 on access to public information. The right of access to public information law would be dead if the entities required to provide it, could not provide the public information without incurring legal liability. The means of protection in such circumstances is the applicant’s complaint for failure to act. In the light of the jurisprudence of administrative courts can be said that failure to act for the grant of public information can occur in three ways: • entity required to provide public information does not respond to the request; • entity required to provide public information exceeds deadline specified in the Act on Access to Public Information; • entity required provides information, but other than that for which the applicant expects or provides evasive information. The jurisprudence of administrative courts thoroughly investigates complaints against the inactivity of the entities required to provide public information. Such proceedings shall be made directly to the court. The courts are not lenient for public administrations, which do not provide information, but do not expand the right to information beyond what the legislature guaranteed in the Constitution and the law on access to public information. Therefore it is not in inactivity the entity that does not answer the question unrelated to public information. The Supreme Administrative Court (NSA) shall ensure that the jurisprudence of provincial administrative courts in this regard are consistent and clear, so that their content is understood by the parties. Thus, the NSA has repeatedly evaded the jurisprudence of provincial administrative courts because of their ambiguity or excessive brevity.

5

Administrative Courts in Lithuania: History, Evolution, the Present, and Perspectives

94%

Bareikytė S., Deviatnikovaitė I., Jacevič B., Paužaitė-Kulvinskienė J.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 2

11-42

EN

Judicial review of the legality of administrative acts is one of the most important elements of the rule of law. The institute of administrative justice began to develop in the 19th century: in 1872 The French Council of State was given a function of judicial review, the Administrative Court in Vienna (Austria-Hungary) was established in 1867, in Baden (Germany) in 1863, etc. After the First World War, administrative courts were established in several European countries. The law on the Supreme Administrative Court and its Jurisdiction in Czechoslovakia was adopted in 1918. The Law for the Supreme Administrative Court in Poland was issued in 1922. Administrative courts were also functioning in other countries (Latvia, Estonia). In Lithuania administrative courts were established for the first time in 1999, although up to fifteen draft laws on the Administrative Court were prepared in the interwar Lithuania. This article was written on the occasion of the centenary of the Polish administrative courts. Thus, the purpose of the article is to familiarize the readers with Lithuanian administrative courts, starting with the development of the institute of administrative justice from 1918 and ending with the perspectives of judicial review formed in that time. Therefore, the authors of the article set the following objectives: to remind of the origins of administrative justice in Lithuania from 1918 to 1940; to reveal the course of the establishment of administrative courts after the Restoration of the Independence of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990, briefly discussing who and on the basis of which legal acts controlled the legality of administrative acts during the Soviet era; to provide the insights of institutional development as well as competence development of the administrative courts; to present contemporary administrative process, giving some insights about the status quo; to present the features of and the most relevant reforms of administrative process. Abbreviations used in the article are as follows: CSARL – Central State Archive of the Republic of Lithuania, MDWLLAS – Manuscript Department of the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences.

6

O potrzebie alternatyw dla sądowego rozstrzygania sporów pomiędzy władzami administracyjnymi a podmiotami prywatnymi w świetle Zalecenia Komitetu Rady Ministrów R (2001)9

94%

Chludziński B.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2018

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issue 4 (24)

83-100

PL

The aim of the article is to explain the reasons for the introduction of mediation in administrative law. Mediation is presented in the light of the Recommendation of the Committee of the Council of Ministers R (2001)9 of 5 September 2001 on Alternatives to Litigation Between Administrative Authorities and Private Parties. The adoption of this act was justified by the situation of administrative courts in the member states of the Council of Europe. The common problems in the area of justice were the excessive number of court cases, excessive formalisation of court proceedings and a dispute resolution model that would disregard solutions that could satisfy both parties to the administrative dispute. It was also stated that these problems might have a negative impact on citizens’ access to justice and lead to the violation of the rights of the parties to court proceedings, referred to in Article 6 par. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The measures that may constitute an alternative to the judicial resolution of administrative disputes in the Recommendation include: internal control of administrative acts, amicable proceedings/conciliation, mediation, settlement and arbitration. This Recommendation has shaped the Polish solutions in the field of introducing alternative dispute resolution methods to administrative law. However, in the realities of the Polish legal conditions included in the Recommendation, the proposals have become an incentive to introduce only the institution of mediation. First, it became part of the court-administrative proceedings, and then it was introduced to the administrative proceedings. Currently, when after the introduction of mediation to the Code of Administrative Procedure, the use of ADR methods under administrative law has again become the subject of a broader interest in the doctrine, it is worth recalling the reasons why in 2001 the Council of Europe recommended introducing alternatives to national legal orders.

7

Zasada praworządności wyznacznikiem kontroli działań administracji publicznej realizowanej przez prokuratora w ramach postępowania administracyjnego

84%

Kozicka B., Pierzchała E.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2018

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vol. 16

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issue 1 (3)

19-36

PL

Opus iustitiae PAX – the properly shaped dimension of justice is a guarantee of peaceful – not based on a conflict and violence – relations between citizens and the state. These words fully reflect the leading thought of this study. It is the concern for a good law and a state governed by the rule of law, which lies at the foundation of actions taken within the scope of legal means by the Prosecutor’s Office that – as the “custodian of law” – is entitled to in the sphere of control over administration. Administrative courts execute justice as a separate part of judicial power. Justice and law are conditions for an effective state, good governance and social peace, which have accompanied us for centuries. Administrative courts uphold the principle of equality before the law, which is regulated by Art. 21, par. 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Since it is administrative courts which – by performing tasks of control over the activity of public administration – become the guarantee of realization of the above-mentioned principle, their position and range of cognition in the situation of launching administrative-court proceedings by the Prosecutor were presented in the work.

8

The Administrative Court System in the Face of Non-Vaccination of Children. Challenges and Prospects for the (Still) Emerging Line of Jurisprudence

83%

Czechowicz S.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 2

165-189

EN

In recent years, there has been a heated public debate about mandatory vaccination of children. The COVID-19 pandemic further underscored the importance of vaccination and the desirability of vaccination for the protection of public health and the health (as well as life) of the individual. Nevertheless, the rise in activity and popularity of anti-vaccination movements has clearly contributed to the upward trend in the number of non-vaccinated children that we have seen since 2010. Statutory representatives of children who oppose their mandatory vaccination cite a variety of reasons, taking advantage of the imperfect legal system. The fines imposed to compel mandatory vaccination, as well as the conduct of administrative enforcement proceedings in this regard, are often challenged in administrative courts. It is of great importance that administrative courts are increasingly referring to the constitutionally protected values, as well as to the axiological justifications for the functioning obligation to vaccinate children. Given the nature of the obligation, this seems understandable, but nevertheless somewhat intrusive into the constitutional sphere, which is reserved for the Constitutional Tribunal. The purpose of the paper is to reconstruct the formation of the line of jurisprudence of administrative courts in cases involving the mandatory vaccination of children. The course of discussion will lead to a full analysis of the grounds of the grounds for the cited judgements and their consistency with the emerging line of jurisprudence on the issue. Particular attention was paid to the references made by the adjudicating panels to the legally protected values of an individual and universal nature. For this purpose the Author used the historical-legal method and the method of analysis of court jurisprudence.

9

Prawo do sądu w sprawach z zakresu ubezpieczeń społecznych

83%

Santera W.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2015

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vol. XIII

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issue 2

9-34

EN

The right to trial is above all provided for in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. This is also relevant to matters pertaining to social insurance. The enforcement of this right is specific in its nature. Because of this right such matters should not be referred to dministrative courts while separate social insurance courts should be maintained as part of common courts. Consequently, the expression “social insurance matters” needs to be more precisely defined while the meaning of the principle of adversarial proceeding needs to be limited in order to ensure a fuller enforcement of the right to a fair trial of cases in both procedural and substantive aspects (the right to a fair judgment).

10

LACK OF THE NOTIFICATION THE LAW ON GAMBLING TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND THE POSSIBILITY OF APPLYING ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS AGAINST ENTITIES CONDUCTING ECONOMOC ACTIVITY USING GAMBLING MACHIN

71%

GIBASIEWICZ D.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2017

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vol. 26(26)

81-101

EN

The aim: The purpose of this article is to present the application of Article 14 paragraph 1 and Article 89 paragraph 1 point 2 of the Act of 19 November 2009 on gambling law by the administrative courts. These provisions have not been notified to the European Commission in spite of such a requirement under EU law – Art. 8 paragraph 1 and Art. 1 point 11 of Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations and rules on information society services, as amended by Council Directive 2006/96/EC of 20 November 2006. Introduction: In the article, the positions taken by the Polish administrative courts in this area are analyzed and their assessment is made in the context of EU law, the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and fundamental principles of jurisprudence and legal theory. Particularly, the question of linkage and the relationship of these two provisions of the law on gambling is exposed. The methodology: The work is based on the formal-dogmatic method, because it refers to the specific provisions of the law both national and EU, and shows their interpretation and implications of subsumption of specific facts and the legal issues in the national and EU jurisprudence. It also discusses – very important for the clarifying the analyzed issues – Resolution of the Supreme Administrative Court of 16 May 2016 year. The author also analyzes the principle of estoppel in relation to the imposition of administrative penalties on private parties, despite of the fact that a State did not fulfill its obligation to notify technical regulations to the European Commission. Conclusions: The work ends up with the conclusions, which show that the Polish administrative courts including the Supreme Administrative Court, in the vast majority erroneously red out the relationship between the content of Art. 14 paragraph 1 and Art. 89 paragraph 1 point 2 of the Act of 19.11.2009 r. on gambling ignoring the achievements of the Court of Justice of European Union and the fundamental principles of EU law. There are in this field, however, a few exceptions, ie. different rulings of administrative courts or dissenting opinions to incorrect judicial decisions.

11

Deference to the administration in judicial review in the Czech Republic

71%

Kühn Z., Staša J.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2018

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vol. 8

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issue 4

348-366

EN

Administrative courts at the onset of the new century face the challenge of ever-changing legislation. Frequent amendments do solvee some gaps but creat even more gaps which have to be filled by the courts. in the CZech Republic relative ease of judicial review by the courts of first instance and the wide open access to the Supreme Administrative Court mean that many administrative cases are resolved in four instances - two instances of administrative proceedings and additional two instances of judicial proceedings. All these things considered, it is not surprising that neither legal scholarship nor case law defines any general concept of judicial deference (or self-restraint) to the administration. Various areas of public law contain some expressions of judicial deference (most notably the limitation of judicial review of administrative discretion and subsidiarity of judicial review). Nevertheless, both case law and scholarship are far from subsuming these concepts under the common label of "judicial deference to the administration". This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the notion of judicial deference in the Czech Republic as well as some prospects in this field.

12

Wybrane aspekty ochrony środowiska w orzecznictwie sądów administracyjnych

71%

Podolak M., Strus D.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2023

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issue 5(75)

313-325

PL

Przedmiotem opracowania jest analiza wybranych orzeczeń sądów administracyjnych w ochronie środowiska. Analiza wybranych orzeczeń sądów administracyjnych uzasadnia niedoskonałości w procesie stosowania przepisów prawa środowiskowego przez uprawnione organy administracji publicznej z uwagi na brak pożądanej specjalistycznej wiedzy dotyczącej złożonych procesów zachodzących w środowisku. Problematyka ochrony środowiska ciągle jest ważna i aktualna zarówno z pozycji państwa, jak poszczególnych jednostek. Możemy zaobserwować, że zagadnienia ochrony środowiska jest przedmiotem badań różnych dyscyplin naukowych, m.in. nauk przyrodniczych, ekonomicznych a także społecznych. Celem prowadzonych rozważań jest ukazanie wybranych problemów związanych z ochroną środowiska w perspektywie działalności orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych w Polsce.

EN

The subject of the study is the analysis of selected rulings of administrative courts in environmental protection. The analysis of selected rulings of administrative courts justifies the inadequacies in the process of the application of environmental law by authorised public administration bodies due to the lack of the desired specialist knowledge of complex environmental processes. The issue of environmental protection is still important and topical both from the point of view of the state and individual entities. We can observe that the issues of environmental protection are the subject of research of various scientific disciplines, including natural, economic and social sciences. The aim of the conducted considerations is to show selected problems related to environmental protection in the perspective of the judicial activity of administrative courts in Poland.

13

Sądowa kontrola działań administracji z zakresu prowadzenia polityki rozwoju

71%

Wyszomirski Ł.

Przegląd Prawa Publicznego

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2012

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issue 5

67-80

EN

The purpose of this article is to present the most significant legal problems related to judicial control of actions of administration within the scope of development policy. The following issues have been discussed: admissibility of judicial control, object of control exercised by administrative courts and judicial proceedings in these matters. Distribution of funds from the European Union has been regulated by the Act on the Principles of Implementing the Development Policy (APIDP). APIDP also regulates judicial control of actions of administration within the scope of development policy. The proceedings before administrative courts was regulated differently in APIDP than in the Law on Proceedings before Administrative Courts (LPAC), significantly modifying general procedural rules. This causes numerous controversies and interpretative difficulties. In the course of argument I establish that the subject of the control exercised by administrative courts are, so-called, otheracts and activities of the administration. The so-called information on the outcome of the appeal procedure shall be considered as other act and activity of the administration. The views recognizing information as an administrative decision or factual action are erroneous. The article further discusses the problems of complaint to administrative court, i.e. filing the complaint, terms, payment of court fees, the issue of so-called ‘completeness’ of the complaint. Then the activities of the administrative court have been analyzed, i.e. acceptance of complaint, dismissal of complaint, or leaving the complaint without consideration. It was found that the court may also reject the complaint or leave it without recognition, which is controversial due to unclear wording of the APIDP. Provisions of APIDP has been assessed negatively as causing confusion, chaotic, full of legislative errors. Some provisions have to remain dead (eg. terms of considering complaints), others are clearly unconstitutional.

14

30 lat podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych w Polsce a sądownictwo administracyjne – perspektywa ekonomiczna

71%

Gajewski D.

Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych

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2022

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vol. 10(314)

9-14

EN

The purpose of this Article is to provide – with the aid of analysis of statistical data – a concise review of key issues related to burdening administrative courts with CIT cases and handling of those cases. The collected data suggest that in line with the fiscal importance of CIT, complaints concerning corporate income tax remain relatively relevant (although not the largest) group of tax cases considered by administrative courts. The frequency of legislative changes is also an important issue since it may effectively preclude taxpayers from familiarizing themselves with the normative texts on an ongoing basis. The 30th anniversary of the introduction of CIT offers an opportunity for an in-depth inspection of whether the current solutions are well-fitted to the economic reality and the structure of the economic market.

PL

Streszczenie Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie syntetycznego, wspartego analizą danych statystycznych, przeglądu kluczowych zagadnień związanych z obciążeniem sądów administracyjnych sprawami z zakresu podatku dochodowego od osób prawnych (dalej: CIT1). Zgromadzone dane sugerują, że z uwagi na znaczenie fiskalne CIT skargi dotyczące tego podatku są relatywnie istotną (choć nie najliczniejszą) grupą spraw podatkowych rozpoznawanych przez sądy administracyjne. Ważnym zagadnieniem jest również częstotliwość zmian legislacyjnych, która może efektywnie wykluczać bieżące zapoznawanie się podatników z tekstem normatywnym. 30. rocznica wprowadzenia CIT w Polsce stanowi okazję do pogłębionego przeglądu adekwatności obecnych rozwiązań do realiów ekonomicznych i struktury rynku gospodarczego.

15

Z zagadnień sądowoadministracyjnej kontroli administracji gospodarczej

71%

Kiczka K.

Prawo

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2019

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issue 329

167 - 177

PL

Spory między przedsiębiorcami a organami administracji gospodarczej są głównie rozpoznawane przez sądy administracyjne. W pozostałym zakresie weryfikacja działań administracji gospodarczej odbywa się przed sądami powszechnymi. Kontrola sądów administracyjnych rozciąga się na zarówno stanowienie, jak i wykonywanie publicznego prawa gospodarczego. Wzorce kontroli działań administracji gospodarczej są budowane z norm Konstytucji RP, prawa unijnego oraz ustaw. Pomyślny rozwój działalności gospodarczej w państwie wymaga bezstronnej, niezależnej, niezawisłej i sprawnej władzy sądowniczej.

EN

Disputes between entrepreneurs and economic administration bodies are mainly heard by administrative courts. In the remaining scope, the verification of economic administration activities takes place before ordinary courts. This court-administrative control extends to both the making and enforcement of public economic law. Control patterns of economic administration activities are built from the following standards: the Polish Constitution, EU law, and parliamentary legislation. The successful development of economic activity requires an impartial, independent, and efficient judicial authority.

16

Issues of Sources of Remuneration and Reimbursement of Expenses of the Curator of the Estate Appointed by the Administrative Court

71%

Talaga R.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

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2019

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vol. 28

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issue 1

EN

The curator of the estate may be established by a common court not only from office but also at the request of an administrative court. The rules determining the award of remuneration for actions taken before an administrative court in such a case come from procedural and material law provisions. However, they do not provide in an exhaustive way all the cases of granting remuneration to the curator of the estate in respect of the performed function. As a result, there is a need to solve such problems involving rules that are not explicitly expressed in the applicable regulations. This leaves the possibility to propose solutions for this kind of situation in practice. Due to the demand for consistency of the legal system, it is necessary to attempt to identify the entities responsible for covering receivables on the basis of the applicable regulations. Depending on the actions taken by the curator of the estate, this may be a court of inheritance or a governmental or local government administration body. Due to the postulate of legal certainty, it is necessary to postulate taking into account the legal opinions functioning in the literature in order to introduce regulations that will be considered exhaustive, from the point of view of entities applying the law.

PL

Kurator spadku może zostać ustanowiony przez sąd powszechny nie tylko z urzędu, lecz także na wniosek sądu administracyjnego. Reguły określające przyznanie wynagrodzenia za czynności podejmowane przed sądem administracyjnym w takim przypadku pozostają zawarte w przepisach prawa procesowego oraz prawa materialnego prywatnego. Nie przewidują one jednak w sposób wyczerpujący wszystkich przypadków przyznania wynagrodzenia kuratorowi spadku z tytułu sprawowanej funkcji. W efekcie pojawia się potrzeba rozwiązania takich problemów za pośrednictwem reguł, które nie zostały wprost wyrażone w obowiązujących przepisach. Stwarza to zatem możliwość zaproponowania rozwiązań tego rodzaju sytuacji w praktyce. Z uwagi na postulat zachowania spójności systemu prawa należy podejmować próby określenia podmiotów odpowiedzialnych za pokrycie omawianych należności na podstawie obowiązujących regulacji. W zależności od czynności podejmowanych przez kuratora spadku może to być sąd spadku bądź organ administracji publicznej lub samorządowej. Z uwagi na postulat pewności prawa należy postulować uwzględnienie funkcjonujących w literaturze poglądów prawnych w celu wprowadzenia regulacji, które będą uznawane za wyczerpujące z punktu widzenia podmiotów stosujących prawo.

17

Dostęp do informacji publicznej w orzecznictwie sądów administracyjnych - zarys problematyki

71%

Matusiak J.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2013

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issue 2

41-64

EN

In Poland, the right to obtain information on the activities of public authorities and public officers is guaranteed, in particular, in article 61 of the Constitution. Access to public information in Poland is regulated by the Act on Access to Public Information of 6 September 2001. Apart from the procedure for granting access to public information, the law regulates other important issues, such as e.g. the scope of public information, and identifies the parties responsible for granting access to public information as well as the limitations of the scope within which public information may be made available. From the citizen’s point of view, it is significant which information can be obtained, especially when the law is based on unclear, vague definitions and open catalogues. Such a situation raises practical problems that are subsequently put before administrative courts that are the proper courts to deal with such matters. The courts must clarify the meaning of notions such as public information, processed information, or the obliged party, whether a given matter is within the scope of public interest or when/if the proceedings are too lengthy. All this means that administrative courts settle issues that are rather fundamental when it comes to the access to public information. In view of the above, the critical opinions of the Act seem to be justified. It is claimed that the Act contains rules of poor quality that deviate from accepted legislative standards in Poland, and that the Act itself tends to limit its own scope. Moreover, it is also claimed that under the Act confidentiality is still more important than access to information and the Act has not been well thought over and lacks clarity, is full of internal misunderstandings, unclear terminology, provides for very long procedures related to obtaining public information, contains ambiguous principles of charging for the access to information and poor provisions regarding the Public Information Bulletin. An analysis of the above complaints has shown that they are, at least partly, true. Such a shape of one of the most important issues in the legal system, in which one need to support the Act with legislature to such extend, should be considered incorrect and changes need to be made in this area.

PL

W Polsce prawo do uzyskiwania informacji o działalności organów władzy publicznej oraz osób pełniących funkcje publiczne zagwarantowane zostało m.in. w art. 61 Konstytucji. Tryb uzyskiwania informacji o działalności organów władzy publicznej reguluje ustawa z dnia 6 września 2001 roku o dostępie do informacji publicznej. Poza trybem udzielania informacji publicznej ustawa reguluje tak istotne kwestie jak zakres udzielanych informacji, określa podmioty zobowiązane do jej udzielenia oraz obszar ograniczeń tych udostępnień. Z punktu widzenia obywatela istotnego znaczenia nabiera w szczególności zakres udzielanych informacji, zwłaszcza w kontekście posłużenia się przez prawodawcę pojęciami niedookreślonymi, nieostrymi czy katalogami otwartymi. Taka sytuacja rodzi problemy natury praktycznej. Problemy te starają się rozwikłać sądy administracyjne. Są one właściwe, na mocy ustawy, w tego rodzaju sprawach. One to właśnie uściślają, co należy rozumieć pod pojęciem informacji publicznej, informacji przetworzonej, podmiotu zobowiązanego, kiedy mamy do czynienia z interesem publicznym czy przewlekłością postępowania. Tym samym należy stwierdzić, że sądy administracyjne rozstrzygają w kwestiach zupełnie podstawowych dla zagadnień związanych z dostępem do informacji publicznej. Niska ocena, jaką doktryna wystawia ustawie, w świetle przeanalizowanego orzecznictwa, wydaje się słuszna. Ustawie o dostępie do informacji publicznej zarzuca się niską, odbiegającą od przyjętego w Polsce standardu techniki legislacyjnej, jakość przepisów oraz tendencję do ograniczania zakresu jej stosowania. Ustawie o dostępie do informacji publicznej zarzuca się m.in., iż skonstruowano ją tak, że w dalszym ciągu tajemnice wydają się najważniejsze, a dostęp do informacji mniej istotny, że nie jest ona aktem kompleksowym i odpowiednio przemyślanym, jest aktem pełnym wewnętrznych niedomówień, posiadającym niejasności terminologiczne, postępowanie związane z udzieleniem informacji publicznej charakteryzuje się przewlekłością, niejednoznacznymi zasadami pobierania opłat za udostępnienie informacji oraz zbyt niską jakość przepisów w zakresie Biuletynu Informacji Publicznej. W świetle przeprowadzonej analizy uwagi tego rodzaju są, przynajmniej częściowo, prawdziwe. Takie ukształtowanie jednej z najważniejszych kwestii w porządku prawnym, polegające na konieczności wspomagania się orzecznictwem celem odczytania woli prawodawcy, należy uznać za błędne i postulować konieczne w tym zakresie zmiany.

18

Udział Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym

71%

Jaworska-Wołyniak M.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2022

|

issue 3(67)

189-199

PL

Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie problematyki udziału Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym. Na jej potrzeby dokonano analizy orzecznictwa dostępnego w Centralnej Bazie Orzeczeń Sądów Administracyjnych. Przywołane rozstrzygnięcia pokazują, że podejmowane przez Rzecznika Praw Dziecka w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym działania są ukierunkowane na potrzebę ochrony praw najmłodszych, ale aktywność ta jest zarazem limitowana charakterem funkcjonowania w polskim porządku prawnym sądów administracyjnych i ich właściwością rzeczową.

EN

The publication aims at presenting the problem of participation of the Children’s Ombudsman in administrative court proceedings, based on the analysis of case law available in the Administrative Courts Case Law Database. Referenced judicial decisions demonstrate that while actions taken by the Children’s Ombudsman in the administrative court proceedings focus on the necessity of protecting the rights of the youngest ones, the Ombudsman’s activity is limited by the nature of the judicial activity of administrative courts within the polish legal framework and by their subject-matter jurisdiction.

19

Supervisory authorities and quasi-authorities in commune-level local government

71%

Bułajewski S.

Journal of Modern Science

|

2020

|

issue 2/45/2020

221-237

EN

Objectives: The subject of the analysis carried out in the paper is the characteristics of supervisory authorities. What is extremely important is that both constitutional authorities and quasi-authorities have the power to conduct supervisory activities, but only in terms of legality. The object of supervision is not only normative acts adopted by commune-level local government bodies, but also other activities carried out by entities that operate at this level of government. Material and methods: The article was prepared on the basis of applicable legal acts of the doctrine views. Results: Because of its brief size, the present paper is not an attempt at a comprehensive presentation of the problem identified in the title. The discussion is limited to a few elements. The paper contains an analysis of selected issues related to the problem of supervision over the activities of commune-level local government. The problem was described by comparing the most important constitutional and non-constitutional authorities appointed for this purpose. Conclusions: The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the supervision over commune-level local government by both supervisory authorities in the strict meaning of this term and institutions that are considered quasi-supervisory authorities. On the one hand, these are constitutional bodies that operate, among others, in the political sphere (this remark refers to the prime minister and province governors) and, on the other hand, these are supervisory authorities bodies (which in our case supervise the activities of local government units) that exercise their powers by following the criterion of legality (this group also includes regional chambers of accounts).

20

Personal liability of managers of undertakings for infringements of competition law in the Republic of Lithuania: the sanctions regime from the perspective of the principle of legal certainty

71%

Moisejevas R., Nasutavičienė J., Puksas A.

|

2022

|

vol. 15

|

issue 25

87-108

FR

Cet article se concentre sur la responsabilité personnelle des dirigeants d’entreprise pour les infractions au droit de la concurrence. Cet article commence par l’examen du régime de sanction des dirigeants d’entreprises selon la loi sur la concurrence de la République de Lituanie. Nous examinons les dispositions légales et la pratique judiciaire des tribunaux lituaniens à partir de 2017, date à laquelle la première demande de sanction à l’encontre d’un dirigeant d’entreprise a été déposée. Il est souligné que dans la plupart des cas, les tribunaux ne satisfont pas entièrement les demandes du Conseil de la concurrence en ce qui concerne la sévérité des sanctions imposées aux dirigeants. Dans la deuxième partie de l’article, nous analysons en détail la jurisprudence des tribunaux administratifs de la République de Lituanie et révélons les éléments clés pour l’imposition de sanctions aux dirigeants. Premièrement, dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, les tribunaux peuvent imposer une sanction inférieure à celle prévue par la loi. Deuxièmement, les tribunaux peuvent imposer à la fois des sanctions principales et des sanctions supplémentaires ou n’importe laquelle d’entre elles. Troisièmement, le niveau des sanctions doit être déterminé à la lumière des amendes imposées aux entreprises pour des infractions au droit de la concurrence. L’article se termine par un bref résumé.

EN

This article focuses on the personal liability of managers of undertakings for breaches of competition law. This article starts with a review of the sanction regime for managers of undertakings according to the Competition law of the Republic of Lithuania. Reviewed are legal provisions and judicial practice of the Lithuanian courts starting from 2017, that is, when the first request to sanction a manager of an undertaking was submitted to the court by the Competition Council (CC). It is pointed out that in most cases the courts do not fully accept the requests of the CC with respect to the severity of the sanctions to be imposed on managers. The second part of the Article comprehensively analyses the case-law of administrative courts of the Republic of Lithuania, and presents key elements of the imposition of sanctions on company managers. Firstly, in exceptional circumstances, courts may impose a lower penalty than the one specified by competition law. Secondly, the courts may impose both, the main sanction as well as an additional one, or any of them. Thirdly, the level of sanctions should be determined the light of the fines imposed on undertakings for their infringements of competition law. The article concludes with a short summary.

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