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1
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Metoda nauki o porównywaniu systemów prawnych

100%
Szymczak I.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
|
2014
|
vol. 76
|
issue 3
37-49
EN
The main subject of the article is a deliberation on a method (or methods) used in comparing legal systems. However, discussing the method requires first to make a reference to the jurisprudence views on the understanding of the term comparative law. The scholars’ views are divided into two groups. While by some scholars the term comparative law is considered to be a scientific method, other scholars accept it as a separate branch of law. In this article a thorough analysis of the arguments of both groups of scholars is presented. Regarding the terminological imprecision concerning ‘comparative law’, a new term: a ‘science of comparison of legal systems’ is proposed. This notion describes more precisely and more thoroughly the specific nature of a comparison of legal systems. Further in the article, the main features of a comparative method as a research tool are discussed. The important ones include a selection of objects to be compared and an indication of the adequate legal reference systems. Those features have to be taken into account by the scholars using a comparative method in research.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są rozważania nad metodą (bądź metodami) nauki o porównywaniu systemów prawnych. Aby jednak pisać o metodzie, trzeba było odnieść się do stanowiska doktryny na temat status prawa komparatystycznego. Zaprezentowano więc poglądy doktryny, która jest w tej sprawie podzielona; wstępują w niej zarówno zwolennicy uznania „prawa porównawczego” za naukę, jak i przedstawiciele nauki traktujący je jako narzędzie badawcze. Przyczyną tego sporu jest nieprecyzyjność terminologiczna, o której jest mowa w punkcie drugim artykułu. Kolejno w opracowaniu dokonano pogłębionej analizy argumentów prezentowanych przez obie strony tego sporu oraz przedstawiono własną propozycję nowego terminu w postaci „nauki o porównywaniu systemów prawnych”. Dalsza część artykułu zawiera badania nad samą metodą komparatystyczną. W opracowaniu starano się zwrócić uwagę na jej cechy szczególne, wśród których podstawowe znaczenie ma dobór porównywanego obiektu i związane z tym właściwe wskazanie systemów referencyjnych. Cechy te powinien uwzględnić każdy z badaczy rozpoczynający pracę nad opracowaniem z zastosowaniem metody prawnoporównawczej.
2

Юридическая компаративистика. Общая характеристика

94%
Krauze-Lisowiec I.
Prawo
|
2015
|
issue 317
107 - 113
EN
Comparative law (lat. Comparativus — comparative) is a summary of relatively homogeneous characteristics of at least two subjects in order to disclose identicality, similarities and differences between them. Among comparative scholars both in Russia and in Poland, there is no unambiguous and common position whether comparative law is only a method of research and learning about the law, or a separate branch of legal science. As the dominant view in both countries one should consider theories granting comparative law a status of legal science. An important aspect of comparative law is that its purpose is not confined exclusively to describing the common or differing characteristics found in research subjects compared, but goes much further — its content is the assessment, evaluation of the identity of similarities and differences between compared research subjects, in order to make it possible to make a choice. The subject of comparative law is very wide. It can include a variety of legal solutions, judgments, positions, doctrine, etc. The subject of comparative law may be referred to within historical or contemporary limits, in its territorial scope it may be limited to the territory of States the rights of which are compared, or may be dealt with in a broader sense. However, the subject of comparative law, in its full sense, arises only in determining the essence of the connection between the compared elements, which on the one hand connects them, on the other, justifies the meaning and direction of comparison. According to many scholars, concluded research has a significant meaning in the context of comparative law only if it is of an international character. An important aspect of comparative research and comparative studies of different legal systems is also a feature of objectivity, which is manifested by the fact that the studies do not indicate directly the ideology of any particular country and not strive to prove at any cost the superiority of one of the legal systems compared. In terms of the presented concept of the perception of comparative law one can distinguish the following fundamental functions: cognitive, educational, legislative, interpretative, integrative and ideological. Comparative law plays a great role in the development of legal systems of the countries, including Poland and Russia, in the improvement of the rule of law and legislation, operation of law in society, as well as helps in the process of approximation of the laws of different states, and accompanies the development of international relations and cooperation of researchers, the exchange of knowledge, ideas, theories, and the multidimensional nature of comparative legal research allows for analyzing and resolution of every legal problem.
3

Ewolucja przedawnienia w prawie francuskim

94%
Górniak K.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2020
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vol. 29
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issue 1
5-45
EN
The article presents the evolution of the concept of liberative prescription in French law. It outlines the initial regulation of the French Civil Code and then explores its amendments, focusing mainly on the reform of liberative prescription that took place in 2008. The author explores the provisions of French private law (offering their translation into Polish), as well as the case law and jurisprudence on liberative prescription and its legal background.
4
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Constitutional Preambles. A Comparative Analysis Wim Voermans, Maarten Stremler, Paul Cliteur Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham–Northampton 2017, s. 302

94%
Czachor R.
Przegląd Sejmowy
|
2020
|
issue 4(159)
231-236
EN
The reviewed monograph presents in comparative terms the preambles of the current Constitutions. All the Constitutions of the Members States of the United Nations which contain preambles have been analyzed. The authors undertook the study both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Among the most important conclusions from this valuable work the following should be pointed out: the vast majority of current Constitutions contain a preamble; the newer the Constitution, the more likely it is to contain a preamble; preambles differ significantly in terms of length, content, and the language used. Some of the preambles of Constitutions have a normative value, while the others are merely declarations of moral and political value.
5
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What Kind of Critique for Central and Eastern European Legal Studies? Comparison as One of the Answers

94%
Mercescu A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
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2019
|
vol. 89
45-61
EN
This paper seeks to emphasize the merits of comparative law as a critical legal enterprise. For this purpose, it first provides a brief overview of the various forms of critique that have been advocated in the field of comparative law. Second, it discusses four epistemological concerns as regards legal comparison that are meant to orient comparatists towards a critical mode of comparative reasoning. While most of the remarks comprised in this contribution apply to legal comparisons in general, a few observations shall be made with specific reference to the stakes and limits of legal comparisons in Central and Eastern Europe.
6

Kodeks zobowiązań jako lekcja metody prawnoporównawczej

94%
Dajczak W.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
|
2014
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vol. 23
|
issue 4
829-854
EN
Polish Code of Obligations which became binding law in 1934 has been called by Rannieri in 2009 the “first truly European codification of civil law”. This Code introduced to the Polish territories – in place of German, Austrian, French, Russian and Hungarian laws that were in force in different parts of the country – unified law of obligations. The method of comparative law was essential for the drafters of Polish Code of Obligations. Taking these facts into consideration two questions will be answered in the paper: - What does the experience of preparatory works of Polish Code of Obligations teach us about the method of comparative law; - How can this legal experience make Polish legal culture more attractive for the current European debate about the law of obligations. What is essential for this analysis is the rationale of the Code prepared by its main reporter in the Codifications Commission Roman Longchamps de Berier and foreign jurists opinions provoked by the promulgation of the Code ( e.g. Capitant, Mazeaud, Josserand). This paper focuses on three issues relevant for the method of comparative law on the basis of the rationale of the Code: relation between the method of comparative law and national identity of private law; the role of historical arguments for the method of comparative law and the impact of values on the method of comparative law. The successful unification of law of obligations in the interwar Poland and involving this experience in 20th century thirties into discussion about unification of private law in Slavonic countries can inspire modern legal debate in all these points. Firstly, the national identity of private law call for the distinguishing between national and international unification or modernization of the law of obligations. In the first case the identity of law is an argument supported the protection of interests of national economy. The best way for the international unification of law of obligations leads however through evolutionary growth of harmonization capability of national nation orders. Secondly, the role and style of historical arguments in the rationale of Polish Code of Obligations shows the weakness of the faith into the linear progress of law, argues for of the widening of historical reflection in the comparative debate beyond the codified law. Thirdly, the intuitive valuation is a natural feature of method of the comparative law. Reasonable choice of deeply analyzed local judicial practices supported by other historical arguments can make this method more transparent. The experience of Polish unification of the law of obligations, forgotten for decades, offers many specific solutions that clarify the three principles expressed above. By this reason the learning of this experience should be recommended as a good lecture for the participants of modern European debate about law of obligations.
7
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On the Use of Comparative Law by Judges in Private and Commercial Law Cases

83%
Kowalczyk W.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 62
169-179
EN
Autor w artykule analizuje zagadnienie problemu wykorzystywania prawa porównawczego przez sędziów orzekających w sprawach cywilnych i handlowych. Założeniem wyjściowym dla analizy jest fakt, że odwołania do prawa obcego przez sędziów krajowych występują bardzo rzadko. Zdarzają się one czasem w prawie publicznym, ale nie istnieją niemalże w ogóle w prawie prywatnym. Autor stawia tezę zakładającą, że stosowanie przez sędziów prawa porównawczego przy orzekaniu w sprawach cywilnych i handlowych powinno stać się regułą. Tezę tę uzasadniono, używając dwóch argumentów. Po pierwsze, autor przedstawia zalety, jakie niesie ze sobą wykorzystywanie prawa porównawczego w orzecznictwie cywilnym oraz możliwości jakie przedstawia w kontekście coraz dalej idącego ujednolicania systemów prawnych. Po drugie, autor daje uzasadnienie prawne powoływania się przez sądy krajowe na prawo zagraniczne i wyjaśnia, dlaczego taka praktyka jest dopuszczalna de lege lata oraz jak można by ją rozpowszechnić de lege ferenda.
8

Wydziedziczenie w prawie polskim i prawie stanu Luizjana

83%
Sobota A.
Prawo
|
2015
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issue 317
123 - 131
EN
The paper presents the institution of disinheritance in Polish civil law by comparing it with a corresponding institution set forth in the law of Louisiana (the USA). The comparative method applied allows the disinheritance examination from a completely different point of view. It is worth mentioning that the mixed legal system is in force in Louisiana, comprising the elements of the continental and common law. The mixed legal systems are nowadays perceived as examples for any codifications in the world. The paper leads to the conclusion that Polish regulation of the disinheritance in the light of rules of proper legislation leaves much to be desired. Polish provisions on disinheritance are misplaced in the Civil Code without separate chapter, their content is insufficient and their application in practice raises many doubts. In this respect, the corresponding provisions of the Louisiana Civil Code outmatch the Polish provisions both in quality and quantity, providing more comprehensive and precise regulation. Comparing these two legal systems, it is desirable to provide a separate chapter in the Civil Code for the institution of disinheritance as well as introduce more detailed and precise provisions— in particular on the reasons for disinheritance.
9
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Analysis of the treatment of the police informer in different legal systems

83%
Marchal González A. N.
Academicus. International Scientific Journal
|
2021
|
vol. 12
|
issue 23
52-71
EN
Increasingly, the use of different means of investigation is enabling the authorities to clarify the facts and to arrest the perpetrator of the crime more quickly and effectively, within the different means of investigation available to police authorities, one of which and the most common in all countries is the police informer, being a person of particular importance during the police investigation, as he or she provides confidential and essential information in order to learn important facts about the crime and its perpetrators. The problem with this research tool is that it is not uniform in its treatment, in different countries, the informant is treated differently, and as a result of this, the product or the investigation that is offered to the judges, as a result of these confidences, is different. Likewise, when working with police informants, it is very important to take into account a series of precautions so as not to violate any human rights, as well as not to being manipulated by the informer. As an example of the above, this article studies the treatment of police informants in different countries, considering the legislation of each one, sentences and documents that establish the guidelines for the use of police informants.
10
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Analiza zastosowania wymogów formalnych i merytorycznych w tłumaczeniu poświadczonym na przykładzie studenckiego przekładu polskiego i niemieckiego wyroku rozwodowego

83%
Mirek J.
Applied Linguistics Papers
|
2019
|
issue 26/1
125-139
EN
Undoubtedly, correct translation of legal texts is considered one of the most demanding challenges for translators. Moreover, exclusively certified translation produced by sworn translators is deemed legally binding. The object of the analysis are two divorce decrees – a Polish and a German one, respectively, which were excerpted from the book by Iluk and Kubacki (2006) and translated by the second-degree Students of Applied Linguistics at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, who at that point had already received two years of intensive training in legal translation. It was tested whether both formal and content-related principles of certified translation were followed by juxtaposing the students’ translation with the model certified translation published by Dahlmanns and Kubacki (2014), who are considered experts in this field. The results proved to be satisfactory, however, they also depict major difficulties, which are – in the vast majority of cases – typical of beginning translators.
11

Kodyfikacja prawa międzyczasowego prywatnego Argentyny z 2014 roku

83%
Kłoda M.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
|
2019
|
vol. 28
|
issue 1
177–219
EN
This paper deals with the transitional provisions of the 2014 Argentine Civil and Commercial Code of the Nation. These include one general provision, namely Article 7, and several other provisions concerning specifically property interests, wills and limitation periods. The provisions in question are designed to solve all future temporal conflicts of laws rather than merely those arising out of the entry into force of the 2014 Code. The Argentine private transitional law codification is based on pre-existing statutes enacted in 1869 and 1968. It is, therefore, a fruit of a long legislative tradition of addressing, rather than ignoring, transitional conflicts. Article 7 of the 2014 Code establishes the principle of the new law’s immediate application to legal relations and situations that exist at the time of its entry into force, as well as the non-retroactivity principle. It is believed that the former principle is based on the concepts developed by Paul Roubier, a French scholar who made a significant contribution to the area of private transitional law. A major exception to the rule of the new law’s immediate application is that the previous law continues to govern the contracts concluded during its life inasmuch as the new law’s provisions relative to such contracts can be departed from by the parties’ agreement. Further, one of the provisions contained in the 2014 Code of private international law specifically addresses the issue of the temporal conflicts of laws arising within the applicable foreign law (lex causae).
12
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“Chilling Effect” in the Judicial Decisions of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal as an Example of a Legal Transplant

83%
Chybalski P.
Review of European and Comparative Law
|
2022
|
vol. 48
|
issue 1
209-234
EN
The paper is dedicated to describing the way of reception by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal of the “chilling effect”, i.e. an institution related to such activities of public authorities that form an indirect act of deterrence regarding the execution of constitutionally guaranteed rights and freedoms, esp. the freedom of expression. The discussed concept has originated in judicial decisions of the US Supreme Court and has spread into many contemporary legal systems, including jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. Although it is evident that the Tribunal “took over” that concept from the ECHR, it in fact developed its own, unfortunately internally inconsistent, understanding of the chilling effect. Four different ways of application of chilling effect may be noticed in judicial decisions of the Polish CT, while only two of them reflect the perception of this institution by the US Supreme Court and the ECHR.
13

A Prisoner’s Right to be Released or Placed on Parole: A Comment onÖcalan v Turkey (No. 2)(18 March 2014)

83%
Mujuzi J. D.
Baltic Journal of Law & Politics
|
2016
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
69-92
EN
The European Convention on Human Rights does not provide for a prisoner’s right to parole and no international or regional human rights instrument provides for this right. However, recently, in the case of Öcalan v Turkey (No. 2), one of the judges of the European Court of Human Rights interpreted the European Convention on Human Rights as providing for a prisoner’s right to parole. This is the first time that a judge of this court, and to the author’s best knowledge, a judge of a regional or international court, has expressly held that a prisoner has the right to parole. The author assesses this holding in the light of the jurisprudence or practice on the right to parole from the Human Rights Committee, and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. In order to put the discussion in context, the author also highlights jurisprudence emanating from the European Court of Human Rights relevant to the relationship between parole and other human rights. The author recommends that the time has come for the right to parole to be recognised in human rights instruments.
14
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Rozbieżności pojęciowe w anglosaskim i polskim prawie karnym. Studia przypadków

83%
Gościński J.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
|
2021
|
issue 14
201–209
EN
The segmentation of extralinguistic reality in various languages in many cases does not overlap, which is one of the sources of translation difficulties. The problem is particularly evident in the area of law because different communities mold this sphere of life in divergent manners, creating institutions unknown to other legal systems or building up conceptual networks specific to those systems. This last issue has become the subject of analysis. The author examines selected English law based and Polish criminal law terms, revealing semantic shifts between them and the consequences of the shifts for the translation process. The investigated terms are as follows: homicide, murder, manslaughter, assault, battery, and burglary. The author studies their legal meanings juxtaposing them with the meanings of the Polish terms proposed in dictionaries and glossaries as equivalents for the English terms (for instance, morderstwo, zabójstwo, pobicie, naruszenie nietykalności cielesnej, kradzież z włamaniem, włamanie). The analysis confirms the soundness of a comparative approach to the translation of legal terminology advocated by Peter Sandrini: in order to decide whether a proposed equivalent can be used, its notional content must be compared with the notional content of the original term in a given context.
15
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Współczesne rozumienie pojęcia międzynarodowego prawa gospodarczego

72%
Ziemblicki B.
Studia Prawnicze
|
2014
|
issue 1 (197)
181-194
EN
There are different views in the literature on the meaning of the term international economic law. In author’s opinion it encompasses regulations, which at the same time: are considered law (even soft-law), regulate relations with international element and regulate economic activity. Such laws do not necessarily have to originate from the sources of international law. In this understanding international economic law is a broader term than public international law and private international law in an economic area. The same is true for unpopular in Poland international business law. On the other hand transnational economic law, as understood by Jessup, should be considered equivalent to international economic law. Since international economic law is vast in terms of subjects, sources and norms, it is reasonable to divide it for academic reasons into public international economic law and private international economic law. Both subsections can be further divided. For instance public international economic law would embrace public international trade law, public international financial and monetary law, public international investment law and public international development law.
16
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Immunitet parlamentarny we współczesnym świecie – ujęcie prawnoporównawcze

71%
Jackiewicz A.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2019
|
vol. 2019(1)
57-74
PL
The purpose of the article is to determine the current form of parliamentary immunity in various countries. The author uses the comparative-law method to analyse constitutions that represent the most common solutions, taking into account the geographic criterion, used in countries located on different continents and having different legal cultures. The author analyses the subjective scope of non-accountability and non-violability and focuses on the time and place in which the protection is provided, and trace the objective scope of the protection and the solutions related to the possibility to lift the parliamentary immunities. The analysis leads to the conclusion that non-accountability is similar in different countries, has undergone few modifications over the years, and it is permanently formed. In the case of non-violability, there are more extensive differences, in particular in the objective scope and the degree of protection. However, various solutions prove that there is not a single universally accepted model of immunity and that the scope of the guaranteed protection can be more diverse, it can be subject to change, and be adapted to the changes in political systems and the political and social expectations.
17
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Czech inheritance law and the significance of tradition

71%
Horák O., Daduová M., Osina P.
The Lawyer Quarterly
|
2019
|
vol. 9
|
issue 4
333-348
EN
The article deals with the importance of the Czech-Austrian legal tradition in Czech inheritance law, particularly with the inter-war recodification (1920–1938) and the contemporary literature. In the first part it analyses the inspirational sources of new inheritance law in general. Next part describes the course of the recodification works in the inter-war era. The third part of the article analyses the scope and particular form of the First Republic inspiration. The last part describes personalities and literature of inheritance law until the middle of the 20th century. The last recodification of Czech private law (2000–2012), finished by issuance of the new Civil Code (Act No. 89/2012 Sb.), built on the Czech-Austrian legal tradition represented by the interwar proposals from 1931 and 1937. The comparisons suggest that the recodification of inheritance law followed a super revision proposal (1931) even more than the government bill (1937), in some institutes it coincides with the (West) Galician Civil Code (1797), which became the direct precursor of the General Civil Code – ABGB (1811).
18
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Legal cultures between Europe and the Far East in historical context

71%
Tomášek M.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
|
2023
|
vol. 121
|
issue 2
441-480
EN
The paper considers legal transplants and their launching into legal systems of countries in the Far East, namely China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam since 1868. The author follows the impact of individual foreign legal systems stemming from Continental Law (the German subsystem and the Roman subsystem) and Common Law. The impact of German law prevailed in the Far East countries listed above, but the influence of US law primarily in modern Japan should not be underestimated. The paper deals with the transposition of foreign patterns into the respective written law, i.e., law in books. In addition, it demonstrates through concrete examples how interpretation of the law in books developed, i.e., law in action, which quite often shifted the original European meaning closer to traditional East-Asian mode of thinking.
19
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Delimiting Central Europe as a Juridical Space: A Preliminary Exercise in Critical Legal Geography

71%
Mańko R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
|
2019
|
vol. 89
63-80
EN
The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the on-going discussion, both in legal theory and in comparative law, concerning the status of Central Europe and its delimitation from other legal regions in Europe, notably Romano-Germanic Western Europe but also Eastern Europe and Eurasia. The paper adopts the methodological perspective of critical legal geography, understood as a strand of critical jurisprudence laying at the interstices of spatial justice studies, critical geography, comparative law, sociology of law and legal history. The paper proceeds by identifying the notion of Central Europe with reference to a specific list of countries, then proposes a number of objective criteria for delimitng Central Europe and applies them in order to highlight the difference between Central Europe and other adjacent legal regions. Following that, the paper enquires as to whether Central Europe should be deemed to be a ‘legal family’, a ‘legal union’ or simply a ‘legal space’ or ‘space of legal culture’.
20
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On Philosophy of Legal Education. An Analytical Sketch

71%
Pałka P.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 62
209-218
EN
Niniejszy esej stanowi próbę filozoficznej refleksji nad rolą i celem edukacji prawniczej. Szczególnie uwzględnia rolę, jaką w tej edukacji mogą odegrać metody prawa porównawczego, teorii prawa oraz historii prawa. Autor wyraża pogląd, że edukacja prawnicza nie powinna ograniczać się jedynie do przekazywania wiedzy o aktualnie obowiązującym prawie, lecz przede wszystkim powinna przekazywać umiejętności niezbędne w pracy prawnika. Wśród nich autor wyróżnia umiejętności zawodowe i akademickie, twierdząc jednocześnie, że błędny jest pogląd, zgodnie z którym praktykom potrzebne są wyłącznie te pierwsze, a ludziom nauki te drugie. Przeciwnie, umiejętności akademickie, przede wszystkim zdolność do wyjaśniania, systematyzacji oraz krytycznej oceny prawa, mogą być nad wyraz przydatne praktykom zarówno z ich punktu widzenia, jak i punktu widzenia społeczeństwa. Wśród tych umiejętności metody prawa porównawczego i historii prawa odgrywają nad wyraz istotną rolę. Perspektywa prawnoporównawcza pozwala prawnikom zrozumieć, że dany system prawny mógłby wyglądać zupełnie inaczej, pozwala zrozumieć szczególne cechy własnego system prawnego oraz z pomocą historii prawa wytłumaczyć dlaczego przybrał on taki, a nie inny kształt. Zdolność do tego typu analizy jest przydatna zarówno w globalnym kontekście harmonizacji i zbliżania porządków prawnych, jak i w czysto narodowym kontekście reform prawa oraz refleksji nad wartościami leżącymi u jego podstaw.
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