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EN
The research on animal cognitive capacities is mostly determined by two contrasting methodological attitudes: naive anthropomorphism and dogmatic anthropodenial. The former is defined as fallacious (naive) projecting cognitive, emotional and linguistic capacities of humans on animal world; the latter is denying essential similarities between human being and animals in order to emphasize qualitative differences between these two worlds. Between those attitudes there is some space for putting forward intermediate viewpoints, which include the heuristic value of critical anthropomorphism and indicate those similarities and differences between humans and animals, which deter- mine proanimal moral actions.
EN
The article asks questions about the human cognitive abilities – how it is to be an animal of a species different from one’s own. Using as a basis the doubts of the philosopher Thomas Nagel, the author proceeds to discuss the standpoint of  ethnologists Frans de Waal and Konrad Lorenz, who accept the limitations of the human cognitive apparatus and language, with the help of which we describe what we call the “animal.” The author suggests that the problem of contemporary humanities and animal studies lies not  in anthropodenial, but in anthropomorphism, rooted in the centrism typicalof our species, which seems impossible to overcome. The author also proposes a thesis that the wayto overcome this issue is for people to gain knowledge about these limitations. This knowledge, supported by interspeciesempathy, developed in the process of coevolution of animal species (humans being one of them), is the most effective tool of heuristics.
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