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EN
In the XIXth century it was a common practice to use templates while executing tombstones for European cemeteries. The cemeteries of Warsaw are no exception to the policy. The eldest preserved tombstones date back up to the turn of the 18th and the 19th centuries. A more numerous group consists of objects constructed no earlier than in the 30’s and the 40’s, at Powązki Cemetry as well as at two Evangelical Cemeteries: Lutheran and Calvin. They are tombstones either sticking to Neo-gothic style or to Classicist- Empire with visible influence of Greek, Roman and Egyptian art. The latter was, in its vast majority, inspired by French templates. Studies by Louis Marie Normand and Ferdinando Quaglia from 1832 as well as the masterpiece by Joseph Marty from 1839 have been sources of several emulations. In the first part of the article examples from Normand and Quaglia editions were given. Among other tombstones mentioned the following were given a more meticulous analysis: The Petyskus Mausoleum at Evangelical-Augsburg Cemetery (Ave. 11, n° 25) as well as the following tombstones: of the Sokołowscy at Powązki Cemetery (q. 14, r. 6), of Karol Fryderyk Woyda at Evangelical-Reformed Cemetery (q. K, r. 2), of Michał Włodek (q. 14, r 5) and of Ignacy Zieliński (q. 33, r. 3) at Powązki Cemetery, the one of Teodor Tripplin at Evangelical-Reformed Cemetery (q. S, r. 1) as well as The Brandt family at Roman Catholic Cemetery in Radom (q. 5a). In the second part of the article examples from Joseph Mary templates are analyzed. It is also were key findings and conclusions are specified.
PL
Rozpowszechnioną w XIX w. praktyką było wykorzystywanie wzorników przy realizacji pomników grobowych na cmentarzach europejskich. Cmentarze warszawskie nie są tu wyjątkiem.             Najstarsze zachowane nagrobki pochodzą z przełomu XVIII i XIX w. Liczniejszą grupę stanowią dopiero obiekty powstałe w latach 30. i 40. XIX w. na cmentarzu powązkowskim oraz dwóch ewangelickich: luterańskim i kalwińskim. Są to pomniki utrzymane albo w stylistyce neogotyckiej, albo klasycystyczno-empirowej z wyraźnymi odniesieniami do sztuki greckiej, rzymskiej lub egipskiej. Ostatnia wymieniona grupa inspirowana była w dużej mierze wzornikami francuskimi. Opracowania Louisa Marie Normanda i Ferdinanda Quaglia z 1832 r. oraz dzieło Josepha Marty z 1839 r. stały się źródłem wielu naśladownictw.             Tematem pierwszej części artykułu są przykłady zaczerpnięte z wydań Normanda i Quaglia. Spośród pomników zostały szerzej omówione: mauzoleum Petyskusów na cmentarzu ewangelicko-augsburskim (al. 11, nr 25) oraz nagrobki – rodziny Sokołowskich na Powązkach (kw. 14, rz. 6), Karola Fryderyka Woyde na cmentarzu ewangelicko-reformowanym (kw. K, rz. 2), Michała Włodka (kw. 14, rz. 5) i Ignacego Zielińskiego (kw. 33, rz. 3) na Powązkach, Teodora Tripplina na cmentarzu ewangelicko-reformowanym (kw. S, rz. 1) oraz rodzinny Brandtów na cmentarzu rzymskokatolickim w Radomiu (kw. 5a).             Druga część artykułu poświęcona będzie omówieniu przykładów pochodzących z wzornika Josepha Marty. Tam też dopiero zostaną zamieszczone wnioski końcowe.
EN
A programme of student conservation training courses for students was set into motion as part of long-term cooperation between the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and the Social Committee of Care for Old Powązki. In the May-July summer seasons in 1996-1999 students of the Chair of Conservation and Restoration of Stone Sculpture and Architectural Elements, together with assistant professors, conducted work encompassed in a programme of a secondary conservation of gravestones, conserved in a complex manner more than ten years ago. It was discovered that with a relatively low output of labour and financial funds the aesthetic values of the gravestones can be restored rather quickly. A further observation concerned the disappearance of the effects of water repellents, which apparently affected only the surface. In the case of porous stones, some 1,5 cm. from the “epidermis”, the effectiveness of the earlier applied preparations remained unchanged or was altered to an only slight degree. Studies on protective coatings in reference to concrete examples, supported by an analysis of archival material, made it possible to examine problems connected with the degradation of the preparations applied in the course of the original treatments. Furthermore, they also rendered it feasible to define the effects of the erosion of the protected matter in an imposed course (subjected to the erosion of chemical preparations).
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