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EN
The coat of arms for the town and commune of Szadek was designed and approved in 1990, in accordance with law in force at that time. It was, however, done without consulting heraldists and historians specializing in municipal coats of arms from the period of I Republic of Poland, or persons professionally designing emblems for contemporary municipalities. Consequently, a number of mistakes were made, the most important being that it only partly resembles the town’s heraldic arms from the mid-16th century or the coat of arms from the 17th century, which was incorporated in the altar of Szadek’s parish church to commemorate the citizens who donated funds for its equipment and decoration. According to current quidelines for re-creating coats of arms of urban communes, a municipality should have as its heraldic symbol the historic coat of arms of its capital town or city. Relevant sources indicate that the new emblem of the town and commune of Szadek should contain a city wall with an open gate and three battlemented towers, the exact shape depending on which tradition – 16th or 17th century – is recalled. As regards the heraldic colours, the new coat of arms should have red walls on a golden shield (like that from the 17th century), although a white background is also found for Szadek in publications on heraldic arms of Polish towns and cities.
PL
Intymność jest kluczowym składnikiem więzi relacyjnych, kojarzonych nie tylko z pożyciem seksualnym, ale z każdym sposobem wyrażenia siebie przez członka rodziny. Jak to się dzieje? Jakie są istniejące podejścia do kwestii rodzinnych, aby ocenić intymność? Jak rozumiana jest intymność i jak można ją szeroko rozumieć? Intymność nie jest statyczna: zmienia się w czasie i jest inna w całym cyklu życia rodziny, a także na różnych etapach każdego z członków rodziny. Dlaczego intymność jest istotna? Intymność jest wartością, a jej natura wykracza poza to, czego często się oczekuje: konstruuje lub dekonstruuje rodzinę. Ponieważ jest głęboko związana z uczu­ciami, myślami, przekonaniami, tradycjami, kulturą, praca z intymnością u każdego członka może prowadzić do wytworzenia czegoś w rodzaju zbroi w kontaktach rodzinnych. Konstrukcja każdej osoby jako jednostki ludzkiej nie powstaje tak po prostu; wymaga czasu, technik, miłości, szacunku i intymności, co bezpośrednio prowadzi do wierności sobie. Z kolei wierność własna u każdego członka rodziny może wytworzyć tzw. herb rodzinny. Podczas gdy zerwana intymność może znisz­czyć poczucie własnej wartości osoby, a co za tym idzie, znaczące, długotrwałe relacje, intymność poszycia pancerza może rozwinąć głęboko wzbogacone jednostki ludzkie, które wnoszą to, kim są i co mają, aby ostatecznie utkać silne społeczeństwo. W rezultacie społeczeństwo, które chroni i sprzyja intymności, nie tylko zwraca uwagę na to, jakie szkody istnieją i którym należy zapobie­gać, ale także na to, co sprawia, że ludzie żyją w hojnej darowiźnie. Intymność pozwala osobie po­znać swoją wartość; intymność jest najsilniejszą wartością i techniką oceny tego, kim jesteśmy, czego potrzebujemy, czego chcemy.
EN
Intimacy is a key component of relational bonds, associated not only with sex but with every aspect of what each member of a family expresses in the way he or she can do so. How does it take place? What are the existing approaches towards the family to weigh intimacy? How is inti­macy construed, and how can it be widely understood? Intimacy is not static: it changes over time and is different throughout the family life cycle, as well as through the various stages of each of the family members. Why is intimacy relevant? Intimacy is a value, and its nature goes beyond what is often expected: it constructs or deconstructs the family. Because it is deeply connected to feelings, thoughts, beliefs, traditions, and culture, working with intimacy in each member may lead to the armor-plating of the family. Now, the construction of each person as a human individual does not just happen; it requires time, techniques, love, respect, and intimacy, which directly leads to self--fidelity. In turn, self-fidelity in each member of the family can produce what is known as a family coat of arms. While broken intimacy can destroy a person’s self-esteem and, consequently, meaning­ful, long-lasting relationships, armor-plating intimacy can develop deeply enriched human individ­uals who bring who they are and what they possess to ultimately weave a strong society. As a result, a society that protects and fosters intimacy not only pays attention to what damages exist and should be prevented but to what makes people live in generous self-donation. Intimacy lets a person know his/her value; therefore, intimacy is the strongest value and technique to assess what we are, what we need, and what we want.
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Herb powiatu zduńskowolskiego

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EN
The County Council in Zduńska Wola made a resolution on 24 November 2000 to adopt a county coat of arms. It features St. Maksymilian M. Kolbe, a monk and martyr. The Saint’s ties with Zduńska Wola influenced the direction of search for a symbolic reference for Zduńska Wola county arms. St. Maksymilian M. Kolbe (born in Zduńska Wola in 1894) is the patron of Zduńska Wola, and October 10 – the day of his canonization – is the Feast of Zduńska Wola. Memory of the Saint’s links with his place of birth is cultivated by the Museum – home of St. Maksymilian M. Kolbe in Zduńska Wola, set up in 1994, on the centenary of his birth. In 2004 the church of the Assumption of Virgin Mary in Zduńska Wola was named the Sanctuary of the Birth and Baptism of St. Maksymilian M. Kolbe. Zduńska Wola county coat of arms received a positive opinion from the admini-stration minister. The only objection that could be raised by a heraldist may con-cern the too realistic (non-heraldic) presentation of the figure of St. Maksymilian M. Kolbe.
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EN
Zduńska Wola (rural) commune coat of arms was adopted in 2001. It was de-signed by Andrzej Dabrowski, a designer connected with the Polish Heraldry Cen-tre. The emblem includes reference to the controversial mid-19th century version of Zduńska Wola city crest or the region’s bee-keeping tradition (three bees), and to the Siemiątkowski family (coat of arms Jastrzębiec) living in Zduńska Wola re-gion in the 19th and first half of the 20th century (a horseshoe and a cross). In 2001 the project of the sign, with due explanation, was submitted, as is required by law, to the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration for opinion. The initial opinion prepared by experts from the Heraldry Committee was negative, but it did not lead to the issuing of a decision in this matter by the minister in charge of administration. The objections to the coat of arms of Zduńska Wola (rural) commune, expressed by the experts of the Heraldry Committee, and the lack of a positive ministerial opinion, which is necessary for adoption of the emblem, indicate that in the future there may be a change of the emblem. Perhaps a good starting point for a new coat of arms should be St. Catherine, the patron saint of the church in Korczew, which also was a parish church for Zduńska Wola and other localities in its neighbourhood.
Terminus
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 25
157-178
EN
One of the most popular panegyrical forms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was the so-called “stemmata”. Similar to emblems, these visual works consisted of an illustrated coat of arms and an epigram, often attached to the front matter of printed texts during the Old-Polish Period. This article discusses select cases in which, influenced by emblems, lemma are incorporated into the stemmas structure. The text explains how the lemma is introduced to the stemma and how it affects stemmas meaning. Particular attention has been paid to cases in which mottos are treated as the title of a combination of a coat of arms and a poem. The text also analyzes “academic stemmata”, a sub-genre of a heraldic poems that consists of several features characteristic of emblems. The presence of lemma in the structure of stemmata is recognized as the consequence of a trend to liven up this visual form. Making the emblem more attractive was a way to draw the attention of readers, increasing the producer chance of communicating a panegyrical message. Not only the authors of stemma, but also their powerful patrons came to require this effect. The presence of lemma in the structure of heraldic poems also relates to the role of mottos in the Jesuit educational system. Mottos and verba aurea were treated by teachers from Societas Iesu as a very useful medium for presenting moral and parenetic subjects and it was fairly easy for authors of stemmata to use them for panegyric purposes. The lemmas role within the stemmas structure was twofold; it created a special connection between the stemma and the main text and simultaneously linked the fictional word of literature with the real one. The popularity of “classic stemmata” in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the creation and popularization of other hybrid forms composed of a coat of arms and other textual elements.
Terminus
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 25
179-189
EN
Emblem was one of the most characteristic art forms of the Renaissance. Emblem Books were especially popular in the end of the sixteenth century and wielded an unusual influence on literature, especially in combination with younger stemmata. In order to get support from a wealthy patron, poets often wrote poems in which the symbolic interpretation of a coat of arms became a pretext for praise, however it was not always so. This article deals with an interesting example of making use of an emblem (or stemma) as means of persuasion. The emblem in question is also a rare example of the use of persuasion in connection to an urban (and not one of the nobility) coat of arms. Taking into account the historical and religious context, one can read works of Schober more accurately. What is particularly valid is the influence of mayor Henryk Stroband. The ideological content of the poems was subordinated to policy of the city, and, on the other hand, to religious insulation, as a result of the progress of the Counter-Reformation in the Kingdom of Poland, and the concerns it brought about in the predominantly Protestant Torun. By referring to Stroband thought that „felix civitas quae tempore pacis timet bella,” and by use of his interpretation of Torun coat of arms, Schober tried to convince inhabitants to take responsibility for the security of the city, not only in practical terms – by building walls, but also more existential ones – by learning to cooperate. To summarize, these poems are not merely an allegorical interpretation of Torun coat of arms. They reach far beyond the typical interpretation of stemma and also contain instructions for a particular vision of the city, which was to be implemented in Torun at the end of the sixteenth century.
Tematy i Konteksty
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2019
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vol. 14
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issue 9
246-266
EN
The paper is a critical edition of Wacław Potocki’s series of poems centered around the Lithuanian coat of arms „Pogonia”. The poems come from a verse book of heraldry:  The Coats of Arms of the Nobility of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, published in 1696. The transcription of the works is accompanied by explanations of a multifaceted character.
EN
Chaos, visible in the municipal heraldry of the town of Biała after 1945 and further exacerbated during the period of political transformation in the 1990s, caused the need among the members of the municipal authorities to set this issue in order and legally regulate it. The article, based on rich iconographic material, discusses the course of work on restoring the historical form of the coat of arms of Biała and developing and designing its flag and official seal.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2020
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vol. 85
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issue 3
5-34
EN
The article aims at presenting the town’s coat of arms as a medium of social communication in the Middle Ages and early modern times, with the example of one of the small towns in Western Pomerania – Kamień Pomorski. The text analyses the transformations that took place in the iconography of the town seal from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries and investigates different ways of understanding the symbolism of the coat of arms, based on written sources created from the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries in the town chancery. The example of the coat of arms of Kamień Pomorski was used to determine the reasons that led to changes in its appearance and in the message it conveyed. The undertaken studies demonstrated that the changes in the symbolic meaning of the coat of arms were the result of an intentional adaptation of the visual message shaped in the Middle Ages to the changing religious and social circumstances of the early modern period. The changes in the conveyed message were not only the result of the replacement of emblems placed on the seals, but also of their new interpretation by means of legends explaining the origin and symbolism of the coat of arms conceived by the town council and burghers.
PL
Wygląd i podstawowa symbolika flag i herbów państwowych wchodzi w zakres zainteresowania także geografii, zwłaszcza geografii politycznej. Wiele flag i herbów swą kolorystyką i detalami graficznymi odnosi się do religii, gdyż – tak dawniej, jak i obecnie – wierzenia religijne mają duży wpływ na rozwój społeczeństw. Na flagach prawie 70 i w herbach około 80 państw współczesnego świata zostawiły swoje odbicie przede wszystkim wielkie religie światowe – chrześcijaństwo i islam. Symbole religijne na flagach i w herbach: nawiązują do tradycji religijnych danego narodu, symbolicznie informują o podstawowym składzie wyznaniowym mieszkańców, „określają” religię państwową, niekiedy nawołują do tolerancji religijnej. Napisy na flagach oraz dewizy herbowe odwołują się wprost do Boga lub do określonych wartości etyczno-religijnych.
EN
The author discusses the existence and dating of the Krupina town’s seals and the motivations for accepting the seal symbol (later the coat of arms as well) of the Lamb of God of Krupina, whereas based on the analogies of towns in Hungary or abroad he contemplates the influence of the paradigm of medieval society and its focus on eternal life that leads to the Kingdom of heaven to the Savior, Jesus Christ. The author points to the possible connection of the symbol with the church dedication of the main parish church of the Blessed Virgin Mary. He also deals with the view of older literature, which derived its acceptance into the seals of the town from the coins of Hungarian rulers who were associated with the origins of the town of Krupina. Jesus Christ (symbolically depicted as the Lamb of God) is an attribute of the Virgin Mary in Christian iconography and was constantly depicted together with the mother, Virgin Mary, similarly to the fashion it was implemented in Krupina. At the same time, the Lamb was a symbol of the heavenly Jerusalem, a perfect city, which was a model and ideal of the earthly city, and thus of the community of the Krupina townspeople. The authority of the Savior is thus symbolically linked to the authority of the king and also to the authority of the burghers, as well as to the legal force of the documents they issued. This could have been one of the motivations of the Krupina townspeople to adopt this symbol into the seals of the town. At the same time, it is possible to assume an increase in the influence of rectors of the main parish church in the town, who probably performed the duties of the first notaries of the town of Krupina.
EN
The communique presents the Roman Missal, the book containing the prescribed prayers, chants, and instructions for the celebration of Mass in the Roman Catholic Church, from the Poznań-based monastery of Discalced Carmelites (Barefoot Carmelites) from the years 1685–1705 (1738). The missal is bound in a velvet binding with silver cornerpieces from the beginning of the eighteenth century and most probably produced in some local bindery.
PL
Komunikat prezentuje wolumin mszalny z poznańskiego klasztoru karmelitów bosych z lat 1685–1705 (1738) w oprawie z aksamitu, z okuciami ze srebra, pochodzącej z początku XVIII wieku, a wykonanej zapewne w lokalnym warsztacie introligatorskim.
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Najstarsze pieczęcie Ciechanowa

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EN
The article contains information on the oldest offi cial seals of Ciechanów as a municipal entity. It is an attempt to show that studies in the fi eld of sphragistics can be an interesting source of knowledge about the history of the city, in particular its system and municipal rights. Of course, while maintaining the correlation between the sphragistic study and documents and materials related to the broadlyunderstood history of the city.
PL
Artykuł zawiera informacje dotyczące najstarszych pieczęci Ciechanowa jako podmiotu municypalnego. Jest próbą wykazania, że opracowania z zakresu sfragistyki mogą być interesującym źródłem wiedzy o historii miasta, w szczególności jego ustroju i prawach miejskich. Oczywiście przy zachowaniu korelacji między opracowaniem sfragistycznym a dokumentami i materiałami dotyczącymi szeroko rozumianych dziejów miasta.
EN
3 e study is dedicated to the image creation of the characters in “Źwierzyniec” (“Bestiary”) by Mikołaj Rej (1505-1569), based on the metaphors. This article focuses on determining the role of metaphors in portraying representatives of the nobility environment in “Rozdział wtóry” (3 e second chapter) of “Źwierzyniec”. The analysis is made for the selected epigrams where Rej used metaphors based on pronunciation of the surnames of the characters, comparison of their appearances with traits of character, heraldic charges, family lines or associations with heroes immortalised in culture. As determined, metaphors and similes serve mainly to emphasise and enhance positive traits of the characters. Their form adds attractiveness to the text and makes it easier for the reader to draw morals more effectively, as well.
EN
The article has as its subject the coat of arms seal of Wieruszów that was used to authenticate a document from 28th January 1426. The seal is a point of departure for analysing the coat of arms of the town and of its owners. From the turn of the fourteenth century till 1467 the owners were representatives of the Wierusz family, who used Wieruszowa coat of arms. In historiography the seal had not been known before this discovery. The oldest coat of arms of Wieruszów was thought so far to be the following image: argent, a goat sable standing on the grass vert, bearing church gules with two towers of the same on the back. The representations of the goat originate from the seal as late as the end of the eighteenth century. The older seal recently discovered is dated for 1368-1426 and displays a coat of arms shield, party per pale, the dexter side checky of three and six gules and argent, on the sinister argent a demi-goat passant sable. In the rim there is the inscription “+ · S(igillum) · C(ivitatis) · WERVSC[HOW]IENSIS”. The iconography of the seal visibly relates to the coat of arms of the town’s owners. They used the Wieruszowa coat of arms: argent, a goat half sable half checky gules and of the field. The artefact from 1426 and the coat of arms seals of the Wieruszów owners that they used between 1395 and 1448 have been analysed. The article demonstrates that the opinion that the owners laid a stag in their coat of arms instead of a goat is unfounded. This opinion has recently been put forward a lot in the research. The seal, unknown until recently, probably kept being used till the end of the fifteenth century. After the fire of the town, which broke out in 1497 or 1498, the seal was replaced with a new one. The iconography of the new seal was an updated one, since it combined the symbols associated with the town’s founders and with feudal allegiance (a goat) and with manifesting the town’s independence (a church façade with two towers). This is the current shape of the town’s coat of arms.
DE
Der Artikel ist dem Siegel der Stadt Wieruszów (dtsch. Weruschau) gewidmet, das auf einer Urkunde vom 28. Januar 1426 abgedruckt wurde. Der Siegelabdruck bietet einen Ausgangspunkt für die Analyse der Heraldik dieser Stadt, die vom Ende des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts bis 1467 den Vertretern der Familie Wierusz gehörte. In der Geschichtsschreibung blieb das Siegel bisher unbekannt. Als das älteste Stadtwappen galt allgemein die Abbildung des schwarzen, rechts schreitenden Ziegenbocks auf silbernem Grund, der auf dem grünen Rasen steht und eine rote zweitürmige Kirche auf dem Rücken trägt, dessen Darstellungen erst aufden Siegeln vom Ende des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts zu sehen waren. Das aufgefundene, für die Jahre 1368-1426 datierte Siegel stellt einen gespaltenen Wappenschild mit dem sechsreihigen Schachbrett zu drei Ziegeln rechts, einem halben aufgerichteten Ziegenbock links und folgender Umschrift dar: + · S(igillum) · C(ivitatis) · WERVSC[HOW]IENSIS. Seine Ikonografie bezieht sich eindeutig auf das Wappen der Stadtbesitzer, die sich mit dem einen halb schwarzen, halb rot-silber geschachten Ziegenbock darstellenden Siegel legitimierten. Auf der Grundlage der Analyse des Artefakts aus dem Jahre 1426 und der Wappensiegel der Herren von Wieruszów aus den Jahren 1395-1448 deutet der Autor darauf hin, dass es keine Begründung für die in der letzten Zeit in der Literatur verbreitete Meinung gibt, dass die Familie in ihremWappen einen Rehbock anstelle des Ziegenbocks getragen hätte. Das unbekannte Siegel wurdehöchstwahrscheinlich bis Ende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts verwendet. Nach dem Stadtbrand im Jahre 1497 bzw. 1498 wurde es gegen ein neues getauscht, mit dem aktualisierten ikonografischen Inhalt, der einerseits eine sich direkt auf die Gründer der Stadt beziehende und die Feudalherrschaft vertretende Symbolik (Ziegenbock) verband, andererseits die Stadtunabhängigkeit manifestierte (Kirchenfassade mit zwei Türmen). In dieser Form funktioniert das Wappen bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy pieczęci herbowej miasta Wieruszowa wyciśniętej przy dokumencie z 28 stycznia 1426 roku. Jest ona punktem wyjścia do analizy heraldyki tego miasta oraz jego właścicieli, którymi od przełomu XIII i XIV wieku aż do 1467 roku byli przedstawiciele familii Wieruszów herbu Wieruszowa. W historiografii pieczęć ta nie była dotychczas znana, a za najstarszy herb miasta powszechnie uchodził kładziony w srebrnym polu wizerunek czarnego, kroczącego w prawą stronę kozła stojącego na zielonej murawie i dźwigającego na grzbiecie czerwony kościół z dwiema wieżami, którego przedstawienia pochodzą dopiero z pieczęci z końca XVIII wieku. Odnaleziona pieczęć, datowana na lata 1368–1426, eksponuje dwudzielną w słup tarczę herbową z szachownicą sześciorzędową w trzy cegły na polu prawym i wspiętym poł kozłem na polu lewym, w otoku zaś napis: + · S(igillum) · C(ivitatis) · WERVSC[HOW]IENSIS. Jej ikonografia nawiązuje ewidentnie do herbu właścicieli miasta, którzy pieczętowali się kozłem na poły czarnym, na poły szachowanym w czerwono-srebrne cegły. Na podstawie analizy artefaktu z 1426 roku oraz pieczęci herbowych panów Wieruszowa z lat 1395–1448 autor wykazuje, że brak uzasadnienia dla forsowanej ostatnio w literaturze opinii, jakoby rodzina kładła w herbie jelenia zamiast kozła. Nieznana dotąd pieczęć była używana przypuszczalnie do końca XV wieku. Po pożarze miasta, jaki wybuchł w 1497 lub 1498 roku, została wymieniona na nową, z uaktualnioną treścią ikonograficznego przekazu, który z jednej strony łączył symbolikę odwołującą się bezpośrednio do założycieli miasta i reprezentującą zwierzchność feudalną (kozioł), z drugiej zaś był formą manifestacji miejskiej samodzielności (fasada kościoła z dwiema wieżami). W takim kształcie herb funkcjonuje do dziś.
PL
Herb rodowy Herburtów od połowy XIII do początku XVII wieku przedstawiał się na‑ stępująco: na tarczy jabłko przebite trzema mieczami. Jednak od przełomu XVI-XVII wieku poszczególni przedstawiciele rodu uzupełniali tę kompozycję figurą krzyża umieszczoną nad jabłkiem. Jednocześnie możemy zaobserwować znaczną kolorystyczną odmienność różnych figur herbu, głównie w zawartości emblematów hełmów. Pomimo faktu, że w klejnotach her‑ bów rodu Herburtów znajdujemy zwykle pawie lub strusie pióra, różnica w ich liczbie i ko‑ lorze (wraz ze zmianą koloru labr i figur na tarczy) natychmiast umożliwia rozpoznanie 19 odmian herbu używanego przez różnych przedstawicieli rodu. Taka zmienność drugorzędnych elementów ogólnego emblematu była charakterystyczna zarówno dla czesko-morawskich, jak i ruskich gałęzi rodu. W tym drugim przypadku obserwowana zmienność była swoistą kon‑ tynuacją tradycji charakterystycznych dla herbów szlacheckich na ziemiach Korony Czeskiej.
17
45%
EN
The seals from the Cistercian monastery in Rudy have already been a subject for sphragistic consideration several times. However, the abbot of Rudy in the years 1595-1608, Piotr Sebicki’s (von Saebisch) stamp, which legalized a document from 1602 stored in the National Archive in Racibórz, has not been taken into account yet. The presented text is a contribution which complements the catalogue of seals owned by the superiors of the monastery in Rudy during the time of its existence (about 1254-1810). The seal, in an oval shape with a width of about 22 mm and height of about 25 mm, represents a heraldic type. The seal field presents an Iberian shield, party per cross, and decorated with a delicate volute fringe. It is crowned with an infula with scrolls formed in the shape of mantling, which flows down on both sides. On the left side (heraldically) of the infula there is a crook of a crosier slanting and protruding behind the shield, with a letter “R” centrally inscribed on it and on the right side – majuscules “PA”. They form a monogram of the owner of the seal: “Petrus Abbas R[a]udensis”. What is displayed on the shield is the Upper Silesian eagle (without a band on the chest and wings) wearing a duke’s coronet on its head, as well as the letters “MO” (dexter chief) and “RS” (sinister base, now blurred), which form a motto characteristic for Cistercians – “MORS” („Morimondus”). As regards iconography, the seal does not differ from the sigilla used by the abbots of other orders at that time. However, as opposed to many of the seals, it is devoid of the personal symbolism and refers only to a slightly modified monastic heraldry. The emblem relates to the classical coat of arms of the monastery in Rudy, but it does not expose a Morimond cross, which was replaced by a simple division of a shield into a cross. The eagle of the Silesian Piasts was placed on the whole surface of the shield and not in the inescutcheon. Therefore, they can be treated as a contribution of the owner to the heraldisation process of this sign of the abbey in Rudy, which lasted at least from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th century.
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