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1

Violent Incidents in Greek Basketball. Referees' Perspective on the Theoretical Models of Violence

100%
Koukouris K., Stavros T.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2009
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vol. 46
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issue 1
177-193
EN
During the last 30 years a significant body of knowledge has been accumulated around the issue of hooliganism in professional soccer. However, very little has been said about violence in basketball, a sport that has the most incidents of violence after soccer and perhaps handball in Europe. Although an increasing number of violent incidents in basketball are reported in the mass media, research is limited. The sample consisted of 16 top Greek basketball referees, several of whom were distinguished even at an international level. The top referees were interviewed in a hotel prior to matches. The criteria for the choice of leading referees was based on their top refereeing experience (A1 division). Officials provide support for the notion that basketball is hostage to personal interests and is used as a means of pressure for the service of other aims. The theory for the social roots of hooliganism as well as the theory of frustration - aggression provide sufficient explanations for the interpretation of violence in basketball. Under work and family pressures young people become more aggressive and unload their disappointment in the sports ground, which they consider to be a suitable outlet.
2

Major College Basketball in the United States: Morality, Amateurism, and Hypocrisies

100%
Schneider R.
Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research
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2011
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vol. 52
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issue 1
22-32
EN
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and member institutions' presentation of major college basketball in the United States as an endeavor of amateurism is contradictory to the realities of college basketball. Discussed are the following amateurism related hypocrisies: a) requiring players to fully engage in formally structured basketball activities as a priority over education, b) expansion of the post season March Madness tournament regardless of the fact that players will miss more classes, c) compensating basketball coaches with salaries contingent on success defined by winning, and d) the athletic scholarship. Literature supports amateurism hypocrisies in major college basketball (Bermuda 2010, Colombo 2010, Sundram 2010). Understanding the effect of NCAA and member institution hypocritical behavior on determining the moral standing of major college basketball is discussed in the context of claims by Grant (1997), that Machiavelli recognized the necessity of political hypocrisy. A utilitarian analysis using Jeremy Bentham's holistic utilitarian approach calling for the agent to "sum up all the values of all the pleasures on the one side, and those of all the pains on the other" (p. 39) to determine the degree of morality, indicates a presence of morality in major college basketball. Under the premise that major college basketball is an extension of core values held by higher education, Aristotle's Golden Mean (Aristotle, 1941) is used to help identify a point of balanced moral perspective concerning sentiments of the sporting community held for the sport. The end goal is to maintain major college basketball's strong level of satisfaction among members of the sporting community, while controlling the false representation of amateurism surrounding it to preserve the moral and structural integrity of major college basketball.
3
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Błędy tłumaczeniowe i redakcyjne w wytycznych szkoleniowych dla sędziów koszykarskich w konfrontacji angielsko-polskiej

100%
Sobczak M., Pankanin E.
Acta Neophilologica
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2019
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vol. XXI/2
21-34
EN
This paper examines the Polish translation of the Official Guidelines for Basketball Referees approved by the International Basketball Association (FIBA). It addresses the notion of specialist languages and indicates that the official guidelines for basketball referees possess some characteristics of a specialized text. Referring to translation competence, the article suggests that a non-professional translation of the guidelines can lead to their misinterpretation and, as a result, can influence the course of a game. The article concludes with implications for further theoretical and empirical research on the translation in question.
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THE EFFECT OF DYNAMIC BALANCE EXERCISES ON CERTAIN KINEMATIC VARIABLES AND JUMP SHOOT ACCURACY AMONG FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

88%
Alhawary R.
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
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2019
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vol. 8
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issue 14
41-48
EN
The aim of the research is to identify the impact of dynamic balance exercises on certain Kinematic Variables and Jump Shoot Accuracy among Female Basketball Players. Researchers used the experimental method for one group with pre - post Tests. The research sample was intentionally selected for Female Basketball Players under the age of 16 at the Beni Suef club registered in the Egyptian Basketball Federation for the 2019 sports season and totalling ten (10) players who were filmed during the Jump Shoot after dribbling to recognize certain Kinematic Variables that affect shooting accuracy. Researchers conducted tests of front and lateral balance using a (MFT) device, Hexagon Test, Vertical jump from motion and skill tests to measure the accuracy and speed of the shoot. The implementation of the training program was conducted for eight weeks - five units per week; the time of each unit was 120 minutes, including 40 min. devoted to balance exercises. The main findings showed improvement in the results of balance tests using the (MFT)device, Hexagon, vertical jump from motion, and improvement in the motion path of the centre of gravity for the horizontal and vertical paths. It also showed benefits for the horizontal displacement transfer of Momentum to vertical motion energy which enabled the player to reach the highest point, and improvement of shooting angles which is considered the main factor in giving the ball the right trajectory in order to enter the ring to improve the ratio of the jump shoot. Researchers recommended the necessity of using dynamic balance exercises within Female training programs.
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The concept of fair play in young basketball players in the Balearic Islands

75%
Bermejo J. M.
Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective
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2020
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vol. 9
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issue 15
28-34
EN
The aim of this study is to analyze enjoyment and fair play attitudes against hard play, gamesmanship, victory and cheating as antisocial behaviors in sports as part of a program of intervention among coaches and athletes. The sample includes basketball teams with a total of 389 young athletes (249 boys and 140 girls) aged between 10 and 16 (the average age of 12.5 years) in the juvenile, infant and cadet categories. During the 2016-2017 season, a questionnaire designed according to the guidelines for the Spanish version following the Fair Play Proceedings (EAF) was administered at two different times. The results show that young athletes consider enjoyment as a key motivation in sports practice. The program proved to be moderately effective as antisocial variables such as gamesmanship and cheating, and recorded a slight decrease in popularity between the two rounds of the survey. The results for hard play and victory, however, showed a less significant decrease after the implementation of the program.
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(Un)Obtainable Luxury and Performance: The Semiotics of Michael Jordan’s 1996 V12 Mercedes S600 Lorinser

63%
Jacheć T.
Acta Neophilologica
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2022
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vol. 2
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issue XXIV
137-150
EN
On August 23rd, 2020 a model of 1996 V12 Mercedes S600 Lorinser was sold at an eBay auction. While the asking price for this particular model, in 2021, is approximately between $4,500 and $11,000, this particular car was sold for a hefty sum of $202,200. What makes this Mercedes car unique and pricey is the fact that it used to belong to a basketball’s great, Michael Jordan. The fact that the auction in question was finalized in the midst of global, Coronavirus pandemic, and following the release of The Last Dance documentary on Jordan’s career, factors into the interpretation of the semiotics of the automobile itself. The aim of this paper is to analyze: the semiotics meanings attached to Michael Jordan as a persona and a brand/sign; the semiotics meanings attached to Mercedes brand and cars; and, ultimately, shifting semiotic meanings of Jordan’s 1996 V12 Mercedes S600 Lorinser in the context of time and the selling price, with nostalgia as a factor. 
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Wynagrodzenia a osiągnięcia sportowe na przykładzie koszykówki

63%
Metelski A.
Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi
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2015
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issue 2015 5(106) ZZL w sporcie
35-47
PL
Wybitni sportowcy otrzymują coraz wyższe wynagrodzenia, jednak rodzi się pytanie, czy wzrost wynagrodzeń wpływa na poprawę osiągnięć sportowych. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy kwestii wzajemnej zależności zarobków i osiągnięć sportowych. W przeprowadzonym badaniu wzięli udział koszykarze występujący w najwyższej klasie rozgrywkowej w Polsce.
EN
Top athletes are receiving increasingly higher salaries. However, this begs the question: Do higher salaries raise sports performance levels? This article addresses the interdependence between salaries and sports achievements. The research is based on Polish top division basketball players.
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Zespołowe gry sportowe kobiet w działalności Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Polsce w latach 1945–1989

63%
Skalik M.
Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe
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2020
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vol. 3
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issue 2
25-39
EN
The emergence of women’s team sports in University Sports Association (Akademicki Związek Sportowy – AZS) in Poland took place in the second decade of the 20th century. In the 1930s female student teams competed in Polish championships in Czech handball, basketball and volleyball. After the Second World War, team games continued to be popularized in the academic community. Women participated in university, inter-university and international competitions in basketball, handball and volleyball. A competition had the greatest popularity in of the Academic Polish Championship and the Polish Championship of Higher Education Institutions. In addition, sports teams representing AZS participated in professional sports in basketball, football, field hockey, handball and volleyball. In the professional sport most suc-cesses had teams AZS Warsaw, AZS Wrocław, AZS Katowice and AZS Poznań. The development of team sports games in the academic community was related to, among others with the decisions of institutions managing physical culture in Poland in 1945–1989. These guidelines had an impact on organizational changes in the structures of AZS and on shaping the ac-ademic model of sports competition.
PL
Geneza zespołowych gier sportowych kobiet w strukturach Akademickiego Związku Sportowego (AZS) w Polsce przypada na drugą połowę lat 20. XX w. W latach 30. XX w. żeńskie drużyny studenckie brały udział w rozgrywkach o mistrzostwo Polski w dyscyplinach hazeny, koszykówki oraz piłki siatkowej. Po II wojnie światowej nastąpiło upowszechnienie gier ze-społowych w środowisku akademickim. Kobiety uczestniczyły w rozgrywkach koszykówki, piłki ręcznej i piłki siatkowej, w rywalizacji uczelnianej, międzyuczelnianej oraz międzynarodowej. Największą popularność osiągnęło współzawodnictwo w ramach Akademickich Mi-strzostw Polski oraz Mistrzostw Polski Szkół Wyższych. Ponadto zespoły reprezentujące AZS brały udział we współzawodnictwie kwalifikowanym – na poziomie okręgowym, a także na szczeblach lig państwowych. W zakresie sportu wyczynowego w latach 1945–1989, najwięk-sze sukcesy wiązały się z działalnością drużyn: AZS Warszawa, AZS Wrocław, AZS Katowice i AZS Poznań. Rozwój zespołowych gier sportowych w środowisku akademickim związany był m.in. z decyzjami instytucji zarządzających kulturą fizyczną w Polsce w latach 1945–1989. Wytyczne władz państwowych miały wpływ na zmiany organizacyjne w strukturach AZS oraz na kształtowanie modelu akademickiego współzawodnictwa sportowego.
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Sprawność działania koszykarzy zespołów efektywnych sportowo z uwzględnieniem pozycji zajmowanych w grze

63%
Szwarc A., Lekner I., Lipińska P.
Rozprawy Naukowe Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu
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2013
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issue 42
44-61
EN
Background. The aim of the study was to describe models of the efficiency of basketball players playing at different positions in the top sports teams based on observation in direct elimination matches of the 2010 World Championships. Material and methods. An observation method was used in the study. Data was recorded on the authors’ observation sheets. Activity, efficiency and reliability during both offensive and defensive actions were subject to this examination. The play of basketball players was analysed in 7 basketball direct elimination matches of the World Championships. Results. It was revealed that most actions of the point guard (taking into account activity and efficiency) are aimed at handling and passing the ball, creating scoring opportunities and executing 3-point throws. 3 points are also often scored by the shooting guard and the power forward. On the other hand – the center and the power forward are especially active in creating scoring opportunities and in scoring 2 points. The power forward, the small forward, the shooting guard and the point guard prevent from losing 3 points. In the actions preparing for the situation to score a point and in actions preventing situations to score a point players of different positions perform a similar activity of action. Conclusions. Detailed analysis of actions applied in the game may indicate differences in the performance among players of different positions, implying the appropriate selection of individual training.
10
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Aggression among Slovak males training in martial arts versus other sports disciplines

63%
Gorner K., Makarowski R., Roskova M.
Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology
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2021
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vol. 21
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issue 2
EN
Background. Research shows that sports training allows for reducing aggressive behaviors. However, the influence of certain sports disciplines can also intensify them. Results of studies on the influence of sports on aggression levels are inconclusive. Well-founded psychological theories are relatively rarely used to explain these differences.Materials and methods. 480 men training in hockey, basketball, volleyball, martial arts, individual sports, and soccer (junior league, 5th – 4th league, major league) participated in the study. The control group comprised 83 men not participating in any sport. The study was carried out in Slovakia, using Buss and Durkee’s Aggression Questionnaire.Results. Four hypotheses concerning the relationship between aggression levels and duration of training, age, and skill level were tested.Conclusions. 1. In the group of men training in martial arts, the correlations between the duration of training and aggression-re-lated variables, such as assault, irritability, negativism, suspicion, and verbal aggression were negative and of medium strength. 2. Training in martial arts lowers aggression levels. 3. In the group of men training in basketball, a negative correlation between the duration of training and negativism was noted, which means that basketball players do not violate the law or social conventions. 4. In the group of men training in individual sports, a positive correlation between the duration of training and guilt was found. 5. In the group of junior league soccer players, the Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the variable of assault was negative, while it was positive in the 5th – 4th league group, and statistically insignificant in the major league group. 6. The hypothesis stating that sports training lowers aggression levels was not confirmed. It is true only for select sports disciplines.
PL
Wstęp. Badania wskazują, że uprawianie sportu umożliwia redukcję zachowań agresywnych, ale również wpływ poszczególnych dyscyplin sportowych może powodować nasilenie zachowań agresywnych. Wyniki badań wpływu sportu na poziom agresji są niespójne. Stosunkowo rzadko do wyjaśnienia tych różnic korzysta się z dobrze ugruntowanych teorii agresji. Materiał i metody. W badaniach uczestniczyło 480 mężczyzn uprawiających hokej, koszykówkę, siatkówkę, sporty walki, sporty indywidualne, piłkę nożną (juniorzy, 5 – 4 liga, ekstra-liga). Grupą porównawczą było 83 mężczyzn nie uprawiających sportu. Badania przeprowadzono na Słowacji.W badaniach wykorzystano Inwentarz Agresji Bussa-Durkee.Wy n i k i. Weryfikowano cztery hipotezy dotyczące zależności pomiędzy poziomem agresji a stażem zawodniczym, wiekiem i grupą zaawansowania sportowego.Wnioski. 1. W grupie osób uprawiających sporty walki korelacja pomiędzy okresem uprawiana sportu a poziomem zmiennych badających poziom agresji takich jak Atak, Irytacja, Negatywizm, Podejrzliwość i Agresja słowna była ujemna i na przeciętnym poziomie. 2. Uprawianie sportów walki obniża poziom agresji. 3. W grupie osób trenujących koszykówkę zanotowano ujemny współczynnik wyniku korelacji pomiędzy stażem, a Negatywizmem, co oznacza, że zawodnicy koszykówki nie działają wbrew przyjętym regułom i prawu. 4. U osób uprawiających sporty indywidualne zauważono dodatni współczynnik korelacji pomiędzy okresem uprawiana sportu, a Poczuciem winy. 5. W grupie juniorów uprawiających piłkę nożną dla zmiennej Atak współczynnik korelacji Pearsona był ujemny, dla osób z 5-4 ligi współczynnik był dodatni, a dla piłkarzy z ekstra ligi współczynnik nie był istotny statystycznie. 6. Hipoteza mówiąca, że uprawianie sportu obniża poziom agresji nie potwierdziła się. Ta hipoteza jest prawdziwa tylko dla wybranych dyscyplin sportowych.
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Sport jako zjawisko polityczno-tożsamościowe na Litwie w XX wieku. Działalność Michała Sienkiewicza na Wileńszczyźnie

51%
Jung R.
Eastern Review
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2022
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vol. 11
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issue 1
157-180
EN
The article deals with the role of sport in building and maintaining national identity in difficult ethnopolitical conditions. It deals with the history of Lithuania in the twentieth century, where relations between Lithuanians and Poles living in the area were primarily determined by the Polish-Lithuanian dispute over the belonging of the Vilnius region in the interwar period. The different sporting traditions contributed to the preservation of the national identity of both nations during the period of Soviet enslavement, while the sporting successes of Lithuanians in 1947–1988, especially of basketball players on teams representing the Soviet Union, were an element of their political emancipation. It led, together with other factors, to the restoration of Lithuanian independence and, at the same time, conditioned the need to redefine relations between Lithuanians and Poles in Lithuania. In this process, sports usually played a role in bringing the two communities together. The figure of Michał Sienkiewicz evidences this, a sportsman, later an extremely active sportsman for Poles in the Vilnius region, a participant in sports life during Soviet times, including an athletics judge at the legendary pole vaulting competition with Władysław Kozakiewicz at the XXII Olympics in Moscow in 1980. During the period of building the foundations of Lithuanian independence, he initiated and participated in the reconstruction of the Lithuanian National Olympic Committee and the Polish Gymnastic Association “Sokół” in Lithuania.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o roli sportu w budowaniu i podtrzymywaniu tożsamości narodowej w skomplikowanych warunkach etniczno-politycznych. Rzecz dotyczy historii Litwy w XX wieku, gdzie relacje między zamieszkującymi ten obszar Litwinami i Polakami w dużej mierze określał polsko-litewski spór o przynależność Wileńszczyzny z okresu międzywojennego. Odmienne tradycje sportowe przyczyniły się do zachowania odrębności narodowej obu nacji w okresie sowieckiego zniewolenia, jednocześnie sukcesy sportowe Litwinów w latach 1947–1988, zwłaszcza koszykarzy w ramach ekip reprezentujących Związek Sowiecki, stanowiły element ich emancypacji politycznej. Doprowadził on wraz z innymi czynnikami do odzyskania niepodległości przez Litwę i jednocześnie warunkował potrzebę zdefiniowania na nowo stosunków między Litwinami i Polakami na Litwie. Sport odgrywał w tym procesie zazwyczaj rolę łączącą obie społeczności. Zaświadcza o tym postać Michała Sienkiewicza, sportowca, później niezwykle aktywnego działacza na rzecz sportu Polaków na Wileńszczyźnie, uczestnika życia sportowego w czasach sowieckich, między innymi sędziego lekkoatletycznego podczas legendarnego dla Polaków konkursu skoku o tyczce z udziałem Władysława Kozakiewicza, odbywającego się w ramach Igrzysk XXII Olimpiady w Moskwie w 1980 r. W okresie zaś wznoszenia fundamentów litewskiej niepodległości – inicjatora i uczestnika odbudowy Litewskiego Narodowego Komitetu Olimpijskiego i polskiego Towarzystwa Gimnastycznego „Sokół” na Litwie.
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Sportowa wszechstronność polskich piłkarzy, uczestników rozgrywek ligowych w latach 1927–1939

45%
Owsiański J.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
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2021
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vol. 27
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issue 1
97-118
EN
The players who played in the Polish football league in the interwar period were very versatile and talented, therefore they were also successful in other sports. The aim of the study was to assess the scale of this phenomenon. The mass development of football in Poland meant that there was a shortage of talented players in the struggle involving sports games, athletics or winter sports. The high level of physical fitness of the players predisposed them to participate in the competitions in sections of sports clubs other than football. The author presents detailed lists of footballers, participants in league competitions in the years 1927–1939, who became medallists of Polish championships in ice hockey, athletics, basketball, volleyball and handball. In addition, the biographies and achievements of the most versatile athletes are included.
PL
Zawodnicy występujący w latach międzywojennych w polskiej lidze piłkarskiej byli bardzo wszechstronni i utalentowani, dlatego odnosili sukcesy sportowe także w innych dyscyplinach sportu. Celem pracy była ocena skali tego zjawiska. Masowy rozwój piłki nożnej w Polsce sprawił, że brakowało utalentowanych zawodników w zmaganiach obejmujących gry sportowe, lekkoatletykę czy sporty zimowe. Wysoka sprawność piłkarzy predystynowała ich do udziału w rywalizacji sekcji klubów sportowych, innych niż futbolowe. Przedstawiono szczegółowe wykazy piłkarzy, uczestników rozgrywek ligowych w latach 1927–1939, którzy zostali medalistami mistrzostw Polski w hokeju na lodzie, lekkoatletyce, koszykówce, siatkówce i piłce ręcznej. Ponadto zaprezentowano sylwetki i dokonania najbardziej wszechstronnych zawodników.
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Od wrogości do akceptacji. Polsko-litewskie kontakty sportowe w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym

45%
Wolsza T.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2020
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vol. 55
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issue 1
109-128
EN
In the first part of reflections, the reader will find information on the sports competitions of Polish sportspeople with the representatives of Czechoslovakia, Germany, and the Soviet Union, with due regard to the suspension of sports contacts for political reasons. The second part deals with the Polish-Lithuanian contacts in 1938–39 after the neighbouring countries established diplomatic relations.
PL
W pierwszej części rozważań czytelnik odnajdzie informacje na temat rywalizacji sportowej zawodników polskich z reprezentantami Czechosłowacji, Niemiec i Związku Sowieckiego, z uwzględnieniem aspektu zawieszenia kontaktów sportowych z powodów politycznych. Druga część traktuje o kontaktach polsko-litewskich w latach 1938–1939, po nawiązaniu przez sąsiadujące kraje stosunków dyplomatycznych.
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