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EN
In this paper, the effects of financing of agricultural holdings in new member states of the EU and the development of these holdings are assessed. The income of a family-owned agricultural holding was accepted as the basic measure of a holding’s capability for extended reproduction and development. Selected elements of financial analysis were also applied. The level of family farm income and reinvestment of fixed assets was varied in EU-10 agricultural holdings over the years 2004-2009. The level of family farm income was mainly dependent on subsidies and subventions. A low dependence between the value of family farm income and net investment value was observed (R2=0.243), and a high dependence between labour productivity and labour profitability was observed (R2=0.734). Positive changes took place in the equipping of agricultural holdings with fixed assets. Growth of capital saturation of land was observed in all countries. Holdings taking advantage of external sources of financing had greater developmental capabilities. The net investment value was positively correlated with the debt ratio, although this dependence was low.
EN
The concept of agricultural property as proposed by A.Stelmachowski relies on the association of the original construction of property law with its specific object, i.e. the farmstead. According to this concept, agricultural property (specified in respect of the matter of ownership) is a complex of laws and obligations describing the legal standing of the subject – farm owner. The concept of agricultural property is an important element of the doctrinal accomplishment underlying the distinguishing of agricultural law as a new branch of legislation; it may also form – on the didactic level – an axis to organise the presentation of agricultural law institutions. Core ownership issues are obviously regulated by civil law. To describe the general features of property law, as a particular legal category, A.Stelmachowski indicates that property law 1) possesses the most comprehensive content as regards the relationship of the subject to the property attributed to him; 2) awards the owner exclusive right (a certain monopoly) as regards a specified object; 3) is characterized by a singular flexibility. All of these features can be referred to various kinds of ownership, regardless of its subject, including agricultural property. The originality of A. Stelmachowski’s approach to ownership arises from a proposed construction which is different to the classic, civil law model of ownership. This model has been inherited from Roman law (triad of ownership), which stressed the absolute rights of the owner. The owner had rights but no obligations towards the others, on the contrary, they are obligated to respect the rights of the owner. The protection of agricultural property is a continuation of the essential idea of the concept Author, and thus encompasses not only the substantive nature of agricultural law but property, that is a farmstead, itself. Important are both the subject and the scope (intensity) of protection. To protect the individual components civil regulations on property are applied, and to protect the farm, it is necessary to restrict the right to dispose of its components at will. When considering the subject of protection, one should take note of two elements: 1) what goods in various historical periods effected protection of the property law, and equally 2) whose interests were taken into account when awarding the protection, in other words, this will be a query regarding the function of property law. The interest (function) which brought about protection of agricultural property in the legal order currently in place in Poland could be described as execution by farmstead proprietors of European Union legislation on the use of agricultural holdings. Similarly as in the period of socialist economy in agriculture, the legal measures are rooted in a model of farming administration developed outside Poland, and introduced here.
EN
Definition of agricultural holding contained in the Civil Code is the subject of numerous studies. This is justified, since this definition is one of the basic conceptual categories of agricultural law, to which reference is made in a variety of acts. Issues related to the definition has become particularly current after the changes of the Civil Code in the year of 1990. Among the questions raised is, inter alia, determination of the functions performed by the holding, which art. 553 of the Civil Code refers to. The study identifies the importance of the proprietary and functional features, and their mutual relations. These functions are inextricably linked. At most it can be said of stronger or weaker accentuation depending on type of institution to which the normative concept of the holding is applied.
EN
In this paper an attempt was made to analyse the changes in the agricultural holdings of legal persons in the period 1996-2010, taking into account the pre- and post-accession period. In the analysed period, the agricultural holdings of legal persons, after the rapid and profound changes in the ownership, as well as and the legal and organizational structure in the first half of the 90s, were still subject to a profound restructuring. The effects of this process, however, were significantly different in the pre- and post-accession period. The article presents the basic structural changes in the whole farming sector of legal persons, including the various legal and organizational forms. The analysis concerned the changes: in the number of agricultural holdings and agricultural land in their use (including holdings with agricultural activities, in the area structure, in the spatial distribution of holdings by provinces, in the orientation of agricultural production, in the economic size and the labour input. The analysis was based on data from PSR 1996, 2002 and 2010, as well as the literature.
EN
In the paper, an attempt to investigation the relation between farmers’ attitude towards risk and profitability of production’ factors has been undertaken. A resource-based theory of the firm underlines that the competitive advantage of the firm comes from owned resources. According to neoclassical economic theory, rational use of resources is associated with maximizing economic results, however under risk and uncertainty achieving such objective seems to be a difficult task (in terms of practical economic life). The main problem is risk aversion which comes from imperfect information. The risk aversion makes the decision - makers devote some inputs (part of resources) for risk reduction, what hypothetically leads to worse economic performance. Such point of view is coherent with a so-called state-contingent approach and theory of expected utility. The research revealed that in the case of crop and mix farms higher risk aversion is related with lower level of resources’ profitability. The opposite situation was observed in specialized livestock farms.
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EN
The joint land properties belong to the dwellers of a given commune. Their land covers almost 100 thousands ha. They have a long history, but from the legal side, they were established in 1963. Since then, the basis legislation has not change much, unlike the political, social and economic situation in Poland. Nowadays, the joint land properties quit often are run against the law, many of them have not established the proper partnerships and do not act in required way. Thus the legislator has made an attempt to change such a situation. The article attempts to analyze the suggested changes in the legislation. It considers both the proposal of their elimination and as well as their maintenance with some legal modifications. Those aspects are analyze from their historical, practical and legal points of view.
EN
The subject of this essay is the legal situation of young farmers in the process of generations change in agriculture. This issue is particularly current in relation to the process of reconstruction of the agricultural structure. It is reasonable to consider the legal situation of young farmers in connection with the legal regulation concerning the legal status of older farmers, especially the regulation on structural pensions in agriculture. Essay attempts to answer whether the regulations may favor acceleration, facilitation of young farmers taking over farms. The answer is ambiguous. On one hand, the conditions to be met by young farmers are defined for them more liberal than for other grantees but on the other hand these conditions are defined more rigorously. Conditions indicated for young farmers – grantees of agricultural holdings – are determined especially by the agricultural policy objectives, particularly its demographic purpose, purpose of modernization, and above all purpose of improving territorial structure of farms. Existing solutions in this area are an expression of legislative efforts to achieve long–term effects of structural changes in agriculture.
EN
The main aim of this article is to identify the dynamics of the processes of reproduction of assets (fixed assets excluding land) and the importance of determinants influencing this processes in agricultural holdings in Poland engaged in agricultural accountancy of the FADN. Recognized in the study is the domination of the processes of narrow reproduction of fixed assets in the examined group of farms. In terms of economic recovery, there has been an improvement in the range of the reproduction of assets during the downturn of the dominance of narrow reproduction. The impact of resource factors on the processes of reproduction are more clear in the case of exclusion from surveys farms in which the processes of reproduction do not indicate opportunities for their further development (reproduction indicator below 0.5). It may mean that in the other units, use of resources better served the agricultural purposes of and they were effectively used.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie dynamiki procesów reprodukcji majątku (środków trwałych z wyłą- czeniem ziemi) oraz znaczenia wybranych kształtujących je determinant w gospodarstwach rolnych w Polsce prowadzących rachunkowość rolną FADN. W trakcie badań stwierdzono, że w tej grupie gospodarstw rolnych dominowały procesy reprodukcji zawężonej majątku. W sytuacji poprawy koniunktury miała miejsce wyraźna poprawa, jeśli chodzi o dynamikę reprodukcji majątku, natomiast pogorszeniu koniunktury towarzyszyło osłabienie tych procesów i dominacja reprodukcji zawężonej. Oddziaływanie czynników zasobowych na procesy reprodukcji jest wyraźniejsze w przypadku wyłączenia z badań gospodarstw rolnych, w których procesy reprodukcji nie rokują szans na ich dalszy rozwój (wskaźnik reprodukcji poniżej 0,5). Może to również oznaczać, że w pozostałych jednostkach wykorzystanie zasobów produkcyjnych bardziej służyło celom rolniczym i były one bardziej efektywne.
EN
The type of farming of a family agricultural holding very clearly differen-tiates its economic and financial efficiency and the possibility of the use of budget support. The performed calculations of multiple regression showed that the subsidy rate in the form of the ratio of the sum of financial support received and the income from the family agricultural holding influenced the effectiveness mostly negatively, significantly statistically. The impact of other variables from the category of subsidising holdings on economic and financial indices was not so clear when it came to the direction of the interdependence, although it met the generally accepted criteria for statistical significance in most of the cases. The same phenomenon was observed with the technical and economic production characteristics as a determinant of efficiency. In this context, it still remains a major challenge to identify the factors that influence the operating efficiency of family agricultural holdings.
IT
Le considerazioni svolte si concentrano sull’analisi della regolazione contenuta nel Programma di Sviluppo Rurale 2014-2020 in merito agli strumenti di sostegno a investimenti per la prevenzione e il ripristino del potenziale produttivo agricolo. L’obiettivo è di rispondere alla domanda se e in che misura i tipi di sostegno evocati tutelino il produttore agricolo e riescano a preservare l’impresa agraria. Nella parte conclusiva, l’Autore afferma, tra l’altro, che due di essi, ovvero “Investimenti effettuati al fine di proteggere le acque dall’inquinamento provocato da nitrati provenienti da fonti agricole” e “Sostegno agli investimenti in azioni di prevenzione volte a ridurre le conseguenze di probabili calamità naturali, avversità climatiche ed eventi catastrofici”, grazie ai finanziamenti a condizioni favorevoli e alle regolazioni giuridiche chiare, contribuiscono a far crescere l’interesse degli agricoltori ad adottare determinati atteggiamenti di fronte al problema di gestione attiva del rischio nell’attività agricola, aumentando così la loro resistenza alle situazioni di crisi. Nel caso di “Ripristino del potenziale produttivo agricolo danneggiato da calamità naturali”, lo strumento non incide in modo significativo sulla tutela dell’impresa agraria dei produttori agricoli e richiede modifiche legislative.
EN
The deliberations focus on the analysis of regulations included in the Rural Development Programme 2014-2020 concerning the instruments of support for investments that prevent destruction and restore the potential of agricultural production. They aim at answering the question whether and to what extent these forms of support protect the agricultural producer and ensure the durability of his workplace. The author argues, among other things, that two of them: “Investments aimed at protecting waters against nitrate pollution from agricultural sources” and “Support for investments in preventive measures aimed at reducing the effects of probable natural disasters, adverse climatic events and catastrophes,” owing to favourable financing conditions and clear legal regulations introduced, contribute to an increased protection of farmers’ interest by adopting specific attitudes towards active risk management in agricultural activity, and thus increase their resilience to emerging crisis situations. In the case of “Restoring the potential of agricultural production damaged by natural disasters” however, this tool does not significantly affect the protection of the agricultural producers’ workplaces and requires legislative changes.
PL
Rozważania koncentrują się na analizie regulacji zawartych w Programie Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich 2014-2020 dotyczących instrumentów wsparcia inwestycji zapobiegających zniszczeniu oraz przywracających potencjał produkcji rolnej. Ich celem jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy i w jakim stopniu te formy wsparcia chronią producenta rolnego i zapewniają trwałość jego warsztatu pracy. W konkluzji autor stwierdza, że dwie z nich, czyli „Inwestycje mające na celu ochronę wód przed zanieczyszczeniem azotanami pochodzącymi ze źródeł rolniczych” oraz „Wsparcie inwestycji w środki zapobiegawcze, których celem jest ograniczenie skutków prawdopodobnych klęsk żywiołowych, niekorzystnych zjawisk klimatycznych i katastrof” ze względu na korzystne możliwości finansowe oraz jasne regulacje prawne przyczyniają się do przyjmowania przez rolników postawy aktywnego zarządzania ryzykiem działalności rolniczej, a tym samym do zwiększenia ich odporności na pojawiające się sytuacje kryzysowe. W przypadku „Przywracania potencjału produkcji rolnej zniszczonego w wyniku wystąpienia klęsk żywiołowych” narzędzie to nie wpływa istotnie na ochronę warsztatu producentów rolnych i wymaga zmian legislacyjnych.
PL
Ramy prawne budżetu państwa na rok 2018 we Włoszech przewidywały środki na szkolenie i rozwój młodych przedsiębiorców, aby pomóc nowym pokoleniom zarządzać przedsiębiorstwami rolniczymi. Młodzi ludzie w wieku 18-40 lat mogą zawierać umowy z przedsiębiorcami rolnymi w wieku powyżej 65 lat lub będącymi na emeryturze o współpracy i dzieleniu się zyskami z działalności. W okresie szkolenia młoda osoba musi zdobyć niezbędne umiejętności. Umowa może dotyczyć przejęcia zarządzania przedsiębiorstwem przez młodego przedsiębiorcę rolnego. Autor bada zgodność nowych przepisów z prawem rolnym, wskazując słabe punkty, które ustawodawca powinien był wziąć pod uwagę.
EN
The legal framework of the State budget for the year 2018 in Italy provided for measures to encourage the training and development of young entrepreneurs in order to help in the transfer of new generations into agricultural business management. Young people, aged between eighteen and forty, my now enter into an agreement with agricultural entrepreneurs who are over sixty-five years old or retired, to cooperate and share the business profits. During the period of coaching the young person will have to acquire the necessary skills. The contract may provide for eventual takeover by the young agricultural entrepreneur of the management of the business. The author examines the compatibility of the new rules with the agrarian law, showing some weak points that the legislator should have considered.
IT
La legge del Bilancio 2018 ha approvato regole per favorire lo sviluppo di giovani imprenditori e per aiutare il passaggio delle nuove generazioni nella gestione delle imprese agricole. I giovani, di età compresa tra i diciotto e i quaranta anni, possono stipulare con imprenditori agricoli, di età superiore a sessantacinque anni o pensionati, un contratto per dividere gli utili d’impresa. Nel periodo di affiancamento il giovane dovrà acquisire le competenze necessarie e il contratto può stabilire il subentro del giovane imprenditore agricolo nella gestione dell’azienda. L’autore esamina la compatibilità delle nuove norme con le disposizioni della legge agraria, mostrando alcuni punti deboli che il legislatore avrebbe dovuto considerare.
EN
The paper presents the situation of the Polish specialist pig holdings at the backdrop of similar holdings in Hungary, Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands. In order to study their development abilities, the following indices underwent a comprehensive assessment: productivity, profitability, management income, net investment rates and share of subsidies in the income of an agricultural holding. The highest productivity indices were achieved by the Dutch holdings, and profitability – the Hungarian and Polish holdings. Very large Polish agricultural holdings also produced the highest aggregated values of the cumulative relative goodness index. Moreover, the paper points to the fundamental reasons behind the weakness of the Polish pig production sector, which cover low level of concentration and no linkages between the live pig producers and processing plants. It also determines how to take up and where to channel remedial actions.
IT
L’articolo si propone di definire i presupposti giuridico-costituzionali ed economici della costruzione giuridica di un’azienda a conduzione familiare sullo sfondo di quella di un’azienda agricola nel codice civile e nella legge dell’11 aprile 2003 sul regime agricolo. Nell’articolo è stato dimostrato che la disposizione dell’art. 23 della Costituzione è solo una dichiarazione politica, una sorta di manifesto ideologico. Affinché sia riconosciuta come norma direzionale, il legislatore ordinario dovrebbe completarla con contenuti adeguati. A questo proposito, non è sufficiente basare la definizione di un’azienda a conduzione familiare sulla necessità di limitare la compravendita degli immobili agricoli prevista nella legge sul regime agricolo. È necessario creare una costruzione moderna e al passo con i requisiti attuali. I cambiamenti dovrebbero andare in una direzione attentamente studiata, tenuto conto della politica agricola dello Stato.
EN
The aim of the article is to determine the legal, constitutional and economic assumptions of the legal construction of a family farm in the context of the construction of an agricultural holding in the Civil Code and in the Act of 11 April 2003 on shaping the agricultural system. It has been shown that the provision of Article 23 of the Constitution constitutes only a system declaration, a kind of ideological manifesto. In order for it to be recognised as a directional norm, it should be filled with the relevant content. A definition of a family farm as formulated in the Act on shaping the agricultural system is not sufficient in this respect. It is necessary to formulate a modern construction of such a holding which will meet the requirements of today. However, the direction of these changes should be carefully planned taking into account the agricultural policy of the state.
PL
Celem rozważań jest określenie założeń prawno-konstytucyjnych i ekonomicznych konstrukcji prawnej gospodarstwa rodzinnego na tle konstrukcji gospodarstwa rolnego w Kodeksie cywilnym i ustawie z 11 kwietnia 2003 r. o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego. W artykule wykazano, że przepis art. 23 Konstytucji RP stanowi jedynie deklarację ustrojową, rodzaj manifestu ideologicznego. Aby został uznany za normę kierunkową, ustawodawca zwykły powinien wypełnić go stosowną treścią. Niewystarczające jest w tym zakresie zdefiniowanie gospodarstwa rodzinnego na podstawie ograniczeń w obrocie nieruchomościami rolnymi w ustawie o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego. Konieczne jest stworzenia nowoczesnej i odpowiadającym współczesnym wymogom konstrukcji takiego gospodarstwa. Kierunek tych zmian powinien być jednak przemyślany i uwzględniający politykę rolną państwa.
14
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PL
Celem rozważań jest prezentacja zachowań finansowych gospodarstw rolnych w ujęciu teoretycznym (na podstawie przeglądu literatury) oraz ich skutków w formie badań empirycznych. Gospodarstwo rolne opisano jako gospodarstwo domowe i przedsiębiorstwo jednocześnie. Przedstawiono jego cele finansowe. Stwierdzono, że właściciele gospodarstw rolnych nie zawsze skupiają się tylko na maksymalizacji zysku. Dla rolników ważne jest powiększanie gospodarstwa rolnego, dochód, który z niego uzyskują, poziom zaspokojenia potrzeb konsumpcyjnych gospodarstwa domowego i zapewnienie funduszy na prowadzenie inwestycji. Na podstawie dostępnych danych rachunkowych sprawdzono przełożenie celów o charakterze deklaratywnym na stan posiadania gospodarstw rolnych. Po analizie danych rachunkowych za lata 2004-2012 stwierdzono, że w większości krajów UE właściciele gospodarstw rolnych powiększali powierzchnię użytków rolnych w gospodarstwie, zwiększał się ich dochód, a zmiennie kształtował się udział inwestycji w dochodzie. Wykazano też wrażliwość tych charakterystyk na zmianę wielkości ekonomicznej gospodarstwa oraz ich pewną niezależność od kierunku produkcji. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the financial behaviour of agricultural holdings in the theoretical approach on the basis of a review of the literature, and also to present the effects of this financial behaviour of agricultural holdings on the basis of the available accounting data. It describes the farm as a household and a company at the same time. It shows its financial goals. It is found that the owners of agricultural holdings do not always focus only on maximising profit. It is important for farmers to enlarge a farm, income that it obtains, the level of household consumption needs, and the provision of funds to carry out investments. The financial behaviour of agricultural holdings on the basis of the available accounting data was analysed to check the actual translating the intended objectives into the state of farms’ assets. After analysis of the accountancy data for the years 2004-2012, it was found that in the majority of EU countries the farm owners increased the surface of the agricultural area, their income was increased, the share of contribution to the household in total production was reduced, and participation of investment in income was variable. The sensitivity of these characteristics according to the change of the economic size of the agricultural holding and their considerable independence from the direction of production were shown. This is the research article.
RU
Цель рассуждений – представить финансовое поведение сельских хозяйств в теоретическом выражении (на основе обзора литературы) и его последствия в форме эмпирических исследований. Сельское хозяйство описали заодно как домохозяйство и предприятие. Представили его финансовые цели. Указали, что собственники сельских хозяйств не всегда сосредоточиваются только на максимизации прибыли. Для фермеров важны увеличение сельского хозяйства, доход, который они получают из него, уровень удовлетворения потре- бительских нужд домохозяйства и обеспечение средств для реализации инвестиций. На основе доступных учетных данных проверили, насколько цели декларативного характера переводятся в имущество сельских хозяйств. После анализа учетных данных за 2004-2012 гг. констатировали, что в большинстве стран-членов ЕС владельцы сельских хозяйств увеличивали площадь сельхозугодий, повышался их доход, переменным же образом формировалась доля инвестиций в доходе. Указана также чувствительность этих характеристик к изменению экономической величины хозяйства, а также некоторая их независимость от направления производства. Статья имеет исследовательский характер.
IT
Le considerazioni svolte riguardano il problema di applicazione delle disposizioni di legge sul regime agricolo nel campo relativo alle regolazioni giuridiche riguardanti l’agricoltura contenute nel codice civile. Nello specifico, tenendo conto della legge in esame, si intende discutere la successione delle aziende agricole, inclusa la divisione dell’eredità, di cui fa parte l’azienda agricola, la cessazione della comproprietà nonché la cessazione della divisione del patrimonio comune dei coniugi. L’obiettivo che il legislatore si è prefissato è stato quello di garantire la tutela dei terreni agricoli, prevista nelle disposizioni del codice civile, pure a livello della compravendita degli immobili agricoli. Sorgono, tuttavia, dubbi interpretativi relativi alla mancanza di identità semantica nelle espressioni utilizzate in entrambi gli atti giuridici, il che porta a modificare istituti codicistici. È inaccettabile che, in virtù delle disposizioni di leggi specifiche, vengano modificati gli istituti giuridici riguardanti l’agricoltura contenuti nel codice, posti a garanzia della proprietà agricola. Questo modo di „modificare” il codice civile porta a incoerenze e disfunzioni del sistema giuridico.
EN
The considerations concern the applicability of the provisions of the Act on shaping the agricultural system to the legal regulations of agriculture contained in the civil code. The focus is on the inheritance of agricultural holdings, as well as the division of inheritance consisting of an agricultural holding, the abolition of joint ownership of an agricultural holding and the division of joint property of spouses, taking into account the provisions of the Act on shaping the agricultural system. The intention of the legislator was to ensure protection of agricultural land also in the scope of trading in agricultural real estate that has been provided for in the civil code. However, there are doubts regarding the interpretation of the terms used in both legislative acts as it leads to certain differences in  the understanding of institutions defined in the code. However, this is an unacceptable situation and the provisions of special laws must not change the legal definitions of agricultural institutions guaranteeing agricultural property. This way of "amending" the civil code results in the inconsistency and dysfunctionality of the legal system.
PL
Rozważania dotyczą stosowania przepisów ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego do regulacji prawnorolnych zawartych w Kodeksie cywilnym. Obejmują dziedziczenie gospodarstw rolnych, w tym dział spadku, w skład którego wchodzi gospodarstwo rolne, zniesienie współwłasności gospodarstwa rolnego (zarówno w drodze umowy, jak i orzeczenia sądowego) oraz podział majątku wspólnego małżonków, z uwzględnieniem regulacji ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego. Założeniem ustawodawcy było zapewnienie ochrony ziemi rolniczej także w zakresie obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi, przewidzianej w przepisach Kodeksu cywilnego. Wątpliwości interpretacyjne budzi jednak brak tożsamości znaczeniowej zwrotów użytych w obu aktach prawnych, co prowadzi do modyfikacji kodeksowych instytucji. Nie do przyjęcia jest to, że mocą przepisów ustaw szczególnych zmianie ulegają kodeksowe instytucje prawnorolne stanowiące gwarancję własności rolniczej. Taki sposób „nowelizowania” Kodeksu cywilnego prowadzi do niespójności i dysfunkcjonalności systemu prawnego.
IT
L’articolo si propone di discutere le problematiche in materia di rivendicazioni legate all’acquisto di terreni su cui si trovano i fabbricati che un tempo facevano parte di un’azienda agricola, poi ceduta allo Stato in cambio di prestazioni pensionistiche e di invalidità. Le soluzioni adottate dal legislatore non risultano essere in armonia con la normativa in materia di acquisto di immobili da parte di altri gruppi sociali. Ad essere difettosa è la soluzione di perseguire le rivendicazioni in modalità amministrativa, nonché la mancanza di scadenze per la presentazione delle stesse. Una soluzione adeguata sarebbe quella di concedere agli agricoltori e ai loro successori la priorità, stabilita dalla legge, nell'acquisire terreni con i fabbricati. Tale priorità dovrebbe essere esercitata durante la procedura di vendita.
EN
The purpose of this article was to resolve problems related to the claims concerning the purchase of land on which the buildings which were once part of an agricultural holding transferred to the State for pension benefits. The solutions adopted by the legislator do not harmonise with the regulations governing the acquisition of land by other social groups. An administrative claim procedure and the absence of time limits for the filing of claims are a shortcoming. The right solution would be to giving farmers and their successors statutory priority in the acquisition of land with buildings. Such priority should be implemented during the sale procedure.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rozstrzygnięcie problemów związanych z dochodzeniem roszczeń o nabycie gruntu pod budynkami, wchodzącymi niegdyś w skład gospodarstwa rolnego. Przyjęte przez ustawodawcę rozwiązania nie harmonizują z regulacjami dotyczącymi nabywania nieruchomości przez inne grupy społeczne. Wadliwym rozwiązaniem jest dochodzenie roszczeń w trybie administracyjnym i brak ograniczeń czasowych do zgłaszania roszczeń. Właściwym rozwiązaniem byłoby przyznanie rolnikom i ich następcom ustawowego pierwszeństwa w nabyciu gruntu z budynkami. Pierwszeństwo takie powinno być realizowane w toku procedury sprzedaży.
IT
Lo studio si prefigge come obiettivo quello di caratterizzare le fattorie sociali e definirne lo status giuridico. Nell’articolo è stato discusso il concetto di sviluppo multifunzionale delle aziende agricole e il suo riferirsi alla fattoria sociale. È stato inoltre necessario cercare di collocare la fattoria sociale all’interno del sistema dell’agricoltura sociale. In conclusione, l’Autrice ha constatato, tra l’altro, che le questioni discusse combinano l’attuazione degli obiettivi di politica sociale e agricola. La fattoria sociale fa parte del processo di deistituzionalizzazione dell’aiuto sociale in Polonia, e permette anche di gestire le risorse agricole inutilizzate, nonché di rafforzare il ruolo delle piccole e medie aziende agricole.
EN
The aim of the article is to characterise care farms and define their legal status. First, the concept of a multifunctional development of agricultural farms is defined, and then the manner in which care farms influence the concept of multifunctionality determined. It was also necessary to place a care farm in the system of social agriculture. The common regulations of the EU Member States adopted to support care services in farms have also been presented. Further considerations focus on the identification of documents which pointed out to the need to undertake activities aimed at the creation and development of care farms in Poland. Projects that are already implemented, particularly those co-financed from EU funds, are presented. An attempt is also made to answer the question whether care farms should be regulated in a separate legislative act or whether relevant provisions should be inserted in some already existing act. Another question concerns the manner in which care farms should be financially supported.
PL
Celem rozważań jest charakterystyka gospodarstw opiekuńczych i określenie ich statusu prawnego. W artykule zostało omówione pojęcie wielofunkcyjnego rozwoju gospodarstw rolnych i jego odniesienie do gospodarstw opiekuńczych. Konieczne było również umiejscowienie gospodarstwa opiekuńczego w systemie rolnictwa społecznego. W konkluzji autorka stwierdziła m.in., że omawiana problematyka łączy realizację celów polityki społecznej i rolnej. Gospodarstwo opiekuńcze wpisuje się w proces deinstytucjonalizacji pomocy społecznej w Polsce, jak również stanowi sposób na zagospodarowanie niewykorzystanych zasobów gospodarstw oraz wzmocnienie roli małych i średnich gospodarstw rolnych.
PL
W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano problematykę rynku ziemi rolnej oraz kredytu preferencyjnego jako źródła finansowania zakupu ziemi w gospodarstwie rolnym. Głównym celem było zbadanie, czy istnieje zależność pomiędzy liczbą i wartością kredytów preferencyjnych, udzielonych przez banki spółdzielcze na zakup użytków rolnych, a ceną ziemi rolnej. W procedurze badawczej zastosowano metodę statystyczną w ujęciu ilościowym, dzięki której możliwe było uzyskanie współczynników korelacji liniowej Bravaisa-Pearsona. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy wskazano, że liczba i wartość udzielonych kredytów preferencyjnych na zakup użytków rolnych nie jest ściśle skorelowana z ceną ziemi rolnej. Zdaniem autorki struktura portfela tych kredytów determinowana jest przede wszystkim czynnikami o charakterze popytowym (motywy rolników przy podejmowaniu decyzji o kredyt) i podażowym (ograniczone zasoby ziemi).
EN
The article presents issues connected with the agricultural land market and preferential credit as a source of financing the purchase of farm land. The main purpose was to check whether there is a relationship between the number and value of preferential loans granted by cooperative banks for the purchase of agricultural land, and the price of the agricultural land. The quantitative method was used in the research procedure, thanks to which it was possible to obtain Bravais-Pearson linear correlation coefficients. Based on the carried out analysis, it was pointed out that the number and value of preferential loans granted for the purchase of agricultural land is not closely correlated with the price of agricultural land. According to the author, the structure of the portfolio of these loans is primarily determined by demand factors (farmers’ motives when making credit decisions) and supply factors (limited land resources).
PL
W polskim systemie prawnym istnieją różnorodne definicje gospodarstwa rolnego. Służą one do realizacji odmiennych celów. Ponieważ przepisy kodeksu cywilnego nie rozstrzygają istoty gospodarstwa rolnego, powstały różne teorie w tym zakresie. Najtrafniej istotę gospodarstwa rolnego z art. 55³ k.c. opisuje teoria traktująca gospodarstwo rolne jako czynną masę majątkową. Gospodarstwo rolne to jedność gospodarcza złożona z określonych elementów, zorganizowany kompleks majątkowy, posiadający wiele różnorodnych składników. Gospodarstwo rolne jest masą majątkową połączoną funkcjonalnie, zmienną ilościowo i rodzajowo. Wszystkie składniki gospodarstwa rolnego połączone są więzią funkcjonalną. Gospodarstwo rolne jako jedna całość stanowi szczególny rodzaj przedsiębiorstwa i może być przedmiotem jednej czynności prawnej, przy czym przy dokonywaniu czynności prawnej konieczne jest szczegółowe wymienienie składników gospodarstwa rolnego. Należy sformułować postulat legislacyjny dotyczący objęcia zakresem art. 552 k.c. również gospodarstwa rolnego.
EN
There are various definitions of the Agricultural Holding in the Polish legal system. They serve different purposes. Since the provisions of the Civil Code do not provide a strict definition as to the essence of the Agricultural Holding, various theories have been developed in that respect. A theory whereby the Agricultural Holding is treated as the assets of estate seems to be the most apt description of the essence of the Agricultural Holding under Article 55³ of the Polish Civil Code. An Agricultural Holding is a single economic unit comprising certain elements; an organised set of assets with various components. The Agricultural Holding comprises assets of estate which are related in functional terms and may vary in terms of quantity and type. There is a functional relationship among all components of the Agri cultural Holding. An Agricultural Holding as a whole is a specific form of enterprise and may be subject to a single legal act; however, when taking such a legal act it is necessary to enlist the components of the Agricultural Holding in detail. A legislative demand should be formulated so that the Agricultural Holding is included within the scope of Article 552 of the Polish Civil Code.
EN
Contemporary agricultural companies are turning into complex businesses. Living in the countryside and running a holding is no longer a lifestyle but rather a business model aimed at manufacturing goods and bringing profit. In order to enhance their competitiveness, agricultural companies are getting more and more interested in external financing, mostly in preferential loans granted by cooperative banks. The study on the activity of Krakowski Bank Spółdzielczy (Cooperative Bank of Cracow), granting loans to agricultural companies in the Małopolska Region in 2004-2016, showed that farmers with university degrees, including those in agricultural sciences, were the largest group granted preferential loans. The smallest group consisted of farmers with elementary education. Loans for building and modernising farms had the largest percentage share. Spending the money granted on preferential terms in a rational way had a positive impact on the production and economic efficiency of farms, contributing to an increase in their agricultural income and production, as well as fostering an increase in the production costs, which positively influenced the financial results of the companies
PL
Dzisiejsze gospodarstwa rolne coraz częściej stanowią złożone przedsiębiorstwa. Ich prowadzenie przestaje być jedynie stylem życia, lecz przede wszystkim zyskuje charakter działalności zawodowej ukierunkowanej na wytworzenie produktów rynkowych i osiągnięcie dochodów ze sprzedaży. W celu zwiększenia swojej konkurencyjności rynkowej gospodarstwa rolne wykazują coraz większe zainteresowanie korzystaniem z finansowania swojej działalności ze źródeł zewnętrznych, w tym przede wszystkim z kredytów preferencyjnych udzielanych przez banki spółdzielcze. Przeprowadzone badania, obejmujące działalność kredytową Krakowskiego Banku Spółdzielczego względem gospodarstw rolnych w Małopolsce w latach 2004-2016, wykazały, że grupą rolników w najszerszym zakresie korzystającą z kredytów preferencyjnych przyznawanych przez Krakowski Bank Spółdzielczy były osoby z wykształceniem wyższym rolniczym i wyższym. Najmniej liczną grupą kredytobiorców Krakowskiego Banku Spółdzielczego były osoby posiadające wykształcenie podstawowe. Największy procentowy udział w kredytowaniu miały kredyty przeznaczone na budowę i modernizację gospodarstw. Racjonalne decyzje związane z wykorzystaniem udzielonego na preferencyjnych warunkach kapitału pozytywnie wpłynęły na efektywność produkcyjno-ekonomiczną prowadzonych gospodarstw rolnych, przyczyniając się do wzrostu poziomu dochodu rolniczego i produkcji, sprzyjając ponadto wzrostowi poziomu kosztów produkcji, co pozytywnie wpłynęło na osiągane wyniki finansowe gospodarstw.
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