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EN
In Stefan Grabiński’s works, the artist often uses metaphors to attribute anthropomorphic phenomena to non-human ones. This sketch is an attempt to look at examples of anthropomorphic metaphors in Stefan Grabiński`s novellas in terms of their ideological and artistic functions. The aim of this analysis is to verify whether the use of anthropomorphic metaphors is connected with attributing created worlds with non-realistic properties. For this purpose, it is worth interpreting and explaining the treatments used by the author, including their linguistic aspect, asking the question about the relation between the employed stylistic means and the effect of the created image of reality, and about the consequences of this way of constructing the world presented in Grabiński’s works.
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Janka w (literackim) zwierzyńcu

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EN
Pisarze w zwierzyńcu [Writers in an Animal Park] by Janina Abramowska are an admirable display of erudition, originality of interpretation, and careful composition. The text brings on reflections about the animal world, its distinct quality, and the animal narrative perspective, which the author has not noticed.
EN
The article proposes discussion of John Lewis-Stempel’s Meadowland (2015) developed along two perspectives. One is the post-pastoral reading as suggested by Terry Gifford. He offers a contemporary interpretative mode that draws from both the rich history of British pastoral and countryside writing and from recent ecocritical devices. Additionally, this paper aims to point out the manifold functions of anthropomorphism and presents it as the longestablished strategy of making sense of the ‘outer’ nature. Both animating non-humans in literary representation and post-pastoral depiction of British countryside prevail to be an expression of spatial proximity, and apparently an indispensable prerequisite for co-existence, for sharing material place. Far from causing confusion or misunderstanding, anthropomorphisation has an enduring power of organizing human experience and expressing interconnectedness. In historical terms, it remains a fact that people have always responded to the natural world, and that they have seen animals respond as well, thus turning them into agents.
EN
In this paper, some exemplary methods of describing both a ‘forest’ system and its subsystems are presented. In order to precisely offer the manner of constructing a systemic image of the forest and its subsystems, all issues related to the systemic approach are clarified. The weaknesses and strengths of such an approach were juxtaposed and revealed the possibilities of using them to shape the man–forest relationship. Attention was paid to the ‘expanding of interpretation’ of the systemic approach and the subsequent consequences. The above, together with the after-effects, remains the focal point and main goal of the paper. Such a described systemic perspective may be used, for example, in environmental education. It can support a depiction or explanation of mechanisms and phenomena occurring within the forest system. In addition, it may be the basis for working out some ‘system instruments’ subsequently used in shaping attitudes and actions towards the forest and translating into the man– forest relationship. This can be reflected in decision-making process, broadly understood, preceding the actions taken in the field of forest system management.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono przykładowe metody opisu zagadnień objętych zarówno systemem „leśnym”, jak i jego podsystemami. Ma to na celu doprecyzowanie sposobu budowania systemowego obrazu lasu i jego podsystemów. Zestawione będą mocne i słabe strony takiego ujęcia oraz możliwości ich uwzględnienia w profilowaniu relacji człowiek – las. Zwrócona będzie uwaga na poszerzanie interpretacji ujęcia systemowego i wynikające z tego konsekwencje. Powyższe, wraz z analizą konsekwencji, stanowi centralny punkt i zasadniczy cel artykułu. Tak zarysowana perspektywa systemowa może być spożytkowana, na przykład, w edukacji środowiskowej. W jej ramach, może wspomagać opis czy objaśnianie mechanizmów lub zjawisk występujących w ramach systemu „las”. Poza tym, może stanowić podstawę, w oparciu o którą będą wypracowane „narzędzia systemowe”, wykorzystywane następnie przy kształtowaniu postaw i działań człowieka względem lasu, będzie się przekładać na stan relacji pomiędzy człowiekiem a lasem. Może to znaleźć odzwierciedlenie w, szeroko rozumianym, procesie decyzyjnym poprzedzającym działania podejmowane w zakresie gospodarowania przez człowieka systemem leśnym.
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