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EN
The article discusses Czesław Milosz’ ambiguous relationship with American beat and confessional poetry, and with the counterculture of the sixties, focusing on one of his late poems dedicated to Allen Ginsberg published in Facing the River in 1994. The poem, though ostensibly about Ginsberg, is in fact one of the most confessional poems Milosz has ever written, presenting his own life as failure, “a discarded tire by the road”, and setting up Ginsberg as an exemplary wiser poet, “who persisting in folly attained wisdom”. Seemingly, it is hard to think of two more different personalities than Miłosz and Ginsberg. On the other hand, however, Ginsberg was to Miłosz the true heir to Whitman, whom Miłosz has always admired. It is argued here that in the poem discussed, Ginsberg served Miłosz as his antithesis, a Yeatsian mask, or a Jungian shadow, representing everything that Miłosz, with his admitted contempt for any trace of weakness and mental instability, has never been or valued.
PL
W historii odbioru obu poetów – Williama Wordswortha (1770–1850) i George’a Gordona Byrona (1788–1824) – zwykle przeciwstawiano ich twórczość jako dwa odległe bieguny angielskiego romantyzmu. Wordsworth rozpoznany został jako prekursor romantyzmu w poezji angielskiej, a Byron uznany za najważniejszego przedstawiciela drugiej generacji angielskich romantyków. W wierszu “Supposed Confessions of a Second-rate Sensitive Mind Not in Unity with Itself” (1830) Alfreda Tennysona oba kanony brytyjskiego romantyzmu – Wordswortha i Byrona – pogodzone zostają w lirycznym stylu konfesyjnym Tennysona i w wytworzonej przez niego chrześcijańsko-Faustowskiej ambiwalencji w taki sposób, że czytanie Tennysona musi nieuchronnie być konceptualne i pozostawać w odniesieniu do języka i znaków Biblii, czyli kodu dobrze znanego zarówno Wordsworthowi, jak i Byronowi. Metaforyczne znaczenia „miejsca i siedliska” Wordswortha i Byronowskiego „przemieszczania się i podróży” jest literackim dziedzictwem pielgrzymowania poprzez idee i koncepcje, które prowadziły Tennysona do poczucia osobistej i językowej wolności w świecie, w którym zbiorowy głos nowoczesnego społeczeństwa jest przygnębiająco obecny i przeniknięty niepokojem. Wiersz Tennysona przejawia afiliację poety z wcześniejszą angielską poezją romantyczną (Wordsworth), którą rozpoznać można w użyciu charakterystycznych motywów, ale przypomina także liryczny styl poezji konfesyjnej Percy’ego Bysshe Shelley’a, Johna Keatsa i Lorda Byrona.
EN
For a long time the two poets William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and George Gordon Byron (1788–1824) have been considered mutually exclusive in the reception of English Romanticism, Wordsworth being the founder of English Romanticism, and Byron being the most important representative of the second generation of English Romantics. In the “Supposed Confessions of a Second-rate Sensitive Mind Not in Unity with Itself” (1830) by Alfred Tennyson both the Wordsworthian and the Byronic types of Romanticism are reconciled in Tennyson’s confessional lyrical style and his Christian-Faustian ambivalence, and the reading of Tennyson must inevitably be conceptual with reference to biblical language and signs, the code with which Wordsworth as well as Byron was well acquainted. The figurative meaning of Wordsworthian “dwelling” and Byronic “travelling” is the literary heritage of wanderings through concepts and ideas which lead Tennyson towards a sense of personal and linguistic freedom in a world in which the collective voice of modern society is overwhelmingly present and permeated with anxiety. The poem exhibits Tennyson’s affiliation with earlier English Romantic poetry (Wordsworth), traceable in the use of motifs, but it is also reminiscent of the confessional lyrical style in the poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Lord Byron.
EN
The author of the article puts Tadeusz Dąbrowski’s poems, the poet from Gdańsk, as the subject to reflextion. The considerations include the following volumes of poetry: Te Deum (2008), Black square (2009), Between (2013). The author analyses the selected poems in reading-response criticism aspect and in the context of the theory of language mediation and the act of communication. By developing allusions to light and shade figure philosophy by Martin Heidegger as well as the analogies of Dąbrowski’s poetry to photography, he tries to show the specificity of Tadeusz Dąbrowski’s poetic output.
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