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EN
The study focuses on the communication-oriented analysis and interpretation of semantic and communicative (illocutive) functions of the Slovak conjunction kým [‘while’]. Research is based on the text material of the Slovak National Corpus containing synchronic dynamics of the sentence in which the conjunction kým [‘while’] expresses temporal and/or contrastive meanings. Kým [‘while’] is understood as a poly-semantic and poly-functional word which forms relations of limitative, successive, simultaneous and contrastive-simultaneous coincidence between an independent clause (P) and a whileclause (Q). Regarding the semantic functions of the conjunction, the study also discusses the function of temporal and pragmatic collocations, and complementary and competitive use of synonymous conjunctions. It verifies the connections between the actual dispositions of the conjunction kým [‘while’] and a dialogic or narrative interpretation, the choice of perspective and the sentence order. A part of the study presents the use of the conjunction kým [‘while’] in the communicative functions of assertion, direction, interrogation, satisfaction, commission and admonition. It demonstrates the dominance of illocutions which are based on the negative life experience of a speaker
PL
The paper focuses on the relation between imperatives and imperativeness, that is, between the imperative as a grammatical mood with a defined form and its assigned function, on the one hand, and imperativeness as a communicative value that can manifest itself through different morphosyntactic forms, on the other. In this sense, the function of imperatives is analysed in the context of the theory of speech acts. The analysis reveals that different imperative forms can be classified as different types of speech acts based on their various communicative roles. The theory of politeness dictates that directness, which is a basic feature of imperatives, should be avoided in polite communication. This is why we also focus on other morphosyntactic forms whose form indicates a reduced level of directness, but whose content still has the characteristics of imperatives.
EN
Non-Verbal Means of Communication in the Representation of the Emotional State of Joy in Modern English Fictional DiscourseThis article concerns the study of the non-verbal means of communication designating the emotional state of joy which are present in fictional discourse. The functional peculiarities of non-verbal means designating the emotional state of joy are specified. It is proved that the register of non-verbal components indicating joy includes facial expressions, gestures, phonation, and the like. The subsystems of kinesic and phonatory non-verbal components are the dominant ones. Fictional discourse including representations of joy contains both verbal and non-verbal means of designating the emotional state, functioning either separately or in interaction. This interaction is based on the concept of emotional valence and is represented in repetition, contradiction, substitution, complementation, emphasis and regulation. In an utterance, non-verbal means can occur in the initial, medial, and final positions. The most common models of the occurrence of non-verbal components denoting joy in utterances are revealed. Niewerbalne środki komunikacji w przedstawieniu emocjonalnego stanu radości we współczesnym angielskim dyskursie fikcyjnymArtykuł dotyczy badań niewerbalnych środków komunikacji na oznaczenie emocjonalnego stanu radości, które są obecne w dyskursie nienaukowym. Określono osobliwości funkcjonalne środków niewerbalnych, oznaczających stan emocjonalny radości. Udowodniono, że rejestr niewerbalnych elementów wskazujących na radość obejmuje mimikę, gesty, fonację i tym podobne. Podsystemy kinestetyczne i fonatory są w pozycji dominującej. Dyskurs fikcyjny, w tym reprezentacje radości zawierają zarówno werbalne, jak i niewerbalne środki na określenie stanu emocjonalnego, funkcjonującego oddzielnie lub w interakcji. Ta interakcja opiera się na koncepcji wartościowości emocjonalnej i jest reprezentowana przez powtórzenie, zaprzeczenie, zastąpienie, uzupełnienie, uwydatnienie i regulację. W wypowiedzi niewerbalne środki mogą występować w pozycjach początkowych, środkowych i końcowych.  Są ujawniane najbardziej powszechne modele występowania elementów niewerbalnych oznaczających radość w wypowiedziach.
4
72%
EN
The article deals with communicative functions of negative yes/no questions, which are compared with their positive counterparts. On the basis of differences in functional sentence perspective, two fundamental types of yes/no questions are distinguished. In the first type, the negative does not express denial, but rather, it modifies the communicative function of the question: it helps to signalize the occurrence of expectation or preference of certain answer by the speaker. In the second type, the negative denies the proposition, the negative/positive form expresses what is expected or doubted to be true.
EN
This grammaticographic study deals with the communicative function of sentences and modality from a Czech-German contrastive perspective. The object under scrutiny is František Štícha’s CzechGerman Contrastive Grammar (2nd edition, 2015), one of the milestones of Czech-German contrastive linguistic analysis. The study focuses mainly on greeting formulas, modi, modal verbs, modal words and modal particles. It adresses the question as to how deficiences identified in the description of these phenomena in Czech-German Contrastive Grammar could be remedied. Crucially, special attention is devoted to the user aspect.
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