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EN
There are whole areas of the modern market in which the emotional aspect of economic behavior initially plays a paramount role. These are the areas of manufacture and distribution of luxury goods, show-business and the so-called the market of cultural values – cinema, theatre, music and so on. The emotions of pleasure, pride and interest are most demanded in the markets. However, not smaller demand exists for the emotions which can be perceived as negative – fear, uneasiness, gloating, anger.The market of emotions is out of control in terms of harm that some emotions can cause to the consumer. The system of protection of consumer rights is not working in this market segment. As a result, “goods filled with emotions” can freely transmit pathogenic (neurotic) images.The main type of enterprises that produce the emotions are the media. The spatial structure of location of such enterprises is poorly investigated. However, it is obvious that most of the emotional contented images are produced in large cities and metropolitan areas – megapolises and megalopolises. The images contain the emotions that are characteristic for the lifestyle of inhabitants living in a large and mega-urban agglomerations.We have developed a special technique of frequency content analysis for measuring the emotional essence of the texts. The method is to measure the relative frequency of lemmas, signifying the emotions of different types and varying intensity. The emotional spectrum of some media outlets in years 2007–2010 were studied. The total input array was of about 250,000 words.
EN
The proposal aims at harmonising national legislation in the area in which European Union has no exclusive competences. Therefore, it is subject to scrutiny by the national parliaments to assess its compliance with the subsidiarity principle. The article examines in detail the consistency of the proposed directive with the principle of subsidiarity. The authors prove that the proposal infringes the subsidiarity principle and those Treaty provisions which delineate the competences of EU legislative institutions.
EN
The main aim of the article was to analyses of the opportunities and barriers to the development of individual entrepreneurship among rural youth. At first, was presented the theoretical concept of entrepreneurship. Next presented possibilities and risks of individual business development based on the results of their research conducted among the population of interest in 2009 in West Pomerania.
EN
Today, a company is considered as innovative and competitive, when it possesses the ability to use intellectual capital and information system in order to understand the market and results of scientific research, new concepts, ideas and inventions which are expected by consumers due to the high level of modernity. Therefore, more and more enterprises become a part of a network organization which implements the processes of innovation - because they are jointly capable of generating a higher value than when they acted alone. Thus, innovation can be the main source of building specific and unique skills of the company, and their scale depends largely on the amount of resources spent on R&D activities funded by both the state and by the company itself.
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2020
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vol. 7
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issue 54
EN
Corruption is a factor that affects a company severely either directly or indirectly. It may have a positive or negative impact on the economic situation of the company. This article verifies the hypothesis about the corporate perception of corruption as an obstacle to business performance. It also identifies which factors do have a substantial effect on the perception of corruption by companies. The study was carried out using the logit model. The data used were obtained from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) database for 2016.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę funkcjonowania w Polsce przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym. W tym celu przedstawiono miejsce przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym w Polsce, kierunki pochodzenia kapitału zagranicznego oraz jego rozmieszczenie, eksport, import i inwestycje przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym. Zaprezentowano atrakcyjność prowadzenia biznesu w Polsce na tle innych krajów oraz dokonano oceny działalności przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym.
EN
The article focuses on the issue of companies with foreign capital operating in Poland. For this purpose, it outlines the location of companies with foreign capital throughout the country and the directions of foreign capital origin as well as its distribution, export, import and investments of companies operating with it. It puts forward the attractiveness of conducting business in Poland, as compared to the other countries, and assesses the activity of companies with foreign capital.
EN
The aim of the article is to assess substantive rightness and consistency with EU law of the Proposal for a Directive on improving the gender balance among non‑executive directors (members of supervisory boards) of companies listed on stock exchanges. The article explains the reasons for under‑representation of women in supervisory boards of companies (corporations). It focuses on a formal analysis of the proposed binding acts of the European Union. The assessment is performed in the context of the principles of private law and conformity with EU legal standards, particularly the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. The author proves that the proposal is not consistent with the subsidiarity principle, as the proposed action is not necessary and its objectives can be achieved by other means.
EN
The authors present the issues and challenges related to the changes in status of a company and its impact on competitiveness. Status changes of companies, mostly mergers and acquisitions of companies, are one of the ways in which capital owners and management direct economic activities with the aim of maximizing profits. In order to make the right and justified decision, in terms of achieving the economic interests of the company, it is essential to know the laws and regulations in this area. This paper should provide answers on various questions which will be presented to decision makers in every company, considering status changes. Bearing in mind that the question of status changes often associated with an international element, the authors will pay special attention on the EU legislation and current legal framework in the Republic of Serbia.
EN
The paper discusses legal consequences of violations of law which may occur in the course of passing resolutions by shareholders or when convening the meeting. Such violations take the form of procedural infringements, as opposed to material defects which concern the subject matter of the resolution. Several jurisdictions were taken into account in order to demonstrate that illegality of the procedure does not need to imply nullity of resolutions. There are various instruments which, despite illegality, are intended to preserve the resolution. This is all about the balance of preferences: in company law there are definitely situations where legality should be less valued than stability and certainty.
EN
This paper aims to present construction of partnerships and companies in United Arab Emirates and compares them with partnerships and companies existing in Poland. Paper starts from description of historical backgrounds of partnerships and companies in Europe and in Sharia. Later, based on legal acts, it includes a presentation of companies and partnerships existing in Poland and UAE. Conclusions show origins of companies and partnerships in UAE, as well as similarities and differences between companies and partnerships in Poland and UAE.
EN
The article analyses eleven selected barriers to the implementation of the process approach in Polish organizations. Based on a survey, analysis has been carried out and the ISM model was created. The results of the research show that the underlying barriers are: the employee's resistance to change and the lack of financial resources. Studies show that effective implementation of the system based on the process approach requires change in the mentality of Polish employees. Adequate training should be introduced and implemented, and the involvement of management should be increased. Of less importance is the search for new funds.
PL
Sztuczna inteligencja jest obecnie wykorzystywana w różnych obszarach działalności przedsiębiorstwa. W artykule uwaga została skoncentrowana na problematyce sztucznej inteligencji i możliwości jej ewentualnego zastosowania w spółkach kapitałowych. Jako tezę artykułu przyjęto spostrzeżenie, że sztuczna inteligencja powinna zostać wykorzystana do prowadzenia spraw spółki jako działalności zarządu oraz do czynności nadzorczych jako podmiot w radzie nadzorczej spółki. Taka konstrukcja prawna jest jednak niemożliwa na gruncie obecnie obowiązującego prawa spółek. Wobec tego jako postulat de lege ferenda powstał postulat uregulowania pozycji prawnej sztucznej inteligencji w prawie polskim z zastosowaniem analogii do pozycji prawnej niewolnika w prawie rzymskim. W opracowaniu połączono elementy postulatywne ze spojrzeniem komparatystycznym w odniesieniu do tradycji prawa rzymskiego.
EN
Artificial intelligence is currently used in various areas of company operations. In the article a focus has been put on the issues of artificial intelligence and the possibility of its contingent application in capital companies. As for the thesis of the article the observation has been made that artificial intelligence should be used to conduct the affairs of the company, i.e. the management board's activities and the supervisory activities as an entity in the company's supervisory board. However, this legal structure is not possible under the current company law. Therefore, as de lege ferenda postulate, it has been proposed to regulate the legal position of artificial intelligence in the Polish law using an analogy to the legal position of a slave in the Roman law. Therefore, the paper combines the elements of de lege ferenda with a comparative view in relation to the tradition of the Roman law.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problematyki firmy wprowadzającej w błąd co do tożsamości przedsiębiorcy przy wykorzystaniu tzw. syndromu phoenix. Pojęcie phoenix companies zostało omówione na przykładzie common law. Praktyka obrotu gospodarczego pokazuje, iż zjawisko phoenix companies jest wykorzystywane przez polskich przedsiębiorców. Analizie została poddana dopuszczalność stosowania firmy przedsiębiorcy w upadłości lub przedsiębiorcy powiązanego w prawie polskim. W pracy wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczno-prawną.
EN
This article explores the problems concerning the issue of misleading business name created with use of phoenix syndrome. Phoenix companies are discussed in scope of common law. Nevertheless, the idea of phoenix companies is used by Polish entrepreneurs in everyday business practice. This article analyses the admissibility of using business name of insolvent or affiliated company due to applicable Polish law. This article is based on legal-dogmatics research.
EN
In the author’s opinion, doubts can be raised as to compliance of the provisions concerning the prohibition of sale of stock and shares by public entities below the threshold of 51% of the issued capital of the company and the ban on the payment of dividends in the light of the principles of freedom of establishment and free movement of capital, due to the absence of proof that the purpose of these regulations is the public interest and the failure to demonstrate that obedience of the principle of proportionality. To the extent that it prohibits the disposal of stock and shares by public entities and to the extent that it prohibits the payment of dividends, the bill in question may be regarded as contrary to EU law
EN
The paper contains an analysis of changes which took place on the Polish insurance market during the last twenty years. First, some important facts concerning the development of this market between 1990 and 2009 are briefly described. Then, the results of research concerning development tendencies, threats and comparisons with other foreign markets are presented. The development ratios characterizing the insurance market in Poland in comparison with developed markets is analysed. The conducted analysis was mainly focused on the following areas: market structure measured with gross written premium and claims paid, number of insurers operating on the market, ownership and capital structure of the insurance companies and insurance distribution channels. Moreover, new trends concerning changes in demand for insurance products and the increasing need for financial insurance, private health insurance and liability insurance are considered. In the last part of the paper, conclusions and development opportunities as well as new challenges for the insurance sector in Poland are discussed.
EN
The article contextualizes the external and internal sources of innovation in companies and defines innovative companies. It also emphasizes and individualizes the significance of the internal willingness to absorb and enforce the innovations. The process of building pro-innovative organizational culture as one of the most important internal elements of the company’s innovation is the basis of adaptation to the modern world and using the external conditions. The paper contains current information regarding the amount of financial resources acquired by companies from external funds. The aim of this paper is identification of internal and external sources of innovation and their use in the context of competitiveness. The purpose has been achieved by analyzing literature sources, evaluation of other authors’ research and case studies. The paper attempts to prove that only maintaining coherence among external conditions of surroundings and internal company’s resources might lead to its sustainable development and acquisition of competitive privileges. Authors claim that the integrity of internal and external sources of innovation stimulates the implementation of projects and the acceptance of the risks associated with it.
PL
W artykule są rozpatrzone wewnętrzne i zewnętrzne źródła innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw oraz są zdefiniowane przedsiębiorstwa innowacyjne, jak również jest podkreślone i wyodrębnione znaczenie gotowości wewnętrznej przedsiębiorstwa do absorpcji i wdrożenia innowacji. Budowanie w przedsiębiorstwach proinnowacyjnej kultury organizacyjnej jako jednego z najważniejszych wewnętrznych elementów innowacyjności przedsiębiorstwa jest podstawą dostosowania się do nowoczesnego otoczenia i skorzystania z zewnętrznych uwarunkowań. Artykuł zawiera aktualną informację na temat pozyskanych przez przedsiębiorstwa środków finansowych z funduszy zewnętrznych. Celem pracy jest identyfikacja wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych źródeł innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw oraz ich wykorzystanie z przełożeniem na konkurencyjność. Cel został osiągnięty za pomocą analizy źródeł literatury przedmiotu, analizy badań innych autorów oraz studiów przypadku. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą uzasadnienia, że tylko zachowanie określonej spójności pomiędzy zewnętrznymi warunkami otoczenia i wewnętrznymi zasobami przedsiębiorstwa może doprowadzić do jego zrównoważonego funkcjonowania i pozyskania przywilejów konkurencyjnych. Autorzy twierdzą, że integralność wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych źródeł innowacyjności stymuluje do realizacji projektów oraz akceptacji związanego z tym ryzyka.
EN
In developed countries, the academic entrepreneurship makes up a very important element of academic environment activities. For some time, the increase in the role of technology transfer and knowledge commercialisation has been also promoted in Poland. Strong connections between the scholarship and the economy (in the future, within the university of the third generation) have a chance to build an economy based on knowledge in our country. The flow of knowledge and the introduction of new solutions (results of scholarly research) in enterprises take place through the intermediary of various methods of transfer and commercialisation paths. Independent of the manner, each fulfils an important role in the public life and economy. This is confirmed by the experience of the States that are recognised as innovation leaders, and presented in the paper as examples of Polish scholars’ academic entrepreneurship.
EN
The real seat is a recognised, although expressed in different terms, connecting factor of the EU international private law, relating to companies in they different legal relations. Under the regulations unifying particular areas of this law, relevant form the point of view of cross-border operations of companies, the real seat is the connecting factor determining the applicable law in the field of contractual and non-contractual obligations, and the company’s bankruptcy. Furthermore, it deretmines the jurusdiction for insolvency proceedings against the company, and i salso a jurisdictional connecting factor for general civil and commercial matters. The real seat connecting factor may also constitute a connecting factor determining the law applicable to company, accectable under the EU freedom of establishement.
PL
Badania kohort firm, tak jak kohort ludzkich, prowadzone są z wykorzystaniem metod analizy przeżycia (trwania). W artykule przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania tablic trwania i funkcji intensywności (hazardu) likwidacji firm. Funkcja ta może przybierać kształty „wanny” — w przypadku intensywności zgonów lub odwróconej litery U — w przypadku likwidacji firm. Badania empiryczne są podstawą tworzenia i rozwijania teorii wyjaśniających prawdopodobieństwo przetrwania firm. W literaturze anglojęzycznej podkreśla się, że funkcja hazardu o kształcie odwróconej litery U jest zgodna z teoretycznym modelem uczenia się zakładającym, że przedsiębiorca potrzebuje czasu, aby stwierdzić, czy firma będzie mogła funkcjonować na rynku.
EN
The study company cohorts, like human cohorts, is carried out using the duration analysis methods. The article presents the possibility of using duration arrays and the liquidation intensity function (gambling) of the companies. This function may take a form ”bathtub” — in the case of mortality; inverted U — in the event of liquidation of companies. Empirical studies are the basis to create and develop theories to explain the probability of survival of companies. The English literature emphasizes that the hazard function of the shape of an inverted U is consistent with the theoretical model of learning, which assumes that the entrepreneur needs time to determine whether the company will be able to operate on the market.
RU
Обследования когорт предприятий, так как и когорт человека (населения), проводятся с использованием методов анализа выживания. В статье была представлена возможность использования таблиц выживания и функции интенсивности (риск) ликвидации предприятий. Эта функция может принимать форму ”ванна” — в случае смерти; перевернутой буквы U — в случае ликвидации компании. Эмпирические обследования являются основой для разработки и развития теории объясняющей вероятность выживания предприятий. В литературе подчеркивается, что функция риска в форме перевернутой буквы U согласуется с теоретической моделью обучения, устанавливающей, что предприниматель требует времени для того, чтобы выяснить, сможет ли компания действовать на рынке.
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