The purpose of this paper is to offer a conceptualization of leisure that can help us understand what constitutes as leisure and how leisure is attained in a highly regimented context such as elite hockey. Leisure researchers are unable to agree on a definition of leisure that best represents the field, which is perhaps why leisure has lost its significance within contemporary academia. In this paper, a conceptualization is provided that was developed through research on Junior level ice hockey players. Junior level hockey has a highly structured and professionalized regiment but yet, leisure is still attainable for players despite having little control over their involvement. Traditional definitions of leisure do not capture what it means to be in leisure even though theoretically Junior level hockey players are considered to be in serious leisure as amateurs. Thus, this paper can help justify and lets us understand how leisure is attained in Junior level hockey.
The emergence and development of mediation occurred in different historical periods, in different geographical areas and various categories of social practice. It also used in various forms, which are more or less approaching today's understanding of mediation. Mediation as an approach, the idea of conflict resolution by a third, independent party there for several centuries, as adversarial way. Go for mediation in the history of ideas, is to go back through many centuries, until the beginning of mankind.
Roles, fears, ideas, beliefs all influence behaviour. Strategic culture is an alternative way of explaining strategic behaviour, is a part of specific culture influence behaviour. Strategic culture is an integrated system of symbols (e.g. argumentation, structures, languages, analogies, metaphors) which acts to establish pervasive and long lasting strategic preferences by formulating concepts of the role and efficacy of military force in interstate political affairs, and by clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the strategic preferences seem uniquely realistic and efficacious. political, cultural and cognitive characteristics of the state and its elites. Therefore the EU as a multicultural space has one too. It may be the case that the EU strategic culture is a ‘weak’ strategic culture, a culture that is in the process of formation. The EU is expected to have a very special strategic culture because of its nature of foreign policy. State formation implied that the army had an important role to play in forming the identity of each state. However, the EU had no military and the emphasis on foreign policy was put on soft elements of external relations. Each state and security institution has a strategic culture as a part of cultural development. Different states have different predominant strategic preferences that are rooted in the early or formative experiences of the state and are influenced to some degree, by the philosophical, political, cultural and cognitive characteristics of the state and its elites.
Research background: Online shopping is becoming popular among most customers thanks to quickness and easy shopping, and also due the COVID pandemic. Companies are aware of the great interest of customers and, as a consequence, e-commerce is expanding. There has been a significant increase in online grocery purchases due to economic growth in the past few years. Online shopping attracts a lot of research interest, individual authors and this is a widely discussed topic. It should be borne in mind that online purchasing of food has its own peculiarities compared to the segment of electronics or fashion from the perspective of everyday needs. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study is to analyze specific consumer behaviour in online purchasing of groceries. This study takes into account the age and purchasing preferences of online grocery purchasers. Methods: The study was conducted using quantitative research. Data (n = 171) was obtained by using a questionnaire survey done in the Czech Republic. The questionnaire survey contained 17 questions. For the statistical evaluation, Chi-square test and Pearson's correlation test were used. For the statistical evaluation, Chi-square test and Pearson´s correlation test were used. Findings & value added: The results of the study indicate that there is a relationship between the age of customers and online purchase in the grocery field. However, customers who use the e-shop for grocery purchase are still reluctant to buy perishable goods (meat, pastries) and prefer goods that are packed directly by the manufacturer. The study sheds light on understanding the customers? purchasing behaviour and their preferences in terms of quality of service, payment terms, delivery conditions, and range of assortment.
The scale of the cyberbullying problem is big and disturbing. Attempts are being made to eliminate and reduce this issue by seeking effective preventive solutions. Based on her analysis of the literature on mindfulness, the author points to the enormous potential of mindfulness-based programs in preventing cyberbullying threats. Numerous studies confirm that the practice of mindfulness is an effective program in the fight against stress, pain, and even illness; it improves mental and physical well-being. Mindfulness practitioners become more compassionate, milder, empathetic, they cope better with difficult situations, use positive thinking and behavior patterns, achieve calmness and confidence, and make positive changes in interpersonal relationships.
Objectives: Exposure to various stressors is known to result in sensitization to psychostimulants, a state related to the psychostimulant dependence and addiction. It has been shown in some studies that the rise in corticosterone (CORT) concentration is indispensable for both the induction and the expression of behavioral sensitization. Therefore, it might be suspected that behavioral hyposensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH) is somehow related to a reduced CORT response to the psychostimulant subsequent to the chlorphenvinphos (CVP) intoxication. Materials and Methods: The male adult Wistar rats received single i.p. injections of CVP at the doses 0.5, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg b.w., or pure corn oil. CORT concentration was determined in samples of blood drawn from the tail vein before and then 30, 60, 180 min and 24 h after injection. The other rats were divided into two groups and tested, three weeks after the CVP injection for the effect of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) on the serum CORT concentration. In addition, behavioral sensitivity to AMPH was assessed by measuring locomotor activity of the animals in an open-field. Results: 1) The stressor property of CVP was confirmed. The injection resulted in up to tenfold increase in the serum CORT concentration. The magnitude and duration of this response were dose-related. 2) Three weeks after the CVP exposure, the CORT response to AMPH was significantly increased. 3) The behavioral response to the psychostimulant, i.e. augmented locomotion, was significantly reduced compared to the control. Conclusions: The results confirm that CVP exposure causes behavioral hyposensitivity to AMPH. This effect, however, could not be ascribed to a diminished CORT response.
Social determinants of behavioral disorders among young people Influencing factors on the increase in behavioral disorders in young people are taking place during unsuccessful attempts at self-reliance and life independence, which can be called the errors of youth. The article presents an introduction to various ways of preventing behavioral disorders among young people. The occurrence of behavioral disorders often has its source in experiencing violence, helplessness, loss, frustration, immaturity and addiction. The purpose of this article is to look at the cause of disorders of functioning among young people and their consequences. This work will illustrate irregularities in adolescence, environmental conditions, and the formation of educational attitudes.
Behind Poland is already more than 20 years of experience in a free market economy. New, previously little or completely unknown institutions have guided Poles’ financial decisions. In an increasingly consumerist model of society, how can Poles manage savings? What information guides rational choice? This article focuses on Polish women and the financial services available to them, and examines their current behavior.
Maternal active and passive smoking and low or moderate alcohol drinking during pregnancy, taking into account the level of exposure and developmental or behavioral outcomes, are recognized as a significant issue from both a clinical and a public health perspective. The article aims at evaluating the impact of prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke constituents and low or moderate alcohol drinking during pregnancy on children neurodevelopment by reviewing the most recently published literature. Relevant studies were identified by searching the Pubmed, Medline and Ebsco literature databases. This review is restricted to 29 human studies published in English in peer reviewed journals since 2006. The studies published recently continued to show some relationship between tobacco smoke exposure, from active and passive maternal smoking during pregnancy, and children’s psychomotor development independent of other variables, but this relationship is not straightforward. The association is mostly consistent for measures of academic achievements and behavioral problems which require further attention. The results of the studies on low or moderate exposure to alcohol are not fully conclusive, but some of them suggest that consumption of alcohol during pregnancy may adversely affect children’s intelligence quotient (IQ), mental health, memory and verbal or visual performance. As the reviewed studies indicate, maternal lifestyle during pregnancy like alcohol drinking or smoking may affect children neurodevelopment. All effort should be taken to eliminate such exposure to ensure appropriate children’s development.
The article presents the opinions of the 13th century preacher Gilbert of Tournai about the duties of girls, wives and widows. Gilbert seeing the great lack of women’s education addressed his sermons to them and indicated which behaviors were correct and which they should change or avoid. His sermons show how the women was seen, which was her position and role in the 13th century French society.
Since the 1970s, social psychology has investigated real human behavior to an increasingly smaller degree. The author of the article suggests that the phenomenon of cognitive revolution in psychology naturally boosted the interest of researchers in such phenomena like attitudes, values, social judgments and stereotypes; at the same time, it decreased interest in others important topics like aggression, social influence or altruism. In recent decades, we have also witnessed a growing conviction among social psychologists that explaining why people perform certain actions holds greater importance that demonstrating the conditions under which people really display particular reactions. The key question appears in this situation of whether social psychology remains of science of (real) behavior, and whether the current condiction of the discipline is desirable or rather pathological.
Individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), the fastest growing disability group, exhibit varying degrees of intellectual ability. Students with ASD are increasingly held accountable to academic standards comparable to their peers. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is widely considered best practice for supporting these students. Twenty-six single-case design (SCD) mathematics classroom teaching interventions, conducted with students diagnosed with ASD, were systematically located and reviewed in detail. Most interventions were conducted in special education mathematics classrooms involving low ability students. Interventions typically targeted simple mathematics skills, and a paucity of research addressing more complex mathematical skills was noted. Elsewhere in the literature, teachers who have students with ASD in their classrooms reported having received no autism training, and described subsequent stress and potential to burn-out as a result. A need for future research with high ability mathematics students is observed, and the relevance of a values paradigm approach is proposed.
Introduction and aim. Although increasing vaccination rates among healthcare workers (HCWs) is crucial for protecting their own health and preventing the spread of infections to patients, vaccination rates remain low. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of healthcare workers concerning seasonal influenza vaccination in a training and research hospital in Türkiye. Material and methods. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 364 healthcare workers working in a training and research hospital in Ankara, Türkiye. A face-to-face questionnaire was completed by selected participants that included questions about their sociodemographic characteristics, receiving seasonal influenza vaccination, reasons for not receiving vaccination, attitudes and behavior towards seasonal influenza vaccination recommendations for their surroundings, knowledge of who should get the vaccine, and their immunization history. Results. Among the participants, 58.5% stated that they had never received an influenza vaccination, 35.7% mentioned not receiving the regular influenza vaccination, and only 5.8% reported receiving the influenza vaccination regularly every year. Reasons for not getting vaccinated included not trusting the influenza vaccine’s protection (60.1%), not believing they are in the risk group (38.9%), and not finding a suitable time to get vaccinated (36.1%). A total of 57.1% of the healthcare workers recommended the influenza vaccine for their surroundings. Conclusion. Influenza vaccination rates among healthcare workers are quite low. To maximize influenza vaccine uptake, awareness programs are needed to correct the misconceptions health care workers have about the vaccine, and diverse strategies should be implemented to encourage them to get vaccinated, thereby promoting influenza vaccination.
Article entitled The Risk of Masculinization of Women in Science and Engineering focuses on the problem of women’s acceptance of male models and standards of behavior as a consequence of operating in the traditionally male work environment. It attempts to answer the question whether women working in the fieldsof engineering and science experience the need to get rid of or temporarily hide their essential femininity to efficientlyperform their work and meet the obligations arising from their chosen career.
The aim of the study was to explore relation between risk perception, risk reduction and likelihood to purchase meat in the moment of information about meat-safety hazard among University Students. The results of this study reveal that health and psychology motives, quality assurance and price have the strongest impact on decision of the purchase of meat in the response to meat-safety hazards.
PL
Celem badań było zbadanie relacji między percepcją ryzyka, redukcją ryzyka oraz prawdopodobieństwem nabycia mięsa w momencie informacji o zagrożeniu bezpieczeństwa mięsa wśród studentów. Stwierdzono, że zdrowie i motywy psychologiczne, gwarantowana jakość oraz cena mają najsilniejszy wpływ na decyzję zakupu mięsa w momencie informacji o zagrożeniu.
In this text we present part of two complex researches. First research was orientated to constructing of sexual biographies and identification of attitudive microdiscourses in area of sexuality (also moral) and their discursive sources. Second research was orientated to sexual lifestyles and their socio-cultural contexts of men and women in Slovakia and Czech Republic. In text we present only results which concern to masturbation behavior and we analyze them from the point of view implication to sexual morality in present time.
This article is a review of Frans de Waal's book Mama's Lust Hugs. Animal Emotions and what They Tell Us about Ourselves, which was released in Polnad in 2019. The book deals with the problem of animal emotionality. One of the conclusions reached by the author and which was emphasized in the review is the thesis that there is no such thing as unique human emotions that animals would not have. Emotions are universal; they are shared both by humans and animals. The review noted that although the book is interesting, it is not new in terms of content, because it deals with issues that de Waal wrote about many times in his earlier publications. On the other hand, thanks to the collection and inclusion in one book of the issues related to emotionality in animals, the publication can be a good starting point for reflection not only on animals (their emotionality and rights), but also on humans and their place in the world. It puts the reader in facing the question of human nature. For this reason, what has been tried to show in the review, Frans de Waal's book is a good example of how scientific issues lead to philosophical reflections.
A main goal of this essay is the analysis of the contemporary phase of evolution of European “organism” by using approaches from political science and neuroscience. The transdisciplinary perspective allows for better understanding of finer points of human behavior which can be lost only in political science analysis. My simple and obvious assumption is that politics is about people. Human beings create groups, communities, etc. If it is so, maybe we should start with looking more closely into mechanisms of the most important part of ourselves. The brain. It is responsible for all human behaviour. Another crucial point is the connection between humans and environment. The concept of co-evolution is fundamental and very useful when we want to show intertwining relations between interiority (brain, body) and externality (behaviour, social and political structures). Europe may be the very context for this analysis, but it is most of all our humanity.
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