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EN
Theoretical background: The pandemic situation affected the functioning of each organization, including the assessment of quality management systems. The implementation of remote audits, including remote internal audits, has become an urgent necessity.Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to present the results of research on potential difficulties in conducting remote internal audit, from the perspective of auditors and auditees. The auxiliary goal is to collect and organize definitions of remote audit and describe its essence in the light of scientific literature and other sources of a formal nature.Research methods: A review and critical analysis of the literature, the method of a diagnostic survey, and then the method of synthesis and logical reasoning were used.Main findings: Several bottlenecks related to certain difficulties can be identified. Both auditors and audited persons should not waste time searching for relevant documents or records. There is a need to check in advance to what extent the applied information technology is efficient, effective and available to all interested parties during the audit. It is necessary to clarify the roles and tasks before and during audits, and to make sure in advance that all resources, both tangible and intangible, are available during the audit.
EN
The paper is an attempt od presenting different form of cooperation of universities and employers leading to increase of employability graduates, including those with disabilities. The problem of contemporary academic education is to assure suitability of education to employment of graduates, to open the educational process to labor market, and to shape such qualifications and skills that are needed by employers. In the content of the paper the advantages and barriers of cooperation with employers were presented. The main advantages are as follows (among others): increasing the recognition of universities among potential employers and candidates, increasing the quality of education and researches, increasing of chances of employment after graduation, building a net of contacts on business environment, increasing the quality of human capital, promoting images of companies as an attractive partner. Moreover, in the content of the paper the factors of obstacles of employability of people with disabilities were pointed out and characterized. The most important factors are combined with problems od administrative, financial, social, organizational, qualifications, information, infrastructural nature.
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Polsko-amerykańskie wzajemne inwestycje bezpośrednie

44%
EN
This paper deals with the topic of international competitiveness focusing on mutual investment attractiveness of Poland and the United States. Based on available information on the activities of Polish and American firms preliminary conclusions can be formulated as to the factors determining companies’ competitiveness and location’s attractiveness. Scale of activity and experience including financial resources are decisive for American firms’ ability to invest on Polish market whose attractiveness rests on various factors depending on the investment wave, i.e. stage of development. Flexibility and novelty of supplied products and services enable young Polish firms to venture on the mature and highly competitive US market which offers specific local advantages such as access to advanced demand, networks or clusters.
EN
In the article, the author shows how the research technology can increase our understanding of what is going on in the translator’s mind. She points out some of the advantages that the eye tracking method has in verifying the previous assumptions related to mental models of translation activity. On the basis of the author’s eye tracking research conducted in the recent years, she demonstrates the most interesting results related to mental processes involved in translation, but also shows the selected methodological pitfalls of eye tracking, and relatedly defines methodological challenges in this range of translation-oriented research for the nearest future.
7
Content available remote

Polsko-amerykańskie wzajemne inwestycje bezpośrednie

44%
EN
This paper deals with the topic of international competitiveness focusing on mutual investment attractiveness of Poland and the United States. Based on available information on the activities of Polish and American firms preliminary conclusions can be formulated as to the factors determining companies’ competitiveness and location’s attractiveness. Scale of activity and experience including financial resources are decisive for American firms’ability to invest on Polish market whose attractiveness rests on various factors depending on the investment wave, i.e. stage of development. Flexibility and novelty of supplied products and services enable young Polish firms to venture on the mature and highly competitive US market which offers specific local advantages such as access to advanced demand, networks or clusters.
EN
Aim: The Covid-19 pandemic situation has affected all sectors of our society that have been in direct or indirect contact with humans. The virtual world, which did not concern many people until the onset of the pandemic, began to be a major part of the solutions to everyday situations in life. Modern technologies thus began to play a major role in solving problem situations, but also in the ordinary contact of people with the school, with medical facilities, with work, in communication with other close relatives. Concept: The use of modern technological equipment and their connection to the pandemic situation began to be of interest in the professional and research investigation of scientists working in various areas of life. In addition to the use of modern technological equipment, other more abstract ideas have begun to be explored, reflecting and commenting on, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of using equipment on the basis of age, ability and industry. Scientific studies are thus carried out from the point of view of sociology, gender studies, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, social work, but also other inhumane scientific branches. Method: This study addresses the advantages and disadvantages of using modern technology and points to a number of studies that positively or negatively affect a person's personality through the virtual world. The authors of this study worked with specific texts, using textual analysis, analytical and synthetic methods, and pointed out important studies that draw attention to the connection between the social situation and the use of modern technologies. Results: The study confirms that the pandemic situation requires constant access to virtual reality through modern technological devices that allow all people in society to contact each other, regardless of age, gender, job classification, or position, role. At the same time, it is very important how we will incorporate modern technologies into our lives and what impact modern devices will have on survival and on the real world. Conclusion: The scientific articles and contributions offered in this study point to the use of technological devices, their advantages and disadvantages for the development of human personality. It is understandable that the virtual world can interfere with our personal and family life, while it is necessary to realize its basic functions, which it offers us for our benefit.
EN
The article briefly introduces the CLIL method and its use. The paper explains the terms hard CLIL and soft CLIL. Next, it deals with CLIL specifics, possible advantages and disadvantages. The competence and educational requirements on teachers are mentioned, too. This contribution also contains a sample lesson of recruitment.
EN
The article examines the role of testing during foreign language learning at higher educational establishments. The aim of the article is to analyse advantages and disadvantages while applying the current control of knowledge of the students of non-linguistic specialties (as an example, major «tourism» is proposed). It is confirmed that testing is one of the most unified forms of students’ knowledge and skills monitoring. The future experts of the Hospitality Industry will often face the practice of filling out different forms, public opinion polls, marketing researches etc. in their future professional activity. These activities are closely related to the direct control test: the choice of several proposed answers; brief statements of thoughts and ideas; verification of the given data etc. Examples of tests that are useful when testing the knowledge of future professionals of the tourism industry are proposed. The introduction of remote electronic verification of students’ knowledge, namely using iSpring QuizMaker, is advisable. It is a convenient, simple and functional application to create interactive electronic tests, surveys and monitoring of student knowledge using audio and video etc. Since this specialty demands constant communication and listening comprehension, current testing cannot be limited with «mute» paper or computer tests. One of the most effective controls is listening comprehension (especially telephone talks as well as using situations with a significant noise effect). Clear and detailed tasks to check understanding of the listened text will help both to evaluate the situation adequately, and to make the students be greatly interested in the task. As response options it is advisable to offer not only bookish, but also conversational matching. Special attention in current tests for those students who have chosen tourism industry as their future occupation should be paid to the major lexicology and numerals (recording large and small numbers aurally, phone numbers, time (hours, minutes) etc.). The tests types that are helpful when checking the quality of the future experts’ knowledge in tourism industry are offered. It is focused on the fact that the application of such testing is effective only for the written and audio control, and is not acceptable to test the skills of oral expression and the potential development of the individual.
EN
The paper highlights the experience of using computer games in the educational process of high school students in the USA. During the last decade, the international educational space is characterized by an increasing interest in the using of computer games in various types and forms of learning, based on the experience acquired by the players. The most widely used video games are characterized by the game action which is performed through the control of visual images on a computer monitor. The approaches to the introduction of games into educational practices, based on scientific evidence of the positive influence of gaming activities, in particular video games, on students are the most topical. The works of Adam Eichenbaum, Daphne Bavelier, Shawn Green, Peter Gray, and others have shown long-lasting positive effects of video games on basic psychic processes: perception, attention, imagination, memory, decision making. Most studies have shown that engaging in video games requires students to think fast, keep track of many elements at once, store large amounts of information, and take decisions on game actions for a limited time. According to the psychologists, these skills are the main building blocks of intelligence and they play a decisive role in cognitive activity. Although the expediency of using games in learning is scientifically proven, at the same time there are complex moments associated with the introduction of computer games into the learning environment both in the study of individual disciplines and in the course of the implementation of alternative training focused on the dominant use of gaming activity, an important component of which is a computer game. The methods of scientific search included the use of content analysis of monographic, periodical pedagogical, psychological literature to find out the basic notions, concepts of the research; netnography for the analysis of sites, blogs, on which scientists, teachers, parents exchange experience of using computer games in education of high school students. The paper describes the positive influence of video games on the development of students’ cognitive, logical, linguistic, literary and social skills. Video games stimulate learning process and have all the components that provide effective learning (motivation, clear goals and rules, interpreted results and constant feedback). The use of games in training allows abandoning standard testing, as learning and evaluation are functionally combined in the game. The principles describing the positive influence of games on the development of students are formulated: improvement of basic visual processes; improvement of visual contrast sensitivity; successful treatment of amblyopia; improvement of attention and vigilance; improvement of the ability to track moving objects in sight; decrease of impulsivity; overcoming of dyslexia; improvement of executive functioning; increase of mental flexibility; improvement of skills related to the completing of cognitive tasks. The paper presents one possible solution to the introduction of games into the curriculum of general education institutions, which is to provide 100 percent of the learning time to gaming activity. In 2009, in New York, within the framework of cooperation between the Institute of Play and The New York City Education Center, with the support of the MacArthur Foundation, Quest to Learn-Q2L school for students of 6–12 grades was created, in which each subject is studied through a playing activity that involves computer games. The topical task for the domestic pedagogical theory and practice is the study of foreign experience in determining the conditions for the use of computer games in education of high school students as an important instrument of developing the skills of the ХХI century, in particular, cognitive, creative, communicative, and collaborative ones.
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest ocena korzyści i strat płynących z uczestnictwa w globalnej gospodarce, dokonana z perspektywy teorii „centrum-peryferie”. Z czasem zyskowność głównych produktów spada i ich produkcja jest przekazywana do peryferii – teza potwierdzona. Przeciwdziała to spadkowi stopy życiowej i pośrednio sprzyja stabilności politycznej państw centrum – teza potwierdzona. Światowy rynek finansowy służy eksploatacji peryferii – teza niepotwierdzona. Spekulacje finansowe w centrum przyczyniają się do destabilizacji politycznej peryferii – teza potwierdzona. Im większy poziom uczestnictwa państwa peryferyjnego w międzynarodowym systemie gospodarczym, tym większe ponosi ono straty – teza niepotwierdzona, i tym większe korzyści państw centrum – teza niepotwierdzona.
EN
The main goal of the article was to verify gains and losses coming from participating in the global economy in the light of the core–periphery theory. It turned out to be undeniably true that transfers of industrial production to peripheral countries lead to higher living standards and indirectly favour political stability in core countries, while the hypothesis that the global financial market is a tool for exploitation of peripheral countries was proved to be false. The author established that financial speculations in core countries cause political destabilization in peripheral countries, and disproved the hypothesis that the higher the participation of periphery countries in the global economy, the higher the losses they suffer and the higher the advantages in core countries.
PL
Wprowadzenie. W ostatnich latach obserwujemy wzrost ilości cięć cesarskich, głównie wykonywanych w trybie planowym. Najczęstszą metodą znieczulenia wykorzystywaną w porodzie operacyjnym jest znieczulenie przewodowe, głównie znieczulenie podpajęczynówkowe. Cel pracy. Analiza porównawcza sposobów znieczulenia do cięcia cesarskiego w wybranych dwóch szpitalach województwa małopolskiego (powiat tarnowski) w roku 2014. Materiał i metody. Przeprowadzono analizę dokumentacji medycznej 1097 znieczuleń cięć cesarskich (w tym: wiek, dane antropometryczne, wartość skali ASA, rodzaj wykonanego znieczulenia, płyny zastosowane przed znieczuleniem, rodzaj igły, spadki ciśnienia po wykonanym bloku). Do analizy zebranych danych użyto testów: parametryczny chi kwadrat, oraz nieparametryczne testy Kruskala- Wallisa i U Mana- Whitneya. Przyjęto poziom istotności p < 0,05. Wyniki. Średni wiek kobiet poddawanych zabiegowi cięcia cesarskiego wyniósł 32,3±5,42. Średnia ocena w skali ASA badanych kobiet wyniosła1,02±0,15. Najczęściej wybieraną metodą znieczulenia było znieczulenie przewodowe podpajęczynówkowe, w grupie B zdecydowanie częściej podczas znieczulenia podpajęczynówkowego stosowano igłę 26G Standard oraz większą ilość marcainy. Częściej wybieraną formą nawodnienia pacjentek z grupy B było stosowanie HAES. Wykazano, że nawodnienie koloidami (HAES) przed zabiegiem skutkuje mniejszymi spadkami ciśnienia tętniczego po znieczuleniu. Wnioski. Znieczulenie podpajęczynówkowe jest najczęstszą metodą znieczulenia podczas cięcia cesarskiego. Najczęstszym powikłaniem znieczulenia przewodowego w cięciu cesarskim był spadek ciśnienia tętniczego krwi. Jako prewencję hipotonii stosowano nawadnianie płynami koloidowymi i krystaloidami.
EN
Background. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the number of elective caesarean deliveries. Conduction anesthesia, mainly spinal, is the type of anesthesia most frequently used for caesarean delivery. Purpose. The survey aimed to conduct comparative analysis of anesthesia types used for caesarean deliveries in two selected hospitals of the Małopolska Province (county of Tarnow), Poland, in 2014. Material and methods. Anesthetic records for 1097 caesarean deliveries were analyzed (including: patients’ age, anthropometric data and ASA physical status score, type of performed anesthesia, pre-anesthetic fluids, type of spinal needles and a drop in arterial blood pressure after the blockade). The parametric chi-squared test and the nonparametric Kruskal- Wallis and U-Mann Whitney tests were used to analyze the data collated. The level of significance was accepted at < 0.05. Results. The mean age of females subjected to caesarean section equaled 32.3±5.42 and their mean ASA score was 1.02±0.15. On balance, conduction spinal anesthesia was the most frequently selected anesthetic to prevent pain, and in group B, 26G standard spinal needles and a greater dose of Marcaine were far more routinely used. The HAES solution was in group B the most frequently selected method of hydration. It was disclosed that hydration with the HAES colloidal solutions before the surgical intervention resulted in a smaller drop in ABP after anesthesia. Conclusions. Spinal anesthesia was the most frequently selected method of anesthesia for caesarean delivery. The ABP drop was the most prevailing complication resulting from conduction anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Hydration with colloid and crystalloid fluids was implemented as a preventive measure against hypotension.
PL
Artykuł jest doniesieniem z badań nad troskami i radościami życia w starości. Materiał badawczy stanowiły pisemne wypowiedzi 237 słuchaczy Uniwersytetów III Wieku (test niedokończonych zdań): W starości najtrudniejsze jest..., Największą zaletą starości jest... Po ich zinterpretowaniu określono podstawowe zalety życia w starości. Są nimi: możliwość swobodnego zarządzania czasem, realizacja własnych pasji i zainteresowań, doświadczenie i mądrość życiowa oraz uwolnienie się od obowiązków zawodowych i rodzinnych - swoboda i niezależność. Na drugiej szali umieszczone zostały trudy życia w starości. Głównie są to problemy zdrowotne, ale dużym problemem okazała się także samotność i pozostałe troski egzystencjalne. Wnioski z badań wskazują na to, że dla badanych seniorów starość ma więcej blasków niż cieni. Wpływ na to bez wątpienia ma zdiagnozowany w tych badaniach wysoki poziom satysfakcji życiowej słuchaczy UTW.
EN
The article is the research report on worries and enjoyments of life in old age. Research materials consist of written declarations of 237 listeners of the Universities of the Third Age (unfinished sentences test): The hardest part in old age is... , The biggest advantage of old age is... After the declarations were interpreted, the basic advantages of living in old age were defined. These were: the possibility of leisure time management, the realization of their own passions and interests, acquisition of experience and wisdom and freedom from work and family responsibilities - freedom and autonomy. The hardships of life in old age were placed on the other scale. These were mainly health problems, but the big issues were also loneliness and other existential concerns. Conclusions from the study indicated that for seniors old age had more pros than cons. Undoubtedly, the high level of life satisfaction of U3A listeners diagnosed in these studies influenced to the results.
EN
In her article, the author focused her attention on advantages and disadvantages of cooperation undertaken by enterprises operating within the framework of network organisations in the Polish economy. Establishing cooperation by enterprises may become nowadays one of the bases of formation of their development strategies. In the conditions of high variability of the environment, the growing uncertainty of enterprise activity, there gain in importance the concepts making use of definite relationships and partnership cooperation with other entities. There appear new forms of that cooperation, new organisational structures, inter alia, network organisations. Affiliation to them is connected with achievement by enterprises of definite benefits, while, on the other hand, it may result in occurrence of some threats. The empirical research carried out in 2013 in a group of 363 enterprises belonging to various network organisations conform that really enterprises achieve definite benefits carrying out their activities within the framework of network. And they are decidedly more emphasised than definite threats.
PL
W artykule skoncentrowano uwagę na korzyściach i wadach współpracy podejmowanej przez przedsiębiorstwa funkcjonujące w ramach organizacji sieciowych w polskiej gospodarce. Nawiązywanie współpracy przez przedsiębiorstwa może stać się współcześnie jedną z podstaw tworzenia ich strategii rozwoju. W warunkach dużej zmienności otoczenia, rosnącej niepewności działania przedsiębiorstwa, zyskują na znaczeniu koncepcje wykorzystujące określone związki i partnerską współpracę z innymi podmiotami. Pojawiają się nowe formy tej współpracy, nowe struktury organizacyjne, m.in. organizacje sieciowe. Przynależność do nich wiąże się z osiąganiem przez przedsiębiorstwa określonych korzyści, z drugiej zaś strony może skutkować wystąpieniem określonych zagrożeń. Badania empiryczne przeprowadzone w 2013 r. w grupie 363 przedsiębiorstw należących do różnych organizacji sieciowych potwierdzają, iż rzeczywiście przedsiębiorstwa osiągają określone korzyści prowadząc działalność w ramach sieci. I są one zdecydowanie mocniej akcentowane niż określone zagrożenia.
RU
В статье обратили внимание на выгоды и недостатки сотрудничества, к которому приступают предприятия, функционирующие в польской экономике в рамках сетевых организаций. Установление сотрудничества предприятиями может в настоящее время стать одной из основ формирования их стратегий развития. В условиях большой изменчивости окружающей среды, растущей неуверенности действий предприятий повышается значение концепций, использующих определенные связи и партнерское сотрудничество с другими субъектами. Появляются новые формы этого сотрудничества, новые организационные структуры, в частности, сетевые организации. Принадлежность к ним связана с достижением предприятиями определенных выгод, с другой же стороны она может вести к появлению определенных угроз. Эмпирические исследования, проведенные в 2013 году в группе 363 предприятий, относящихся к разным сетевым организациям, подтверждают, что действительно предприятия достигают определенных выгод, осуществляя деятельность в рамках сети. И они решительно больше подчеркиваются, нежели определенные угрозы.
EN
This paper attempts to analyse the level and structure of consumption servicization in Polish households in the years 2000-2015 as well as directions of changes in this regard in the years 2005-2015. In addition, causes, advantages, and disadvantages of the increase in service expenses were analysed. The paper elaborates on the concerns that were taken up with the aid of secondary and primary data. The level of expenditure on services related to the use of apartments, health, transportation, communications, recreation and culture, education, and the use of restaurants and hotels was analysed. Classification of expenses is based on the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose – COICOP 2013. The percentage of service expenses incurred by Polish households relative to the general expense structure is 51%, which makes Poland rank among developed countries that have service societies. The highest expenses are paid for the use of apartments and transportation, while the greatest increase in expenses in recent years took place in the use of restaurants and hotels. Fundamental reasons behind consumption servicization can be seen as rooted in the absence of free time, on the one hand, and in the increasing standard of living of Polish citizens, on the other hand.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę oceny poziomu i struktury serwicyzacji konsumpcji w gospodarstwach domowych w Polsce w latach 2000-2015 oraz kierunków przemian w tym zakresie w latach 2005-2015. Dodatkowo dokonano analizy przyczyn oraz zalet i wad wzrostu wydatków na usługi. W artykule podjęto rozważania podjętej problematyki korzystając z danych wtórnych i pierwotnych. Dokonano analizy poziomu wydatków przeznaczanych na usługi związane z użytkowaniem mieszkania, zdrowiem, transportem, łącznością, rekreacją i kulturą, edukacją oraz korzystaniem z restauracji i hoteli. Klasyfikacja wydatków oparta jest na Klasyfikacji Spożycia Indywidualnego według Celu COICOP 2013. Wydatki polskich gospodarstw domowych na usługi w strukturze wydatków ogółem na poziomie 51% stawiają Polskę wśród krajów rozwiniętych o strukturze społeczeństw usługowych. Wydatki na najwyższym poziomie ponoszone są na użytkowanie mieszkania oraz transport, a największy wzrost wydatków w ostatnich latach nastąpił w zakresie korzystania z restauracji i hoteli. Zasadniczych przyczyn serwicyzacji konsumpcji można upatrywać z jednej strony w braku czasu wolnego, a z drugiej strony we wzrastającym poziomie życia mieszkańców Polski.
17
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PL
Niniejszy artykuł porusza kwestię zmian, jakie zachodzą w obszarze nauczania języka obcego, a które związane są z wprowadzaniem nowych technologii do szkół w Polsce. Porównano, jak zmiany te wpływają na uczniów oraz nauczycieli tak w Polsce, jak w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Podkreślono również, że polscy nauczyciele bardzo niechętnie podchodzą do wdrażania narzędzi cyfrowych do procesu edukacji. Wyodrębniono także przyczyny lęków i obaw nauczycieli na całym świecie, związanych z takim zmianami.
EN
The paper addresses the issue of changes taking place in an area of foreign language education, which are related to the introduction of new technologies into schools in Poland. The article compares how these changes affect students and teachers both in Poland and in the United States. It also stresses that Polish teachers are reluctant to implement the digital tools in the process of education. Also, there were isolated the causes of anxiety and worry amongst the teachers worldwide, associated with such changes.
PL
W warunkach globalizacji gospodarki światowej coraz większą rolę zaczynają odgrywać korporacje transnarodowe (KTN), jako przedsiębiorstwa działajace w wymiarze międzynarodowym i lokujące kapitał na rynkach zagranicznych. Poprzez fuzje i przejęcia tego typu jednostki rozwijają się niezmiernie szybko, osiągając czasami wyniki finansowe przekraczające wartości dochodu narodowego państw nisko lub średniorozwiniętych. Mówi się nawet, że wpływ na kształt stanowionej obecnie polityki w większym stopniu zależy od decyzji zarządzających korporacjami aniżeli decyzji rządów. Jednym z widocznych aspektów funkcjonowania KTN jest dynamiczny rozwój handlu i transfer inwestycji zagranicznych, który zmienia strukturę bilansu płatniczego krajów uprzemysłowionych i niskorozwiniętych, uzależniając te drugie od bogatych partnerów. Celem artykułu jest określenie roli korporacji transnarodowych w gospodarce światowej, wskazanie korzyści i niekorzyści związanych z funcjonowaniem tego typu podmiotów, jak również próba oceny szans i zagrożeń dla rozwoju zglobalizowanego świata w warunkach prymatu wielkich przedsiebiorstw. Praktycznym wymiarem publikacji jest zaprezentowanie działalności wybranych KTN. Autorzy chcieli w ten sposób pokazać pozytywne i negatywne aspekty ich funkcjonowania i dać czytelnikowi możliwość wyrobienia własnych poglądów.
EN
Transnational corporations (TNCs) are incorporated or unincorporated enterprises comprising parent enterprises and their foreign affiliates. Transnational Corporations exert a great deal of power in the globalized world economy. Many corporations are richer and more powerful than the states that seek to regulate them. Through mergers and acquisitions corporations have been growing very rapidly and some of the largest TNCs now have annual profits exceeding the GDPs of many low and medium income countries. TNCs dominate the global economy and exert their influence over global policymaking. Worldwide companies start the trend in many domains having a big range of competitors. Trade is an important development tool. Trade between developing and industrialized countries has expanded and borrowing from rich countries to the poor areas of this world increased. The links between these differing groups of economies intensified subsequently and made these two groups increasingly dependent from each other. TNCs based their activity around this idea. In this paper, we try to emphasize the role of the TNCs in the worldwide economy, the advantages and disadvantages these corporations bring to the countries they activate in and even to the entire world and what effect they have on globalization. Some opportunities and threats of TNS activity are presented, exemplifying through some well known corporations which succeded in this competitive world. The authors wanted in this way to show the positive and negative aspects of their performance and give the reader the opportunity to develop the own opinion.
RU
В условиях глобализации мировой экономики всё большую роль начинают играть транснациональные корпорации (ТНК), выступающие в качестве предприятий международного значения и размещающее свой капитал на внешних рынках. Благодаря объединению и подчинению себе подобного рода единиц, они развиваются очень быстрыми темпами, достигая иногда финансовых результатов, превышающих размер национального дохода низко или среднеразвитых государств. Считается даже, что влияние на процессы проводимой в настоящее время политики в большей степени зависит от решений управляющих корпорациями, чем от решений правительств. Одним из заметных видов функционирования ТНК является динамичное развитие торговли и трансферт заграничных инвестиций, который изменяет структуру платёжного баланса индустриализированных и низко-развитых стран, что влияет на зависимость беднейших партнёров от богатых. Целью статьи является определение роли транснациональных корпораций в мировой экономике, представление положительных и отрицательных сторон, связанных с функционированием подобного рода субъектов, а также попытка оценки возможностей и опасений для развития глобализации мира в условиях примата больших предприятий. Практическим значением публикации является представление деятельности некоторых ТНК. Авторы хотели таким образом показать положительные и отрицательные стороны их функционирования и дать читателю возможность сформировать собственные взгляды на данную тему.
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