Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 14

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  biofuels
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
Barriers to innovation implementation can be such factors that hinder, delay or entirely prevent the innovation process. The study of social uncertainty as a barrier to innovation implementation has been carried out on the basis of a case study of the biofuel sector in Poland. The goal of the article is to indicate that one of the development barriers of the Polish biofuel sector may be social uncertainty. Firstly, it describes chosen innovation barriers. Secondly, it explains uncertainty and defines social uncertainty. Thirdly, it briefly points to the situation of the biofuel sector in Poland, emphasising the problems of social acceptance. Finally, research findings are presented, showing that young adults in Poland declare a positive attitude towards biofuels but are less willing to actually purchase biofuels themselves.
EN
Agricultural land use in watersheds for food and biofuels production presents several challenges within the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus at the local and global scales. Firstly, high global energy prices may lead to increasing demand for bio-energy crops, thereby intensifying the competition for arable land and water with food crops. There may be potential net welfare benefits from bio-energy development in terms of poverty reduction, higher agricultural household incomes, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. However, so far, there has been little quantitative research evaluating and communicating the nexus synergies and trade-offs. Another challenge is that differentiation of gender roles in the nexus trade-offs and synergies is mostly overlooked. This results in marginalisation of mostly the female gender in land use decisions. Therefore, there is a need for quantitative evidence-based research and incentive frameworks for governing the nexus to ensure the continuity and progress in global and local food supply and bio-energy development, while maintaining the sustainability of the watershed ecological services.
EN
The paper presents most popular biofuels with their basic physicochemical properties in comparison with conventional fuels, the article also contains present normalizations of selected alternative fuels, the possibilities of supplying modern internal combustion engine with biofuels with requiring changes in their constructions were estimated on the basis of collected documentation.
|
2017
|
vol. 62
|
issue 1 (372)
40-60
EN
Importance of Biofuels and their Certification System – Energy and Climate Policy of the European Union An increase in the greenhouse effect, which results from the emission of the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases coming from fossil fuels combustion, adds to the global warming that can change the climate conditions and life on the Earth. That is why biofuels are considered an alternative to fossil fuels, being an example of renewable energy sources (RES). On the basis of the Renewable Energy Directive, which is part of the climate and energy package of the European Union, every Member State is obliged to ensure that the percentage of RES in all types of transportation in 2020 will be at least 10 percent. This level can be reached only through the use of biofuels produced in a sustainable manner. However, as transpires from the audit conducted by the European Court of Auditors, the EU system for the certification of sustainable biofuels is not fully reliable.
5
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Biodiesel, a ochrona środowiska

75%
EN
The development of the automotive industry in the world causes high environmental degradation, the main source of this degradation is engine emissions. It is necessary to introduce biofuels prepared from renewable energy sources to the market due to the limited reserve of crude oil and environmental protection. Appropriate new modifications in law regulations have been prepared in European Union. Introducing alternative fuels can reduce the emissions of harmful gases and also decrease the level of pollutions in the environment.
EN
One year ago there turned out the first scientific publications about obtain possibilities of 2,5 -dimethylfuran (DMF) straight from fructose, from raw materials like cellulose, starch or fruits. According to some sources, DMF could be use like oxygen fuel component, because of its properties. In th is article were discussed physical and chemical properties of DMF, and raw possibilities to DMF production as a second generation biofuel, there were also discussed possible technologies of DMF obtaining in “Wisconsin-Madison” technology. Besides there was performed an estimation of DMF application possibilities in present internal combustion engines.
7
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Dylematy polityki energetycznej

75%
EN
In the article the autor presented some problems concerning the prospects of supplying electric and heat energy from domestic sources. Special attention was drawn to the hopes for the explorationand extraction of shale gas deposits in Poland. The author also discussed the prospects of commercial exploitation of renewable sources of energy (water, wind, biomass) and the use of biofluids in motor fuels.
PL
Brak abstraktu w języku polskim
PL
W artykule skupiono się na tworzeniu sztucznych sieci neuronowych i ich wykorzystaniu do prognozowania wielkości produkcji biopaliw w Polsce na podstawie danych historycznych. Sztuczne sieci neuronowe są niezwykle przydatne w prognozowaniu zdarzeń, w których trudno doszukać się determinizmu i związków przyczynowo-skutkowych. W tym celu stworzono 30 sztucznych sieci neuronowych o różnej topologii. Analizowane sztuczne sieci neuronowe miały: jedną lub dwie warstwy, od 4 do 8 neuronów w warstwie pierwszej oraz 4 lub 6 neuronów w warstwie drugiej. Ponadto przeanalizowano wpływ opóźnionych wejść oraz wpływ wielkości zbioru uczącego na jakość predykcji. Jakość każdej ze struktur oceniono na podstawie współczynnika determinacji, błędu średniego oraz błędu średniokwadratowego. Stabilność prognozowania była oceniana na podstawie odchylenia standardowego próby RMSE oraz MAE. Wszystkie przedstawione struktury ANN były symulowane pięciokrotnie, a najlepsze pojedyncze wyniki zamieszczono w tabelach. Najlepsze wyniki uzyskano dla sztucznej sieci neuronowej z dwiema warstwami, czterema neuronami w każdej warstwie i jednym opóźnieniem. Druga warstwa zwiększyła stabilność predykcji.
EN
This article focuses on the creation of artificial neural networks (ANN) and their use in predicting the volume of biofuel production in Poland on the basis of historical data. Artificial neural networks are extremely useful in predicting events in which it is difficult to find determinism and cause-effect relationships. For this purpose 30 artificial neural networks of different topology were created. The analysed artificial neural networks had: one or two layers, from 4 to 8 neurons on the first layer and 4 or 6 neurons on the second layer. Moreover, the effect of delayed inputs and the effect of learning set size on prediction quality were analysed. The quality of each structure was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination, mean error, and mean square error. The stability of prediction was evaluated based on the sample standard deviation of RMSE and MAE. All the presented ANN structures were simulated five times and the best individual results included in the tables. The best results were obtained for an artificial neural network with two layers, four neurons in each layer and one delay. Overall, the second layer increased the stability of the prediction. Streszczenie: W artykule skupiono się na tworzeniu sztucznych sieci neuronowych i ich wykorzystaniu do prognozowania wielkości produkcji biopaliw w Polsce na podstawie danych historycznych. Sztuczne sieci neuronowe są niezwykle przydatne w prognozowaniu zdarzeń, w których trudno doszukać się determinizmu i związków przyczynowo-skutkowych. W tym celu stworzono 30 sztucznych sieci neuronowych o różnej topologii. Analizowane
EN
Biofuels for transport belong to a sector, which functions in a volatile global environment (macro). Until the end of 2010, European Union had promoted the production and development of vegetable based biofuels for transport as a way to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (nonobligatory Directive 2003/30/EC, with indicator of replacing 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels with biofuels in 2010, reached in about 80%). Currently, bio-components with high CO2 emission reduction and biofuels produced from inedible plants and raw material waste are being promoted. The Directive 2009/28/EC, which has been in force since 2011, has imposed mandatory obligation on all subjects, who participate in the cycle of biofuels and bioliquid production, to fulfill criteria of sustainable production, including CO2 emission reduction to at least the threshold level (e.g. at least 50% reduction by 2017). In the article, rating method for CO2 reduction in the international law setting have been presented – BIOGRACE 4 calculator and value of CO2 emission reduction in five plants, where biofuels are produced with use of three methods.
PL
Biopaliwa transportowe należą do sektora funkcjonującego w zmiennym otoczeniu globalnym (makro). Do końca 2010 roku Unia Europejska promowała produkcję i rozwój roślinnych biopaliw transportowych jako sposobu na ograniczenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych (nieobligatoryjna Dyrektywa 2003/30/EC, ze wskaźnikiem 5,75% udziału energetycznego biokomponentów w 2010 roku, osiągniętym w około 80%). Obecnie promuje się biokomponenty o wysokiej redukcji emisji CO2 i biopaliwa produkowane z roślin niejadalnych i surowców odpadowych. Kolejna Dyrektywa 2009/28/EC, obowiązująca od początku 2011 roku, nałożyła na wszystkie podmioty uczestniczące w cyklu produkcji biopaliw i biopłynów obligatoryjny obowiązek spełnienia kryteriów zrównoważonej produkcji, w tym redukcji emisji CO2 do wartości co najmniej progowych (np. min. 50% redukcji w 2017 roku). W artykule przedstawiono (na tle międzynarodowych uwarunkowań prawnych) metodę oceny redukcji CO2 – kalkulator BIOGRACE 4 i wartość redukcji emisji CO2 w pięciu zakładach produkujących biopaliwa trzema metodami.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Biopaliwa drugiej generacji

63%
EN
In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focus on UE and U.S demands for fuels is given. Main feedstocks and technologies of biofuel production, also second generation biofuels, are describe, there is also presented current situation in fuels stadarization.
Management
|
2015
|
vol. 19
|
issue 2
152-167
EN
The main objective of this article is to present the determinants of increase in agricultural commodity prices after 2006. The other specific aim is to show the factors affecting agricultural raw materials and food prices in the global context. This article is a review paper of the determinants of recent commodity and food prices spikes. However, it provides an outlook on these determinants that were the most important for the increases in the last decade. The last part of the article (conclusions) to some extent is a synthesis of considerations and includes the authors’ opinions concerning determinants and an attempt to identify which ones were the most important in the growth of agricultural commodity prices. These increases in agricultural commodity prices resulted from many factors and it is very difficult to separate the individual impact of each of them, because they occurred in parallel. However, it is possible to indicate several main reasons for these price increases, which are: adverse changes in supply-demand relations in agricultural markets, increases in oil prices (and increases of the volatility of those prices), development of biofuel production from agricultural commodities (the first generation biofuels), dollar depreciation, an increase in operations of a speculative nature on commodity markets and improper economic policy that created an environment for the growth of prices of agricultural products.
12
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

State aid for biofuels in Poland

63%
EN
State aid is one of the instruments through which a state can interfere in the economy. Therefore, state aid is a particular instrument of implementing policy. One of the objectives of environmental policy of the European Union is to hold up a climate change. This can be achieved, among others, by an increase in the production of biofuels and an increase in their share in the use of fuel. Therefore, state aid to support the production of biofuels is an instrument through which has come to increase the production of this type of fuel. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of state aid for an increase in the production and use of biofuels in Poland. Indicated the legal basis for granting state aid in the area of biofuels. After were analysed the aid programmes which were implemented in Poland. The article introduces what effect was achieved by the implementation of these programmes.
PL
Pomoc publiczna jest jednym z instrumentów, za pomocą którego państwo może ingerować w gospodarkę. Pomoc publiczna jest więc instrumentem realizacji określonej polityki. Jednym z celów polityki ochrony środowiska Unii Europejskiej jest powstrzymanie zmian klimatycznych. Osiągnięte to może zostać między innymi poprzez zwiększenie produkcji biopaliw a także zwiększenie ich udziału w wykorzystaniu paliw. Pomoc publiczna udzielana na wsparcie produkcji biopaliw jest więc instrumentem dzięki któremu ma dojść do zwiększenia produkcji tego rodzaju paliwa. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie znaczenia pomocy publicznej dla zwiększenia produkcji i wykorzystania biopaliw w Polsce. Wskazano, jakie są podstawy prawne udzielania pomocy publicznej w obszarze biopaliw. Poddano analizie programy pomocowe realizowane w Polsce. Pokazano, jaki efekt osiągnięto dzięki ich realizacji.
13
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Wzrost zielonego protekcjonizmu

51%
PL
W artykule analizowany jest związek między silnie dotowanym rynkiem czystej energii a obserwowanym gwałtownym wzrostem postępowań antydumpingowych i antysubsydyjnych w tej dziedzinie oraz związa-nych z tym działań odwetowych i wojen handlowych. Źródłem tych napięć może być zmniejszanie po 2008 r. wsparcia dla produkcji i konsumpcji energii ze źródeł odnawialnych przez głównych jej producen-tów. Analiza jest ograniczona do dwóch rodzajów odnawialnych źródeł energii – biopaliw i energii słonecz-nej, w których rządowe wsparcie jest szczególnie intensywne, oraz do trzech głównych użytkowników środ-ków ochrony handlu w tej dziedzinie, a mianowicie triady – Unii Europejskiej, USA i Chin. W artykule przeanalizowano przykłady zakłóceń spowodowanych polityką protekcjonizmu triady w handlu biopaliwami i panelami słonecznymi, takich jak praktyka splash and dash, handel okrężny, odchylenia handlu (trade de-flection) i przenoszenie inwestycji (anti-dumping tariff jumping). Szczególną uwagę poświęcono Chinom, ze względu na ich pozycję lidera w inwestycjach w czystą energię oraz zmianę w grudniu 2016 r. statusu z „gospodarki nierynkowej” do gospodarki rynkowej, która będzie miała kluczowe znaczenie dla obliczania ceł antydumpingowych.
EN
The paper analysis connections between the contentious issue of clean energy subsidies and a recent surge in trade remedies on environmental goods resulting in retaliatory behaviour and trade wars among targeted countries. The problem is acute given the withdrawal of national support schemes for certain types of envi-ronmental products since the year 2008. The analysis is limited to two kinds of renewable energy sources – biofuels and solar energy, where government support has been especially intensive, and to three big users of trade remedies in this field, namely the European Union, the United States, and China. The paper discusses several distortions caused by the protectionist policy of the triad in trade of analysed goods such as the “splash and dash” practice, circle trade, trade deflection, and “anti-dumping tariff jumping”. A special atten-tion is paid to China - its leading position in clean energy investment and the change of its status from the “non-market economy” to the market economy, forthcoming in December 2016, which will have a crucial impact on calculations of anti-dumping duties.
14
51%
EN
Transportation biofuels have been promoted by supportive policies and initially get public acceptance. However, over time many negative consequences raised controversies over conventional biofuels produced from food and feed crops. Advanced biofuels from feedstock not competing with food production are expected to have an important role in the new bioeconomy sector based on a sustainable biomass production and conversion into a wide spectrum of added value products. Biofuels should be mainly produced from wastes and residues. Biorefineries producing biofuels and bioproducts have a critical role in the industrial production of sustainable bioeconomy.
PL
Biopaliwa transportowe uzyskały wsparcie polityczne i początkowo miały pozytywny odbiór społeczny. Z czasem negatywne skutki uboczne stały się źródłem kwestionowania roli biopaliw w zrównoważonym rozwoju gospodarczym. Biopaliwa zaawansowane wytworzone z zasobów biomasy, które nie powodują konkurencji z produkcją żywności i pasz, mają istotną rolę w biogospodarce. Powinny być wytwarzane głównie w oparciu o odpady i pozostałości. Biorafinerie jako miejsce wytwarzania bioproduktów i biopaliw będą odgrywały kluczową rolę w produkcji przemysłowej w zrównoważonej biogospodarce.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.