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EN
In the Western culture there is a widespread belief that marriage should be contracted only by freely expressed will. Hence, marriages concluded at an early age are considered unacceptable. Entering into marriage by children has a negative impact on their education, physical and mental health, as well as their socioeconomic position. For this reason, such practices are incompatible with human rights. Therefore, European countries are trying to counteract them, which results in taking specific legislative actions. The intensification of these activities is particularly evident in the last decade, which is mainly caused by the increased migration to Europe from countries belonging to other cultural circles. Child marriages, being a phenomenon strongly embedded in culture, have become one of the areas where there are frictions between the majority, which in principle determines the shape of legal regulations, and minorities who, on the one hand, want to live in European countries, but also want to preserve the traditions that are cultivated in their countries of origin. The changes in law considering child marriages are undertaken in realm of substantive law as well as conflict of laws rules. In the second case, the states introduce specific public policy clauses referring to child marriages. The paper aims at describing and evaluating those changes in law, especially from the point of view of private international law.
EN
The aim of this paper is to have a look at some institutions of civil law and family law in the light of the requirements of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of this Convention. The child’s incapacity or limited capacity to act, the child marriage and the child’s right to be heard shall be envisaged from a legal historical perspective with a special regard to the age-limits and the modifications of these age-limits on the field of civil law and family law. The subject of the historical overview is the concerned regulations of Hungary, namely the changes in the Hungarian legal rules and the regulations of the effective Hungarian Civil Code which entered into force in 2014. The paper would like to provide a guide for a travel from the end of the nineteenth century to today’s legal rules on the field of age-limits in connection with the above-mentioned institutions which designate the child’s legal position concerning some children’s rights. Some issues of the judiciary concerning the child’s right to be heard in family law proceedings will be mentioned as well to highlight a problem of the everyday legal life. The final aim of this historical travel is to discover whether the discussed legal rules being in force today meet the requirements of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to compare the legal attitude behind the effective legal rules and the attitude of the child-focused thinking, which shall be also analysed.
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