Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 5

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  caution
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
PL
The subject is the 2013 draft law, that was to amend the Polish Penal Code of 1997, but was finally abandoned. It concerned implementation of the „objective attribution of an effect” concept, an equivalent of German „objektive Zurechnung”. Numerous types of crimes (so-called „przestępstwa materialne”) are causally defined and their definitions fit only the cases where the cause-effect relationship (sc. between human behaviour and the effect specifically prescribed by law) is present. For the complete fulfilment of crime existence of the cause-effect relationship is a necessary condition, but from the point of view of equity it can be regarded an insufficient condition. Therefore the „objective attribution” idea proposes some additional limitations to criminal responsibility for an effect of a human behaviour. The paper discusses five criteria (limiting conditions) proposed so far: (1) the behaviour must cause harm to some „legal value” through breaking a legal norm that’s purpose was protecting just the same value (norm purpose identity condition); (2) the harm must result from the same causal mechanism, for which the legal norm was intended (mechanism identity condition); (3) the behaviour must bring on a substantial increase of risk of such harm (increase of risk condition); (4) the harm would not happen if the behaviour did not break the norm (negative test condition); (5) the harm was predictable for a hypothetical „reliable person” being in identical conditions („objective predictability” condition). These conditions are logically independent, i.e. neither none is implied by any other nor none is excluded by any other. They can all potentially be „building blocks” for the legal future construction. Of the further three proposed conditions one is only subsidiary („substantial breach of the norm”), one is redundant and unnecessary („adequacy of causal course”) and one is practically undesired („socially accepted increase of risk”). Polish Common Courts and the Supreme Court have appealed to the „objective attribution” concept in criminal cases for over 15 years, though infrequently. Such a practice has only partial and unclear legal basis (now it is Article 9 § 2 of the Penal Code). The would-be amendment to the Penal Code would not remove the previous doubts. What is more important, the proposed amendment was premature, as the set of conditions listed above allows to design many different versions of the „objective attribution”, and so far there is not a common acceptance for a particular one.
EN
Polish and US diplomatic relations have a rich card. The purpose of the article is to present several important aspects of relations between cuntries in the aspect of international relations. Polish and US diplomatic relations have a rich card. The purpose of the article is to present several important aspects of relations between states in the aspect of international relations. Particular attention will be paid to periods of recovery by Poland unsubstituted, where 100 years seems to be a political phenomenon and not historical. The whole will be analyzed through the prism of "strategic caution" – one of the features of international politics.
EN
The text concerns the obligation to instruct the parties to a criminal trial about their rights related to their participation in mediation. This obligation has its statutory source and is incumbent on procedural authorities such as the prosecutor and the court. Statutory provisions indicate not only the addressees of this instruction, but also the material scope of such instruction. The text notes that the ministerial model instructions to the victim and to the suspect were drawn up on the basis of Article 300 § 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, exceeding the limits of the statutory delegation. The text points out the imprecise content of the instructions under Article 23a(1) and (4) of the Code. Indeed, this provision refers to "the objectives and principles of mediation proceedings", although none of these elements has been specified in the law.   
PL
W tekście poruszono kwestie dotyczące realizacji obowiązku pouczania stron procesu karnego o przysługujących im uprawnieniach związanych z ich udziałem w mediacji. Wskazano na źródła normatywne tego obowiązku, zakres tego obowiązku oraz organy odpowiedzialne za jego realizację. Podniesiono wątpliwości odnośnie do treści wzoru pouczenia pokrzywdzonego i podejrzanego opracowanego przez Ministra Sprawiedliwości na podstawie artykułu 300 § 4 kodeksu postępowania karnego oraz niedookreśloności treści pouczenia dokonywanego na podstawie artykułu 23a § 1 i § 4 tego kodeksu w zakresie, w jakim dotyczy ono „celów i zasad postępowania mediacyjnego”.  
EN
The subject is the 2013 draft law, that was to amend the Polish Penal Code of 1997, but was finally abandoned. It concerned implementation of the „objective attribution of an effect” concept, an equivalent of German „objektive Zurechnung”. Numerous types of crimes (so-called „przestępstwa materialne”) are causally defined and their definitions fit only the cases where the cause-effect relationship (sc. between human behaviour and the effect specifically prescribed by law) is present. For the complete fulfilment of crime existence of the cause-effect relationship is a necessary condition, but from the point of view of equity it can be regarded an insufficient condition. Therefore the „objective attribution” idea proposes some additional limitations to criminal responsibility for an effect of a human behaviour. The paper discusses five criteria (limiting conditions) proposed so far: (1) the behaviour must cause harm to some „legal value” through breaking a legal norm that’s purpose was protecting just the same value (norm purpose identity condition); (2) the harm must result from the same causal mechanism, for which the legal norm was intended (mechanism identity condition); (3) the behaviour must bring on a substantial increase of risk of such harm (increase of risk condition); (4) the harm would not happen if the behaviour did not break the norm (negative test condition); (5) the harm was predictable for a hypothetical „reliable person” being in identical conditions („objective predictability” condition). These conditions are logically independent, i.e. neither none is implied by any other nor none is excluded by any other. They can all potentially be „building blocks” for the legal future construction. Of the further three proposed conditions one is only subsidiary („substantial breach of the norm”), one is redundant and unnecessary („adequacy of causal course”) and one is practically undesired („socially accepted increase of risk”). Polish Common Courts and the Supreme Court have appealed to the „objective attribution” concept in criminal cases for over 15 years, though infrequently. Such a practice has only partial and unclear legal basis (now it is Article 9 § 2 of the Penal Code). The would-be amendment to the Penal Code would not remove the previous doubts. What is more important, the proposed amendment was premature, as the set of conditions listed above allows to design many different versions of the „objective attribution”, and so far there is not a common acceptance for a particular one.
EN
Due to the rare reception of the literary output of Wincenty Kadłubek, a medieval thinker and chronicler, the author of this article examines those literary achievements of Kadłubek’s that relate to axiology and arethology. Such categories as “prudence”, “sense” and “caution”, apart from their ethical provenance, are also closely connected to pedagogics and some of its sub-disciplines. The significant meaning of these categories manifests itself in the spheres of theoretical and practical pedagogics. Therefore, beside containing a sketch of the specific features of the epoch, in which this outstanding Polish intellectual lived and created, and alongside a concise study of the chronicle and the biographical facts, this article also addresses several research problems: how does Wincenty Kadłubek perceive prudence, sense and caution? How does he understand the “origin”/genesis of the human prudence, sense and caution? What significance does the chronicler assign to personification of prudence, sense and caution? What conditions does he consider to be necessary in order to achieve prudence? What factors, in his opinion, hinder these values, and what are their antonyms? How does he propose to overcome all that thwarts prudence, sense and caution, and what advice does he have for educational shaping of these values? The author undertakes a hermeneutic interpretation of the lesser known output of Wincenty Kadłubek in the belief that it belongs to the Polish cultural capital and treasury of tradition, and that it continues to offer much not only to Polish researchers but also to individual recipients.
PL
Ze względu na rzadką recepcję twórczości średniowiecznego myśliciela – Wincentego Kadłubka – autorka artykułu poddała badaniu część osiągnięć dziejopisarskich kronikarza należącą do dorobku aksjologii i aretologii. Kategorie „roztropność”, „rozsądek” i „rozwaga” mają bowiem, oprócz proweniencji etycznej, również wyraźne usytuowanie w dyscyplinie pedagogika i niektórych jej subdyscyplinach. Istotne znaczenie tych kategorii ujawnia się w obszarze pedagogiki teoretycznej i praktycznej. Zatem oprócz przypomnienia specyficznych cech epoki, w jakiej żył oraz tworzył ten wyjątkowy w dziejach narodu polskiego intelektualista, a także zaprezentowania zwięźle zarówno kroniki, jak i faktów biograficznych, niniejszy artykuł stanowi propozycję udzielenia odpowiedzi na kilka pytań: jak Wincenty Kadłubek postrzega roztropność, rozsądek i rozwagę? Jak ujmuje „rodowód”/genezę ludzkiej roztropności, rozsądku i rozwagi? Jakie znaczenie przypisuje kronikarz uosabianiu roztropności, rozsądku i rozwagi? Jakie warunki osiągnięcia roztropności podaje? Jakie czynniki stanowią, w jego przekonaniu, ich przeciwieństwa i przeszkody? Jakie przekazuje wskazówki odnośnie do przezwyciężania tych przeszkód, a także do wychowawczego kształtowania roztropności, rozsądku i rozwagi? Autorka podjęła się hermeneutycznej interpretacji mniej znanej części dorobku Kadłubka w przekonaniu, że analizowane dziedzictwo stanowi kapitał kulturowy narodu, skarbnicę rodzimej tradycji, wciąż mającą wiele do zaoferowania każdemu odbiorcy.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.