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EN
The main aim of the study was to check: (a) attachment-related differences in alexithymia and (b) the mediating role of mind-mindedness in attachment-alexithymia relationship. Method: Attachment (PAM; Berry et al., 2007), alexithymia (TAS-20; Bagby, Taylor, & Parker, 1994) and mind-mindedness (“describe your friend” method; Meins et al, 2008) were measured in the sample of 128 Polish undergraduates. Results: Positive associations were seen between attachment anxiety and overall alexithymia scores and difficulty identifying emotions. Attachment avoidance was positively associated with overall alexithymia score, difficulty describing feelings and externally oriented thinking. Mind-mindedness was not related to neither attachment or alexithymia. Conclusion: There are attachment-related differences in alexithymia, but mind-mindedness seems not to mediate attachment-alexithymia relationship.
EN
The addiction to psychoactive drugs still remains among the relevant research topics. The research herein focuses on the study and analysis of the relations among the alexithymia, and personality styles. The analyses of such psychological constructs may represent valuable views beneficial for the progress in the up-to-date addictology. The article deals with a number of topics, such as, definition of alexithymia, the issue of addictology and personality aspects.. The applied statistical methods are descriptive statistics, factor analysis, non-parametric Spearman's correlation analysis and Mann-Whitney U Test. The reason for choosing the non-parametric statistics has been the conclusion of the normality test pointing at the fact that the acquired data had not complied with the normal distribution assumption. The data collection methods were questionnaires TAS-20 (Toronto Alexithymia Scale) to measure alexithymia, and PSSI (Personality Style and Disorder Inventory). The gross sample under research was represented by 55 probands, namely 14 women and 41 men. The data were collected in the Psychiatric Hospital of Marianna Oranžská in Bílá Voda. The obtained results enabled us to answer the postulated research questions, which were evaluated and the following conclusions were reached: In people addicted to alcohol alexithymia occurs in 41.83 %. In subjects addicted to psychoactive drugs with alexithymia there is a substantial difference in the personality styles of a schizoid, obsessive-compulsive, avoidant, negativistic, borderline, histrionic, and self-defeating type. We believe that in this field of research there is still a huge gap to be filled, and we hope that the research may help to do so by enriching the knowledge with concrete results.
EN
Aim: The aim of the study was an analysis of a relationship between parental attitudes and a tendency to impulsive aggression with a consideration of a mediating role of alexithymia. Method: The experiment used the following scales: Parental Bonding Instrument, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and The Aggression Questionnaire, BPAQ. The study’s sample was a randomly selected group of people. There were 197 participants aged between 22 and 43 years old (M = 34.42; SD = 5.47). There were slightly more females (53.8%) than males. In terms of educational history, there were mostly people with higher education (74.1%), there rest were participants with mid-level education (14.2%) and at a bachelor’s level (11.7%). Results: As a result of conducted analysis, correlations, regression, and mediation, a moderate relationship between maternal control and difficulties with emotional identification and father’s control and alexithymia as a whole and, separately, with an operative way of thinking were identified. Maternal control is associated with a development of a tendency to hostility. In turn, father’s control increases a tendency to physical aggression, hostility, and anger. Alexithymia is strongly connected with physical aggression, hostility and anger and is a significant mediator in a relationship between maternal and father’s control and various aspects of aggression, increasing its intensity. Age correlates positively with alexithymia intensity. Conclusions: The current experiments suggests an existence of strong relationships between parental attitudes, mainly control, and a tendency to a development of alexithymia and also a tendency to various types of aggression. Alexithymia, blocking processes of emotional identification and verbalisation, results in a language no longer serving regulation and impulse control, increasing therefore a risk of aggressive behaviours. The current experiment suggests, that in the following research, there should be included also other dimensions of emotional regulation when looking at relationships between parental attitudes, alexithymia, and aggression.
EN
The study was aimed to determine the role of attachment bond in emotional functioning in alexithy-mia and emotional processing in foster care alumni. The participants with experience of personal rejection – adult foster care alumni during the transition from foster care to adulthood (N = 29) and persons without such experience (N = 32) took part in the study. The Experiences in Close Relation-ships Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale and Emotional Processing Scale were used. Results present that insecure pattern of attachment occurs with alexithymia in ineffective emotional processing. We confront the results with the construct of emotion representations as the key to comprehend observed deficits in emotional functioning.
EN
Aim: The aim of the study was an analysis of a relationship between parental attitudes and a tendency to impulsive aggression with a consideration of a mediating role of alexithymia. Method: The experiment used the following scales: Parental Bonding Instrument, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and The Aggression Questionnaire, BPAQ. The study’s sample was a randomly selected group of people. There were 197 participants aged between 22 and 43 years old (M = 34.42; SD = 5.47). There were slightly more females (53.8%) than males. In terms of educational history, there were mostly people with higher education (74.1%), there rest were participants with mid-level education (14.2%) and at a bachelor’s level (11.7%). Results: As a result of conducted analysis, correlations, regression, and mediation, a moderate relationship between maternal control and difficulties with emotional identification and father’s control and alexithymia as a whole and, separately, with an operative way of thinking were identified. Maternal control is associated with a development of a tendency to hostility. In turn, father’s control increases a tendency to physical aggression, hostility, and anger. Alexithymia is strongly connected with physical aggression, hostility and anger and is a significant mediator in a relationship between maternal and father’s control and various aspects of aggression, increasing its intensity. Age correlates positively with alexithymia intensity. Conclusions: The current experiments suggests an existence of strong relationships between parental attitudes, mainly control, and a tendency to a development of alexithymia and also a tendency to various types of aggression. Alexithymia, blocking processes of emotional identification and verbalisation, results in a language no longer serving regulation and impulse control, increasing therefore a risk of aggressive behaviours. The current experiment suggests, that in the following research, there should be included also other dimensions of emotional regulation when looking at relationships between parental attitudes, alexithymia, and aggression.
PL
Cel: Celem badania była analiza związku między postawami rodzicielskimi a skłonnością do impulsywnej agresji z uwzględnieniem mediacyjnej roli aleksytymii. Metoda: W badaniu użyto następujących narzędzi: Kwestionariusz Retrospekcyjnej Postawy wobec Rodziców (Parental Bonding Instrument); Kwestionariusz do pomiaru aleksytymii (Toronto Alexithymia Scale); Kwestionariusz Agresji Buss-Perry (The Aggression Questionnaire, BPAQ). Badanie przeprowadzono na losowo wybranej grupie osób z populacji ogólnej. W sumie 197 osób w wieku od 22 do 43 lat (M = 34,42; SD = 5,47). W próbie nieznacznie większy odsetek stanowiły kobiety (53,8%). Pod względem poziomu wykształcenia dominowały osoby posiadające wyższe wykształcenie (74,1%); pozostały procent stanowiły osoby z wykształceniem średnim (14,2%) oraz licencjackim (11,7%). Rezultaty: W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz, korelacji, regresji oraz mediacji wykazano umiarkowany związek między kontrolą matki a trudnościami w identyfikacji emocji oraz kontrolą ze strony ojca a aleksytymią, jako całością, oraz osobno z operacyjnym stylem myślenia. Kontrola ze strony matki wiąże się z rozwojem skłonności do wrogości. Z kolei kontrola ze strony ojca zwiększa skłonność do agresji fizycznej, wrogości i gniewu. Aleksytymia silnie wiąże się z agresją fizyczną, wrogością oraz gniewem i jest istotnym mediatorem w relacji między kontrolą matki i ojca a różnymi aspektami agresji, zwiększając jej natężenie. Wiek koreluje pozytywnie z natężeniem aleksytymii. Konkluzje: Przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje na istnienie silnych związków między postawami rodziców, głównie kontrolą, a tendencją do rozwoju aleksytymii oraz skłonnością do różnych przejawów agresji. Aleksytymia, blokując procesy identyfikacji i werbalizacji emocji powoduje, że język nie służy do regulacji i kontroli pobudzenia, zwiększając tym samym ryzyko wystąpienia zachowań agresywnych. Przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje, że w kolejnych badaniach należy uwzględnić także inne wymiary dotyczące regulacji emocji, badając związki między postawami rodzicielskimi, aleksytymią a agresją.
EN
Objectives Physicians working with palliative patients have a substantial risk of emotional exhaustion because of their daily confrontation with suffering and death. Common concerns include alexithymia, high stress, low perceived social support and a greater burnout risk. This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Balint training in preventing the development of these symptoms in these medical professionals. Material and Methods The design of the study was longitudinal. A group of 69 physicians working with palliative patients from 5 county hospitals in Romania (33 men, 36 women) participated in the study. Out of them, 31 joined and systematically attended a local Balint group whereas the others did not participate in such a group, either during the study or previously. They were given, both at the beginning (2015) and at the end of the study (2017), 4 psychometric instruments assessing alexithymia (Bagby’s Toronto Alexithymia Scale, perceived stress (Cohen and Williamson’s Perceived Stress Scale), social support (Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire) and burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory). A split-plot ANOVA analysis was used for evaluating the significance of Balint groups participation, with gender and age considered as auxiliary variables. Results In the study group, Balint training significantly improved the scores of global burnout (F(1, 64) = 25.104, p < 0.0001), 2 of its components (emotional exhaustion (F(1, 64) = 18.390, p < 0.0001) and depersonalization (F(1, 64) = 10.957, p < 0.002), alexithymia (F(1, 64) = 3.461, p < 0.0001) and perceived social support (F(1, 64) = 57.883, p < 0.0001), but not the scores of perceived stress and low personal accomplishment. Gender had an additional contribution in decreasing alexithymia (F(1, 64) = 7.436, p < 0.009) and increasing perceived social support (F(1, 64) = 15.426, p < 0.0001), with higher effects in men. Conclusions This study points to the potential usefulness of Balint training in addressing alexithymia and burnout, and in improving perceived social support among physicians working with palliative patients. As the Balint method is easily understood and does not require special investments, it could represent a cost-effective instrument of addressing job-related psychological risks. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(1):53–63
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Soudobé koncepce alexithymie

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EN
Alexithymia represents an interesting phenomenon, which is classified as a borderline concept in psychosomatic medicine.The focus of the article is on essence and definition of alexithymia. In terms of diagnostic methods, the article refers to basic and broad divisions of alexithymia.On the etiological level, the interpretations from the fields of psychology, sociology, cognitive neuropsychology and neurochemistry are discussed. Attention is paid to the contemporary state of knowledge in alexithymia research.
CS
Alexithymie představuje zajímavý fenomén, který je zařazen mezi hraniční koncepce psychosomatické medicíny. V tomto článku se zaměřujeme na výklad o podstatě a vyme-zení alexithymie. Na základě diagnostických metod poukazujeme na základní a širší dělení alexithymie. V etiologické rovině se zabýváme výklady psychologickými, sociolo-gickými, kognitivně neuropsychologickými a neurochemickými. V těchto výkladech poukazujeme na stav poznání, který byl v oblasti výzkumu alexithymie učiněn.
EN
The correct, sonorous and clean human voice is the result of the interaction of many anatomical and functional structures, with the central nervous system playing a central role. Any deviations in the structure and function of these structures cause the voice to lose its normal properties, revealing pathology. Voice disorders can be divided into organic and functional. Functional disorders, unlike organic ones, are characterized by a lack of organic change in the voice organ. There are psychogenic dysphonias among the functional voice disorders. Functional, and especially psychogenic, voice disorders meet the criteria of disorders in the form of somatic and dissociative disorders. Dysphonia and psychogenic aphonia and spastic dysphonia are examples of voice disorders caused repeatedly by defense mechanisms which take the form of conversion and somatization. They share common attributes with many other disorders, which are referred to as psychosomatic, and as such are of interest to psychiatry and psychodynamic psychology. As part of this paradigm, psychosomatic disorders are considered in the context of trauma theory, alexithymia, and mentalization.
PL
Prawidłowy, dźwięczny i czysty głos człowieka to efekt współdziałania wielu struktur anatomiczno-czynnościowych, z nadrzędną rolą ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. Jakiekolwiek odstępstwa w budowie i funkcji tych struktur powodują, że głos traci swoje normalne właściwości, ujawniając patologię. Zaburzenia głosu można podzielić na organiczne i czynnościowe. Zaburzenia czynnościowe, w przeciwieństwie do organicznych, charakteryzują się brakiem uchwytnej zmiany organicznej w narządzie głosu. Wśród czynnościowych zaburzeń głosu wyróżnia się dysfonie psychogenne. Czynnościowe, a zwłaszcza psychogenne, zaburzenia głosu spełniają kryteria zaburzeń pod postacią somatyczną i zaburzeń dysocjacyjnych. Dysfonia i afonia psychogenna oraz dysfonia spastyczna to przykłady zaburzeń głosu, u podłoża których wielokrotnie znajdują się mechanizmy obronne w postaci konwersji i somatyzacji. Są one wspólne dla wielu innych zaburzeń, które określa się mianem psychosomatycznych, i jako takie stanowią przedmiot zainteresowania psychiatrii i psychologii pschodynamicznej. W ramach tego paradygmatu zaburzenia psychosomatyczne są rozważane w kontekście teorii traumy, zjawiska aleksytymii oraz mentalizacji.
EN
Background Due to the nature of their work, paramedics face an increased risk of developing a post-traumatic stress disorder. The main goal of this research project was to point out specific correlates of post-traumatic stress. The authors decided to approach that issue from the perspective of emotional-cognitive deficits and resources, such as alexithymia, rumination and coping with stress. Material and Methods The authors conducted 3 independent research projects in the first half of the year 2017 in the Wielkopolskie voivodship, that included paramedics. In each one of them, they estimated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms using The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Additionally, in the first study the authors used alexthymia scale, Polish verion of Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), in the second – rumination questionnaire, in the third – coping with stress measured with Inventory for Measuring Coping with Stress Mini-COPE. Results The analyses demonstrate a relationship between PTSD symptoms and both alexithymia and rumination. There was not any significant relationship between coping strategies and PTSD. The mediation analysis results prove the role of intrusion as a mediator in a relationship between hyperarousal and avoidance. Individuals with PTSD demonstrate high avoidance for situations similar to the original traumatic event because high hyperarousal increases the risk of intrusion. Conclusions More than a half of paramedics demonstrated post-traumatic stress symptoms, which most likely is a prognosis factor for future development of PTSD among them. The emotional-cognitive deficits correlated with traumatic stress symptoms. Resources such as coping strategies were not sufficient enough mechanisms for coping with traumatic stress. Post-traumatic stress disorder may be seen as a dynamic sequence. The nature of paramedics work entails the risk for experiencing complex and/or secondary trauma, which represent the phenomena that should be further examined. Med Pr. 2019;70(1):53–66
PL
Wstęp Ratowników medycznych charakteryzuje podwyższone ryzyko wystąpienia zaburzeń po stresie traumatycznym. Celem zrealizowanego projektu badawczego było wskazanie specyficznych korelatów zespołu stresu pourazowego pojmowanych w kategoriach zasobów i deficytów emocjonalno-poznawczych pod postaciami aleksytymii, ruminacji i strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem w tej grupie zawodowej. Materiał i metody W 3 niezależnych badaniach, przeprowadzonych w pierwszej połowie 2017 r. w województwie wielkopolskim, uczestniczyło 145 ratowników medycznych. W każdym badaniu oszacowano objawy zespołu stresu pourazowego (post-traumatic stress disorder – PTSD) przy pomocy Zrewidowanej skali wpływu zdarzeń (The Impact of Event Scale-Revised – IES-R). Dodatkowo w badaniu pierwszym zmierzono poziom aleksytymii za pomocą skali aleksytymii, czyli spolszczonej wersji skali Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), w badaniu drugim – ruminację, wykorzystując Kwestionariusz ruminacji, a w badaniu trzecim – strategie radzenia sobie ze stresem, posługując się Mini-COPE – Inwentarzem do pomiaru radzenia sobie ze stresem (Inventory for Measuring Coping with Stress Mini-COPE). Wyniki Analizy wykazały związki pomiędzy natężeniem stresu potraumatycznego a aleksytymią oraz ruminacjami. Stosowane strategie radzenia sobie generalnie nie wiązały się ze stresem potraumatycznym. Wykonane badanie mediacji wykazało, że intruzjom można przypisać funkcję mediatora relacji łączącej pobudzenie z unikaniem. Cierpiących na PTSD charakteryzuje wysoki poziom unikania sytuacji przypominających zdarzenie traumatyczne, ponieważ wysokie pobudzenie nasila prawdopodobieństwo pojawienia się intruzji. Wnioski Ponad połowa badanych ratowników medycznych deklarowała występowanie objawów stresu pourazowego, co prawdopodobnie jest czynnikiem prognostycznym pojawienia się w dalszej przyszłości klinicznych objawów PTSD u tej grupy zawodowej. Deficyty poznawczo-emocjonalne, aleksytymia i negatywne ruminacje współwystępują z objawami stresu potraumatycznego. Z kolei zasoby strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem są niewystarczającym mechanizmem zaradczym dla stresu traumatycznego. Zespół stresu pourazowego może być ujmowany jako dynamiczna sekwencja. Charakter pracy ratownika medycznego predysponuje go do doświadczania traumy złożonej i/lub wtórnej, które mogłyby być obszarem dalszych badań. Med. Pr. 2019;70(1):53–66
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