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Kdo plánuje jedináčka a kdo chce zůstat bezdětný? Faktory ovlivňující nízké reprodukční plány mužů a žen

100%

Hašková H., Pospíšilová K.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2020

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vol. 56

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issue 2

131-164

EN

Remaining childless or having just one child are two different experiences and each is attached to a different social status. However, they can also be viewed through a unifying lens as phenomena that contribute to low fertility. Theories that seek to explain low fertility often attribute both phenomena to the same causes. This article examines what factors are connected to a person’s intention to remain childless or to have just one child and whether it is possible to consider intentions to remain childless or have just one child as low-fertility plans caused by the same factors. Drawing on data from the Life Course 2010 survey and theories that seek to explain low fertility, logistic regressions are used to test what factors are connected to intentions to remain childless and what factors relate to intentions to have just one child. Some factors were founded to be linked to both intentions to remain childless and intentions to have just one child: an older age, a lower level of education, changing reproductive intentions, not having a partner, and less emphasis on the need to be parent to be fulfilled in life. Other factors were found to relate only to intentions to remain childless. Intentions to remain childless and intentions to have one child can thus be regarded as reproductive intentions that are underpinned by similar but not identical factors.

2

Bezdzietność jako styl życia

100%

Cieślińska B.

Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne

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2014

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vol. 24

277-292

EN

The article discusses life without children as a lifestyle expressing itself in the specifics of households. These households are usually one-person or two-person and their number is steadily increasing. Childlessness is a problem mainly for married couples. Unmarried couples and single people are not subject to social pressure to have children. The choice of a childfree lifestyle is associated with the choice of living in one-person household or in a non-marital relationship.

3

Kiedy owu nie ma, żołnierzyki są leniwe, beta niska, a marzenie o fasolce niespełnione… Wpływ niepłodności na relacje między partnerami

100%

Trębaczewska M.

Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne

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2014

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vol. 24

243-264

EN

Unplanned childlessness or inability to give birth again are nowadays a serious social problem – different statistics say there are from 1 to 3 million pairs impacted. Childlessness is not only an inability to have children but the entire scope of factors affecting social everyday life. It influences financial, professional and interpersonal relations situation but, above all, it changes intrafamilial relations. Harsh and long-lasting therapies require redefining relations between partners and crossing many barriers – intimacy (in both purely physical and illness related sense), strength (physical and emotional) or trust. It forces couples/ marriages to redefine their relations – build new rules of family (and social) life devoted (or not) to a common (or not) goal. Partners’ bodies no longer belong to them and start being treated as a tool necessary for reproduction. They way of “using” the body changes, the way one sees one’s changes – there is a separation between the mind and the body which is subject of therapies, the new language allowing partners to talk about the body and its parts is created (the language that eases familiarizing with the problem) – often childish, e.g. snowflake = frozen embryo, soldiers = sperm). The goal of the article is to outline everyday life problems that couples/marriages face when trying to have children for a very long time. Previous, media driven approach to the topic reduces it to political discussions about in vitro without mentioning mental, social and existential fear that accompanies infertile couples and changes their relationships. The topic is illustrated by the preliminary results of quality research carried out in 2010 on couples struggling with infertility.

4

Pomiar motywacji do posiadania dzieci wśród osób bezdzietnych. Polska adaptacja Kwestionariusza Motywów Rodzicielskich

100%

Mynarska M., Rytel J.

Polskie Forum Psychologiczne

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2014

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vol. 19

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issue 4

522-543

EN

The paper describes the Polish adaptation of The Childbearing Questionnaire (CBQ), authored by Warren Miller. The questionnaire measures positive and negative motives for parenthood: general dispositions to react favorably or unfavorably to various aspects of childbearing. We present the theoretical framework of the questionnaire, its content and the process of its adaptation to the Polish cultural setting. Reliability and validity of the Polish version of the CBQ were established in the pilot study on a sample of 203 childless men and women, aged 20-40. We assessed the internal consistency of the subscales and performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to verify the assumed structure of the questionnaire. We applied Structural Equation Modeling to confirm the theoretically expected relations between childbearing motives, desires and intentions. The results document good psychometric properties of the questionnaire, although some suggestions for enhancements and more in-depth studies are also formulated.

5

Bezdzietność – wybór, ograniczenia, czy splot okoliczności? Jakościowa analiza procesu pozostawania bezdzietną

100%

Mynarska M.

Family Forum

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2013

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vol. 3

55-77

EN

Even though survey studies recurrently show that Poles want to have children and that parenthood is important to them, more and more Polish women remain childless. This discrepancy calls for a closer consideration. We need to understand a nature of childbearing desires and intentions much better and investigate obstacles which might prevent women from fulfilling them. In this paper, I analyse 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews with childless women aged 37–46. The qualitative methodology is applied to explore what preferences, circumstances and life-choices of the respondents have led them to childlessness. The respondents discussed several factors: A lack of a partner, fecundity problems, postponement of childbearing related to employment or life priorities other than family and childbearing. However, the results show that it is rarely possible to find a single reason for remaining childless, as various factors collide and interact in women’s lives.

6

Childlessness in Griffins: A Crisis Communication Perspective

88%

Kościelna J. A.

Studia Medioznawcze

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2023

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issue 4

62-73

EN

Objective: This study aims to reconstruct the Griffin dynasty’s response to the existential threat posed by their childlessness, examining it through the lens of funerary prints. It seeks to understand the communication methods employed and assess their effectiveness. Research concept and methods: The analysis focuses on the dynasty’s image crisis, utilizing funeral sermons, orations, and literature on crisis communication. Conclusions: The demise of the Duchy of Pomerania in 1637 highlights the early modern state’s vulnerability to biological factors, particularly the fertility of its ruling class. The absence of heirs posed a significant risk of political upheaval, as evidenced by Pomerania’s eventual territorial division and loss of political sovereignty in 1648. The Griffin dynasty and their advisors adeptly communicated the threat of their lineage’s extinction to the Pomeranian populace. They endeavored to mitigate the societal unrest this revelation caused by rallying their subjects around shared values such as history and Lutheranism. They also implied collective guilt by suggesting that the princes’ childlessness was a divine punishment for the people’s sins. Their communication strategy, incorporating established patterns, framing, biblical references, metaphors, and rhetorical devices, aimed to preserve the dynasty’s reputation and legacy. Notably, they highlighted their achievements, such as legal reforms, the founding of the University of Greifswald, the Stettin Pedagogical College, the endorsement of Lutheranism as the ‘true faith’, and their stewardship of the Church, to secure a favorable historical remembrance. Cognitive value: This article explores the Griffin dynasty’s childlessness as a crisis scenario, analyzing the communication strategies employed to maintain the dynasty’s image.

7

Childlessness – between Fate and Choice

88%

Świątkiewicz W., Wacławik S.

The New Educational Review

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2013

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vol. 33

108-117

EN

Childlessness in marriage is still socially defined as otherness. It is a deviation from the current cultural standard and – as a consequence – it requires explanation and legitimization, especially when the otherness is deliberate. The aim of the conducted qualitative research was to establish personal definitions of the situation of childlessness in marriage applied by persons aged 50 and older. The study focused on cultural patterns of experiencing and validating this non-standard lifestyle. 21 interviews centered on this issue were conducted. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the most important variables determining the model of experiencing childlessness in marriage by the subjects were the causes of childlessness and the significance of having children in their individual hierarchy of values. In each individual case, the way of experiencing childlessness results from the configuration of the recognized order of motivation and evaluation. It also seems that the order of evaluation is significant to the entire functioning of these persons. It is relatively independent from the objective cause of childlessness.

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WOMEN’S PATHWAYS TO CHILDLESSNESS IN LITHUANIA

75%

Tretjakova V., Gedvilaite-Kordušiene M., Rapoliene G.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2020

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issue 2

7-21

EN

The article explores pathways to childlessness among two generations of women in Lithuania. The authors employ both quantitative and qualitative research methods. For the quantitative part, in order to assess the demographic context of childlessness in Lithuania compared to other European countries the authors analyzed data from Human Fertility Database (HFD) and Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). The authors’ qualitative analysis is based on semistructured interviews conducted in Lithuania (n = 44) with childless women aged 28-47 (younger generation) and 50-71 (older generation) at the time of the survey (2017-2018). The authors’ research results show that compared to other European countries, the level of permanent childlessness in Lithuania seems to be about average: significantly lower than in some Western, Northern and Southern European countries, however, higher than in most Eastern and Central European countries. Long-term trends also indicate increase in permanent childlessness in Lithuania. Analysis of the subjectively perceived causes of childlessness revealed the different ways the two generations of women experience childlessness. In the context of circumstantial childlessness, women from the older generation tend to perceive their “childless” state as something that has been predetermined, decided by God or fate, whereas, younger women appear to employ a more active approach to their lives in terms of relationships and family formation. In terms of voluntary childlessness, the differences among women of the two generations are even more prominent. Older women never openly say that they have chosen to remain childless, even though they admit never really wanting children. In contrast, narratives of voluntary childlessness among the younger generation are full of clarity, with women openly declaring that it was their choice and that they are enjoying it. Lastly, in the case of involuntary childlessness women’s experiences from both generations seem to converge: they point to dissatisfaction with the healthcare system in the field of infertility treatment.

9

Franciszka Kramarzowa – historia pewnej niewiasty, która chciała odmienić swój los

63%

Żołądź-Strzelczyk D.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2023

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vol. 30

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issue 1

EN

Using court records of the village of Krowodrze, the article recreates the fate of an inhabitant of this village, Franciszka Kramarz. In 1763, she was accused, tried, and sentenced. Because she did not give her husband any offspring, he showed his displeasure by blaming her for this fact. Franciszka stole a two-week-old baby from Krakow's Holy Spirit Hospital, brought it home, and pretended to have given birth to it. A woman who used to take care of those during childbirth and the puerperium, carried the infant to the church, where it was baptised. The priest did not know that it had already been baptised at the hospital. When the caretakers at the hospital discovered what Franciszka Kramarz had done, they found her and demanded that she hand over the baby. At this point, everything came to light and the case was dealt with by the commune head and jurors. After examining the case, Franciszka Kramarz was sentenced to six months of cuchhaus, flogging, and a fine. She was also ordered to sell her farm in Krowodrze and probably move out of the village. The entries in the court book, parish books, and studies have made it possible to reconstruct a fragment of Franciszka's life and show the reasons for her behaviour.

PL

Artykuł, wykorzystując zapiski z ksiąg sądowych wsi Krowodrza, odtwarza losy mieszkanki tej wsi Franciszki Kramarzowej. W 1763 r. została ona oskarżona, osądzona i skazana. Ponieważ nie dała mężowi potomstwa, okazywał on jej niezadowolenie, winiąc ją za ten fakt. Kobieta ukradła dwutygodniowe dziecko z krakowskiego szpitala Św. Ducha, przyniosła je do domu i udawała, że je urodziła. Sprowadzona do niej kobieta zajmująca się niewiastami podczas porodu i połogu zaniosła niemowlę do kościoła, gdzie zostało ochrzczone. Nie wiedział, że ochrzczono je już w szpitalu. Kiedy opiekunki w szpitalu odkryły to, co zrobiła Kramarzowa, odnalazły ją i zażądały oddania dziecka. W tym momencie wszystko się wydało i sprawą zajął się urząd wójtowsko-ławniczy. Po rozpatrzeniu sprawy Franciszka Kramarzowa została skazana na pół roku cuchhausu, chłostę, grzywnę. Miała również sprzedać swoje gospodarstwo w Krowodrzy i zapewne wynieść się ze wsi. Zapisy w księdze, wpisy w księgach parafialnych oraz opracowania pozwoliły na odtworzenie fragmentu życia Franciszki i ukazanie przyczyn jej postępowania.

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Bezdětnost mužů z perspektivy hegemonické maskulinity:

63%

Maříková H.

Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research

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2020

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vol. 21

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issue 1

130-153

EN

In contemporary (not only) Czech society, the share of childless persons is increasing. Research in the field of social sciences focuses mainly on explanation of female childlessness than male one. This text tries to at least partially fill the gap in research when focusing on male childlessness from the perspective of masculinity, resp. hegemonic masculinity. Thematic analysis of repeated problem-oriented interviews with 12 heterosexual men (of different age and education) focuses on explanation of the life experience of these men with childlessness, respectively their perception of childlessness in relation to the conditions and circumstances of their lives according to the construction of their masculinity along the main axes, i.e. "values and norms", "perception and meaning of close relationships", "meaning of work and leisure activities", "experiencing the individual's life situation". The combination of these basic axes leads to the re-production or disruption of hegemonic masculinity characteristics. The analysis has shown that even in the case of childlessness, men more often construct their masculinity in terms of its hegemonic mode than crossing it. However, the construction of hegemonic masculinity also occurs through "unspoken", "concealed", i.e. what is not directly articulated in interviews, so attention should also be paid to this issue in research on masculinities.

11

Bezdzietność z wyboru i jej związki z wybranymi zachowaniami konsumpcyjnego stylu życia mieszkańców wsi i miast

51%

Komorowska E., Kukawska E.

Rozprawy Społeczne

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2015

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vol. 9

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issue 1

70-78

PL

Analiza badań CBOS z 2013 roku ukazuje, że szczęście rodzinne zajmuje pierwsze miejsce wśród wartości, jakimi Polacy kierują się w życiu. Deklaracje te jednak nie przekładają się na życie rodzinne. Celem pracy było ukazanie związków pomiędzy bezdzietnością z wyboru, a zachowaniami konsumpcyjnego stylu życia wśród mieszkańców wsi i miast. Badania przeprowadzono wśród 120 studentów Budownictwa, Rolnictwa, Socjologii i Zdrowia Publicznego, wykorzystując metodę sondażu diagnostycznego w ramach której zastosowano autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Wyniki autorek dotyczące aktualnie najważniejszej wartości w życiu respondentów są zbliżone do wyników badań wśród opinii społecznej. Zdecydowana większość ogółu respondentów widzi siebie w roli rodzica w wieku 26-30 lat, jednak znaczny odsetek studentów pojawienie się dziecka w ich życiu w obecnej chwili postrzega jako zagrożenie prokreacyjne. Opinia studentów pokrywa się z najczęstszą obecnie przyczyną bezdzietności z wyboru, czyli rodzicielstwem odraczanym.

EN

The analysis of the CBOS (Public Opinion Research Centre) carried out in 2013 shows that family happiness ranks first among the values which the Poles consider as one guiding their lives. These declarations, however, do not translate into family life. The aim of this study was to show the relationships between the childlessness by choice and consumer lifestyle behaviors among residents of villages and cities. The study was conducted among 120 students of Civil Engineering, Agriculture, Sociology and Public Health, using the method of diagnostic survey in which the author of the study applied a questionnaire. The results obtained by the authors on the currently most important values in the respondents’ lives are similar to the results of surveys of public opinion. The vast majority of the respondents see themselves in the role of a parent at the age of 26-30 years, but a significant proportion of students consider having a child in their life at the moment as a threat to fertility. The opinion of students coincides with the currently most common cause of childlessness by choice, or the so called delayed parenting.

12

Tradycja w wychowaniu dziecka w kaukaskiej przestrzeni kulturowej

38%

Chodubski A. J.

Studia Gdańskie

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2011

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issue 28

311-324

PL

W kulturze Kaukazu kimś, kto odgrywa ważną rolę jest dziecko. Jest ono wyrazem miłości rodziców oraz społecznym dopełnieniem małżeństwa. Szczególnie narodziny syna są powodem dumy ojca oraz wzrostu prestiżu matki. Edukacja chłopców obejmowała kształtowanie sprawności fizycznej i umysłowej. Mieli oni w przyszłości stać się dzielnymi wojownikami. Intelekt kształcono w oparciu o Koran i inne księgi religijne. Przygotowując dziewczynki do przyszłej roli żony i matki starano się, aby zdobyły umiejętności przydatne w gospodarstwie domowym. „Europeizacja” edukacji nastąpiła dzięki Rosji, która podporządkowała sobie region kaukaski. Wkład w edukację dzieci i młodzieży kaukaskiej wnieśli Polacy – zesłańcy i żołnierze carskiej armii.

EN

In the culture of Caucasus a child is somebody who plays an important role. It is the fruit of love of its parents and social complement of marriage. The birth of a son is the cause of particular pride of the father and the increase of prestige of the mother. Education of boys included shaping physical and intellectual fitness. They were to become brave fighters in the future. Their intellect was educated basing on the Koran (Quran) and other religious books. While preparing girls for the future role of wife and mother efforts were made for them to achieve skills useful in household. ”Europeisation” of education took place thanks to Russia, which subordinated the caucasian region. The Polish – exiles and soldiers of the czarist army (char’s troops) brought contribution to the education of the caucasion children and youth.

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Kdo plánuje jedináčka a kdo chce zůstat bezdětný? Faktory ovlivňující nízké reprodukční plány mužů a žen

Bezdzietność jako styl życia

Kiedy owu nie ma, żołnierzyki są leniwe, beta niska, a marzenie o fasolce niespełnione… Wpływ niepłodności na relacje między partnerami

Pomiar motywacji do posiadania dzieci wśród osób bezdzietnych. Polska adaptacja Kwestionariusza Motywów Rodzicielskich

Bezdzietność – wybór, ograniczenia, czy splot okoliczności? Jakościowa analiza procesu pozostawania bezdzietną

Childlessness in Griffins: A Crisis Communication Perspective

Childlessness – between Fate and Choice

WOMEN’S PATHWAYS TO CHILDLESSNESS IN LITHUANIA

Franciszka Kramarzowa – historia pewnej niewiasty, która chciała odmienić swój los

Bezdětnost mužů z perspektivy hegemonické maskulinity:

Bezdzietność z wyboru i jej związki z wybranymi zachowaniami konsumpcyjnego stylu życia mieszkańców wsi i miast

Tradycja w wychowaniu dziecka w kaukaskiej przestrzeni kulturowej