This paper deals with the representation of national and ethnic identity categories in media texts during the Population and Housing Census 2011. Census is understood here as means of constructing collective identities not as clearly pre-defined categories but as socially and media shaped parts of an individual identity. The aim of this study is thus to analyze media representations of Population and Housing Census 2011 as an event that highlights the negotiation of collective identities and the processes of the so called “identitary mobilization”. Quantitative analysis of selected articles from national newspapers enriched by findings of qualitative analysis of comments and videos from the new media shows, among others, that the Census is often represented through a kind of media discourse called national in this paper and that the processes of identitary mobilization acquire specific forms during the Census, although probably not limited to its actual period.
Between the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s the nationality question was opened up again in socialist Yugoslavia. One of the issues discussed among the political elite of that period was how to approach to ethnic Yugoslavism. For the most part, the Yugoslav communist elite approached ethnic Yugoslavism, an identity that some of the country’s social groups spontaneously professed, for the most part negatively. They evaluated it as an attempt at revivifying the interwar Yugoslav unitarism or as a ruse behind which was hidden Great Serbian chauvinism. The communist leadership was at most willing to tolerate Yugoslavism as an ideological construct that expressed citizens’ positive attitude towards the functioning of their shared Yugoslav state.
The Parish in Konopnica was created in the first half of the 15th century. Before the partitions of Poland it belonged to the Cracow diocese, and in 1805 it became part of theLublin diocese, which had just been set up. The presented census of the congregation of 1760 is a list of the people authorised to the Easter confession. The statistical data aresituated in the oldest existing death register, which takes up six pages. In total, there are 1393 people mentioned. The form is homogeneous. Each item is numbered, which isfollowed by the first name and surname of the head of the family, other members of the family, and finally the number of all the members of the household. What is missing isthe age of the people and the numbers of the houses.
The purpose of the paper is to present the process of organization and the results of the census carried out in December 1919 in the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic by the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands. The main tasks of the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands included the assessment of the size of war losses as well as building the foundations for the Polish administration system in those territories of historical Lithuania that had become a part of the reborn Polish state. Hence the census in 1919. Its results have been of great importance for both the history of statistics and the history of Poland. In the main part, they were incorporated into the first general census of the Polish population carried out by Statistics Poland (GUS) in September 1921. Additionally, those data made it possible to develop a temporary administrative division of the territories incorporated into the Second Polish Republic in 1921, after signing a peace treaty with Russia. They were also used while forming a development plan for the eastern territories of the reborn Poland.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie organizacji oraz wyników spisu ludności przeprowadzonego w grudniu 1919 r. na ziemiach wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (RP), administrowanych przez Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich (ZCZW). Głównym zadaniem ZCZW było sporządzenie bilansu strat wojennych i zbudowanie zrębów polskiej administracji na terenach Litwy historycznej, które weszły w skład odrodzonego państwa polskiego. Temu właśnie służył spis ludności w 1919 r. Jego wyniki miały duże znaczenie zarówno w historii statystyki, jak i historii Polski. Zostały w znacznej części włączone do pierwszego powszechnego spisu ludności RP przeprowadzonego przez Główny Urząd Statystyczny we wrześniu 1921 r. Umożliwiły opracowanie tymczasowego podziału administracyjnego ziem wcielonych do RP w 1921 r. po podpisaniu pokoju z Rosją. Korzystano z nich także przy tworzeniu planu rozwoju ziem wschodnich w odrodzonej Polsce.
The political activities of the Czech Progressive Constitutional Party, largely differing from the major part of the Czech political arena, in the last months before the outbreak of World War I are explained. A description of the Party’s general profile, which continued the tradition of Czech progressionist movement of the 1890s and constituted a specific platform of modern Czech nationalism, is followed by the Party’s foreign political ideas expecting a global Paneuropean military conflict in the near future and relying on it as a way to solve the Czech question, i.e., to restore an independent Czech state based on the Czech historical constitutional right. The author follows and assesses the foreign political activities of the Czech Progressive Constitutional Party in spring 1914 and shows that it was the only party in the Czech political arena that was systematically preparing to the outbreak of a European war and linking the international solution to the Czech question to the Entente Powers, and thus anticipated the ways of anti-Austrian resistance movement during the war.
This article deals with population censuses as a source of information on development of population from the 19th until the 21st century. It discusses the methodology and classification of census based labour and mobility statistics, and focuses on reflection of their ability to maintain the original methodology, or vice versa to flexibly capture changes of dynamically changing society and its identity from the 19th century onwards.
W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytania, na ile metody przeprowadzenia spisów powszechnych, sformułowania tzw. pytań etnicznych oraz bieżące uwarunkowania polityczne i społeczne mogą kształtować ich wyniki w odniesieniu do struktury narodowościowej. Omówiono spisy ludności przeprowadzone w Polsce w ciągu ostatnich 90 lat, zwracając szczególną uwagę na czynniki, które mogły spowodować wypaczenie ich rezultatów. Skupiono się nie tyle na kolejnym przedstawieniu – powszechnie znanych – wyników w ujęciu ilościowym i przestrzennym, ale na „mechanizmie” przeprowadzenia spisu w kontekście ówczesnych realiów politycznych i społecznych.
EN
This article attempts to answer question on how much the methods of conducting censuses, the formulation of the so-called ”ethnic question” and current political and social conditions can shape their results. The census carried out in Poland over the last 90 years were discussed, paying particular attention to factors that could cause distortion of their results. Censuses in 1921 and 1946 were carried out immediately after the end of armed conflict – in a very dynamic socio-political situation during the post-war migration, not on the entire territory of the country, before the final demarcation of borders, in conditions of very strong nationalist atmosphere and marked reluctance of Polish majority to at least part of national minorities. From the point of view of the state administration the rapid pace of their conduction had justified reasons of political and demographic character, however it did not worked in the case of a reliable determination of the national structure, due to underestimating of the size of national minorities. The census in 1931 was carried out in the realities of a multinational state, strongly conflicted ethnically. On its results influenced both, the change in the method of determining the national structure, direct manipulation and forgery of authorities seeking to underestimation of the number of non-Polish population, as well as the emerging national identity of some residents, especially of eastern regions of the Poland. In 2002, after several years of recess in the studies on ethnic statistics, in the realities of practically mono-ethnic state, the clearly method of question of nationality and direct method of obtaining statistical data were adopted. However the social conditions, and particularly the negative experience of part of the minority against declaring non-Polish nationality, has contributed to an underestimation of its results, what combined with excessive estimates of the then Polish ethnic structure, caused numerous complaints concerning the accuracy of the census. In turn, in 2011, the census was carried out by a very diverse and completely different from all previous ones method. The introduced changes were mainly influenced by the suggestions and requests of national organizations, under what is known as ”political correctness” in the country in which minorities did not play a significant role in demographic or political aspect. The formulation of a questions about nationality, and especially the computation or rather estimation of the ethnic structure – for the first time – clearly overrated, not underrated its results and reduced their credibility. In terms of questions about nationality, none of these censuses were fully reliable, and for quantifying the Polish ethnic structure, the greater importance had rather different statistical methods applied during censuses, and the current state policy against non-Polish population, rather than the subjective feeling of national identity of individual citizens.
According to the National Census of Population and Housing 2011, Silesians are the second largest nationality in Poland. Nevertheless, Silesian nationality is not recognised under Polish law. In this paper, the main aspects of the identity of the Silesian people are discussed. Research was carried out using questionnaire-based interviews in ten municipalities in the Silesian Voivodeship, characterised by the greatest share of Silesians. The ethnic identity of Silesians is complex - more than half of the respondents declared dual nationality. Most of the respondents demand the recognition of the Silesian ethnolect as a regional language, and consequently, its inclusion as a school subject in Upper Silesia. The postulate of establishing autonomy is popular, with a model of the Silesian Voivodeship from the period of interwar Poland.
The present-day national structure of Slovakia is, among others, the result of a long-term population and residential development, to a high degree conditioned by migrations, but also by political interventions from above that also influences the formation of linguistic frontiers and regions. The study aims to present a general overview of the ways how ethnicity (ethnic identity) was perceived from the point of view of statistics (official state censuses) to characterize the basic sources for the study of ethnicities in Slovakia and thus to sketch the ethnic composition of Slovakia at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century according to the atributes valid and observed in the studied period.
The office of censor was one of the institutions guaranteeing the stability of the socio-political system of Republican Rome. The censors supervised public morality and promoted population growth. In this connection they encouraged citizens to contract marriage and raise children. Their chief instruments of pressure were the orations they made during the contiones. But sometimes they resorted to more stringent measures, such as administering a censorial note or granting rewards to men who fathered many offspring.
The ethnic (nationalist) classification and institutional position of nationalities in Cisleithania strongly reflected also the state’s interest. The state authorities had to take into consideration, in particular, the trends of social and politicaldevelopment, such as the rising significance of national identity and theinterconnection of national and civil rights. It should be noted here that in Cisleithania most of the populations of different nationality enjoyed favorable conditions to develop their national life. The main motive of the Taaffe Government’s decision to include the questionable category of communication language instead of the mother tongue or family language in the 1880 census consisted in the legal possibility of assimilation, i.e., preventing a nationality closure and, last but not least, protecting the integrity of the state. The whole period of 1880-1914 demonstrated the significance of independent judicial power. The Administrative Court and the Imperial Court of Cisleithania played an important role in establishing the nationalist principle in public life where the nationalist and the civil principles intertwined.
The present study was performed on the basis of the census of the inhabitants of Przemyśl from mid-1918, prepared based on questionnaire forms which were not typical for thus type of source. These materials are currently stored in the State Archive in Rzeszów (department in Sanok) and, partially in the archives of the State Archive in Przemyśl. In both cases they were only fragmentarily preserved. The main part of the present study presents a demographic analysis showing how the national and denomination structure of the city dwellers from that time was shaped. Special attention was put on the migration movement directed towards Przemyśl in the years 1880–1918 and its rate. The article focuses also on the location of migrants in the city, especially in its center and in the suburbs (Zasanie on its right, northern side and the Lviv suburbs on its right, eastern side).
PL
Niniejsze badania przeprowadzono na bazie spisu mieszkańców Przemyśla z poł. 1918 r., sporządzonego na podstawie nietypowych dla tego rodzaju źródła formularzy ankiet. Materiały te znajdują się obecnie w zasobie Archiwum Państwowego w Rzeszowie (oddział w Sanoku) oraz w mniejszej części w zbiorach Archiwum Państwowego w Przemyślu. W obu wypadkach zachowały się fragmentarycznie. Częścią zasadniczą tekstu jest studium demografczno-historyczne ukazujące kształtowanie się struktury narodowej i wyznaniowej mieszkańców miasta tego okresu. Szczególną uwagę zwraca ruch wędrówkowy skierowany w stronę Przemyśla w latach 1880–1918 oraz jego tempo. W artykule zajęto się również rozmieszczeniem migrantów w mieście, zwłaszcza w jego centrum oraz na przedmieściach (Zasania po jego lewej, północnej stronie, i przedmieścia Lwowskiego po prawej, wschodniej części).
Censuses of population and housing in the United States are of particular interest to experts in many disciplines – in addition to statisticians, also to demographers, political scientists, sociologists, historians, and even psychologists and anthropologists. This is so not only because of the long history of US censuses (the first census in the US was carried out in 1790) or methodological innovations, but due to immigration responsible for the dynamic population growth, and to the specific purpose of the census, which is ensuring the proportional (according to the numer of inhabitants) distribution of seats in the lower chamber of Congress and federal funds (apportionment), guaranteed by the US Constitution. The heterogeneity of the American society, both in the racial-ethnic and religious-cultural sense, in addition to the above considerations, raise questions about the purposes of those changes and directions for improvement in subsequent censuses. The aim of the article is to present the problems and challenges related to censuses in the USA. The paper focuses on methodological and operational solutions that can be implemented thanks to several improvements, including the progress in the fields of statistics and technology. The paper also discusses the issues of credibility of the census data, based on the example of immigration from Poland and the Polish diaspora in the USA.
PL
Spisy powszechne ludności i mieszkań w Stanach Zjednoczonych (USA) stanowią obiekt zainteresowania ekspertów wielu dyscyplin – poza statystykami również demografów, politologów, socjologów, historyków, a nawet psychologów i antropologów. Jest tak nie tylko z racji długiej tradycji prowadzenia tych badań (pierwszy spis odbył się w 1790 r.) czy innowacji metodologicznych. Na wyjątkowość spisów przeprowadzanych w USA składają się także skala imigracji odpowiedzialnej za dynamiczny wzrost liczebności populacji oraz specyficzny cel spisu, jakim jest konstytucyjny warunek zapewnienia rozdziału liczby miejsc w izbie niższej Kongresu oraz dystrybucja środków federalnych proporcjonalnie do liczby mieszkańców (apportionment). Te uwarunkowania, wraz z uwzględnieniem heterogeniczności społeczeństwa amerykańskiego zarówno w sensie rasowo-etnicznym, jak i religijno-kulturowym, nasuwają pytania o źródła zmian i kierunki usprawnień w kolejnych spisach. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problemów i wyzwań związanych ze spisami powszechnymi w USA. Skoncentrowano się na rozstrzygnięciach o charakterze metodologiczno-operacyjnym, możliwych do wprowadzenia m.in. dzięki rozwojowi statystyki i technologii. Omówiono także zagadnienie wiarygodności danych spisowych na przykładzie imigracji z Polski oraz Polonii amerykańskiej.
The article combines grammar data with historical facts in the matter of Roman censuses. Presence of the define article before the adjective ἀπογραφή suggests a new perspective. Data from Roman Egypt show an acceptable basis, known through grammar, and allow more precise meaning of ἡγεμονεύοντος from Lk 2.2. The census from the time of Jesusʼ birth can therefore be understood as earlier than that of Quirinius. GDPR mentioned here concerns data protection, but also suggests that by combining data from both censuses in two regions of the Roman Empire, should indicate a reliable chronological order.
PL
Artykuł łączy poszukiwania gramatyczne z faktami historycznymi w materii rzymskich spisów ludności. Rodzajnik przed przymiotnikiem ἀπογραφή sugeruje nową perspektywę. Pochodzące z rzymskiego Egiptu dane ukazują możliwą do przyjęcia podstawę, znaną dzięki gramatyce i pozwalają bardziej sprecyzować znaczenie ἡγεμονεύοντος z Łk 2,2. Spis z czasów narodzenia Jezusa może więc być rozumiany jako wcześniejszy od spisu Kwiryniusza. Wzmianka RODO dotyczy ochrony danych, ale i sugeruje, by łącząc dane z i o obu spisach w dwóch rejonach Imperium Rzymskiego wskazać wiarygodny ich porządek chronologiczny.
W artykule omówiono liczebność i rozmieszczenie skupisk mniejszości polskiej w Republice Łotewskiej w świetle wyników spisu powszechnego z 2011 roku. W opracowaniu ukazano także działalność głównych organizacji społecznych oraz szkół mniejszości polskiej na Łotwie. W badaniach wykorzystano socjologiczną metodę wywiadów pogłębionych z liderami organizacji polskich2 . Celem wywiadów było poznanie opinii najaktywniejszej, a jednocześnie najbardziej kompetentnej grupy działaczy.
EN
Many political changes during the last centuries caused that East Europe is inhabited by many minorities. Early 90s brought many geopolitical changes in Europe, especially as a result of the collapse of Soviet Union independence were achieved Baltic Republics. These little countries with a small population have very high ethnic diversity. Nowadays the national minorities are quite important part of different societies but they have also different functional possibilities. In different countries they have different legal status which influence on their situations. In the article, the author presents number and distribution of main centers of the Polish minority in the Republic of Latvia in the light of the results of 2011census. The study also shows the main activities of social organizations and the Polish minority schools in Latvia. In the research used the sociological method of in-depth interviews with the leaders of Polish organizations, which main aim was to find out the opinion of the most active and the most competent group of activists.
Przygotowany artykuł jest uzupełnieniem rozważań Czesława Łuczaka i Jerzego Topolskiego nad rzemiosłem wielkopolskim w okresie zaborów oraz uogólnieniem badań Henryka Grossmana i Mieczysława Kędelskiego nad strukturą społeczno-gospodarczą Księstwa Warszawskiego. W artykule zaprezentowano sposób zastosowania wybranych metod ilościowych w badaniach historycznych nad rzemiosłem departamentu poznańskiego na początku XIX wieku. Głównym źródłem danych ilościowych, stanowiących podstawę prezentowanych analiz, były wyniki jednego ze spisów ludności, jakie zostały przeprowadzone w okresie Księstwa Warszawskiego. Opanowanie znaczącej liczby danych wymagało w pierwszym kroku agregacji zmiennych. Dopiero na jej podstawie przeprowadzono regionalizację departamentu poznańskiego ze względu na strukturę rzemiosła. Badania potwierdziły kluczowe znaczenie przemysłu włókienniczego w gospodarce Wielkopolski w okresie przedindustrialnym. Zastosowanie metod ilościowych dowiodło jednak, że rozwojowi branży sukienniczej i płóciennictwu towarzyszył rozwój gospodarczy całego powiatu. Co więcej, przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, że powiaty otaczające główny ośrodek gospodarczy regionu skupione były na zaspokojeniu potrzeb podstawowych ludności. Większa odległość, wspomagana decyzjami politycznymi, warunkami naturalnymi i usytuowaniem przygranicznym, determinowała większą specjalizację poszczególnych terenów. Porównanie wyników dwóch podejść do agregacji zmiennych pozwoliło pośrednio na sformułowanie konkluzji o charakterze metodologicznym. Zastosowanie metod wielowymiarowych, w tym tych dotyczących grupowania, można traktować jako narzędzie wspomagające pracę współczesnego historyka gospodarczego. Niezbędne jest jednak świadome dostosowanie kolejnych etapów badania do specyfiki danych historycznych. Relatywnie ważniejszym niż w innych dziedzinach jest etap weryfikacji statystycznej i dyskusji merytorycznej uzyskanych wyników.
EN
The article complements the reflections of Czesław Łuczak and Jerzy Topolski on the Greater Poland crafts during the Partitions and generalizes the research of Henryk Grossman and Mieczysław Kędelski on the socio-economic structure of the Duchy of Warsaw. The article presents the method of applying selected quantitative methods in historical research on Poznań crafts at the beginning of the 19th century. The results of one of the censuses that were carried out in the period of the Duchy of Warsaw were the main source of quantitative data, constituting the basis for the presented analyses. Mastering a significant number of data required the aggregation of variables in the first step. Only on its basis, the regionalization of the Poznań department took place due to the structure of craftsmanship. The research confirmed the key importance of the textile industry in Greater Poland’s economy in the pre-industrial period. However, the use of quantitative methods led to more far-reaching conclusions that the development of the textile industry and the canvas industry was accompanied by the economic development of the whole county. Moreover, the research carried out showed that the counties surrounding the main economic center of the region were focused on satisfying the basic needs of the population. The longer distance, supported by political decisions, natural conditions and border location determined the greater specialization of individual areas. The comparison of results from the two approaches to the aggregation of variables indirectly allowed the formulation of methodological conclusions. The use of multidimensional methods, including those concerning grouping, can be treated as a tool supporting the work of contemporary economic historians. However, it is necessary to consciously adjust the successive stages of the research to the specificity of the historical data. Relatively more important than in other fields is the stage of statistical verification and substantive discussion of the results.
W artykule omówiono liczebność i rozmieszczenie skupisk mniejszości polskiej w Republice Litewskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polaków w Solecznikach, w świetle wyników spisu powszechnego z 2011 roku. W opracowaniu ukazano również działalność głównych organizacji politycznych i społecznych oraz szkół mniejszości polskiej w rejonie solecznickim. W badaniach wykorzystano socjologiczną metodę wywiadów pogłębionych z liderami organizacji polskich.
EN
Poles are the largest national minority in Lithuania. In contemporary Šalčininkai municipality Polish national minority has a very strong position. According to 2011 data census, more than 77% of population inhabited Šalčininkai municipality that are Poles. The main aim of the paper is to show how national minority can affect on the situation in the municipality. Poles, who are very active in this region, have got many Polish organizations which support development of Polish culture and traditions. Moreover, in 2013 in the district worked 19 schools organizing education for children and youth who belong to the Polish national minority. Also Polish political party – Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania (AWPL) is very active in Šalčininkai municipality. The party permanently governs in the municipality since many years. It is worth mentioning that Poles are the most conflicted national minority in Lithuania. Many problems of Polish minority in Lithuania are exaggerated by the media or Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania and used for political propaganda, but some problems exist objectively. All generals problems affect on the situation of Poles in Šalčininkai municipality.
Unter verschiedenen von Ignacy Jakub Massalski, dem Bischof von Wilna, an die Warschauer Nunziatur geschickten statistischen Verzeichnissen sind zwei von besonderer Bedeutung: das 1773 - jedoch nach dem Zustand von 1768 - angefertigte Summariusz dyzunitów, dyssysentów […] und Status ecclesiarum et beneficiorum almae dioecesis Vilnensis [...] von 1774. Summariusz umfaßt das verkleinerte Gebiet von der Diözese Wilna nach der ersten Teilung Polens (1772). Status umfaßt dagegen die ganze Diözese mit ihrem infolge der ersten Teilung von Rußland annektierten nordöstlichen Teil. Summariusz gibt statistische Angaben an, welche Nichtunierte, also Angehörige der russisch-orthodoxen Kirche und Protestanten (Kalvinisten und Lutheraner), Tataren (Anhänger des Islams), Karaiten und russisch-orthodoxe Sekten (sog. ,,Bohomoły" und „Philipponen") betreffen. Status berücksichtigt dagegen eine Reihe von die Diözese Wilna betreffenden statistischen Angaben, wie das Verzeichnis der Pfarreien und mancher Filialkirchen, Wertschätzungen der Einkommen einzelner Benefizien, das Patronatsrecht ihnen gegenüber, und vor allem die Erwachsenen dieser Diözese (capaces sacramentorum). Beide Verzeichnisse lassen viel zu wünschen übrig hinsichtlich ihrer Genauigkeit - vor allem, wenn es um die Bevölkerung geht. Dennoch können sie, durch andere Quellen ergänzt, einen Ausgangspunkt bilden für die Untersuchungen zur Besiedlung der Diözese Wilna in der zweiten Hälfte des XVIII. Jahrhunderts.
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