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EN
It is generally believed that the post-9/11 developments, especially the war on terrorism, military intervention in Iraq as well as the process of political changes in the Arab world after 2011, changed the situation in the Middle East to Europe’s disadvantage. The same claim applies to the European Union. This article carries out a detailed analysis of the European Union’s engagement in Syria after 2011, namely during the still ongoing conflict. The main research question is whether the European Union could play a more constructive and influential role as a peace broker in Syria. In order to answer this question one has to analyze actions undertaken by the European Union especially within the framework of European Council’s Strategy on Syria of 2017. The author concludes that although it is quite easy to criticize the EU for its lack of efficiency in the Syrian conflict, one has to underscore the importance of previous diplomatic efforts, the scale of humanitarian aid and other soft actions undertaken both in Syria as well as in the case of Syrian refugees. Yet in this case the main problem is related to some internal divisions and lack of solidarity among EU members. Undoubtedly, the EU’s voice could be better heard both in Syria and in the Middle East if some Central European governments including Poland changed their current attitude to the conflict and the fate of Syrian refugees.
EN
The aim of the studies was to seek an answer to the following question: Which relationship patterns correlate with different conflict resolution strategies in women's and men's intimate relationships? The subjects were 56 engaged couples (aged 19-37) answering Conflict Resolution Strategy Questionnaires, Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaires and The Family of Origin Scale. The network of correlations between conflict resolution strategies and relationship patterns is more complex for women than for men. In the women's group, the correlation connects constructive strategies (dialogue and loyalty) foremost with patterns defining intimacy (or its components). However, destructive strategies (exit and neglect) are related to patterns definitive of individuation levels in the family of origin, independence and position. In the men's group, however, the correlation connects conflict resolution strategies (constructive and destructive) to relationship patterns definitive of partner relations. Furthermore, constructive strategies are associated with lower intergeneration triangulation intensity and higher intergenerational intimidation intensity.
EN
This study investigated the relationships between emotional intelligence (EI) and conflict resolution strategies in romantic heterosexual couples. 164 couples solved the Test of Emotional Intelligence (TIE), a Polish measure based on the ability model of EI, and the Problem-Solving Strategies Inventory (PSSI) in two versions: self-report and a report of partner’s behavior. We assumed that individuals high in EI should have superior confl ict resolution skills and engage in active and constructive strategies, avoiding those characterized as passive and destructive. These hypotheses were supported for women, but not for men. Females’ EI was consistently positively related to self-report measures of Voice, and negatively related to self-reports of Neglect. Emotionally intelligent men did not declare use of more constructive or positive confl ict resolution styles; however, their female partners judged them as more prone to use of those strategies. The results also revealed a positive assortative mating effect with regard to EI. Additionally, the study demonstrated an interesting disparity between male and female’s reports on relationship behaviors.
EN
A synergistic approach to the organization of autonomous free flight operation of manned, remotely piloted and unmanned vehicles in modern air navigation space is presented in this article. The conditions for the implementation autonomy properties of the flight crew activity to resolve the conflicts with other aircraft are considered.
EN
While violence and conflict are the main problems that must be tackled for a peace-ful world, they are caused and sustained through our own thoughts. Though external causes must not be ignored, the most fundamental problem is an epistemological one—our way of knowing and understanding the world. Since its beginning, Buddhism has deepened its analysis of the dynamics of the human mind, both as a root cause of suffer-ing and as a source of harmony. This paper explores how Buddhism's analysis of the human mind can be applied to conflict dynamics, conflict resolution, and building a sustainable peace.
EN
Importance of building and rebuilding relations between different actors of international politics, from the level of individuals and the smallest social groups to those biggest ones organized in the form of states, has recently become the object of more extended research in the area of both diplomacy and conflict resolution. Along with the well-known and thoroughly analyzed notions such as power, interests, freedoms, norms and many other some new concepts resulting from the evolving nature of international politics are included into political discourse. One of them is reconciliation meaning the rebuilding of relations both at internal and international level. Another interesting example is the relational approach to conflict resolution which can be perceived as the proposal situating itself between two most traditional approaches in the area of international relations namely the realist and the liberal schools. While the realist approach is criticized for not paying enough attention to non-state actors and their role in conflct resolution, the liberal one is perceived as too much oriented into the issues of individual freedoms and institutions and lack of relational „community thinking”. Relational approach which is discussed by increasing number of experts in the area of con{ ict resolution points out the necessity of focusing on the interactions between di erent actors of international relations or more precisely transformation of these relations in such a way that the con{ ict between them is not only settled but truly resolved. Such a transformation is also connected with deeper change in the approach to politics itself meaning fuller inclusion of citizens and their initiatives which are necessary in the process of moving from signing peace agreement to building lasting peace. The article discusses the scope and contents of relational approach and reconciliation stating that reconciliation is both a fundamental aim and instrument of conflict resolution.
EN
Issues and controversies are part of student variables and characteristics in science learning. Not many teachers are prepared for the kinds of challenges that are capable of engendering new ideas and innovations when they occur in the science classroom. This study investigated the nature of conflicts that are generated in the science classroom. One hundred and four lessons taught by 15 pre-service science teachers in a few Nigerian secondary schools were analyzed. Fifteen negative conflicts were documented. The analysis of the responses to the questionnaire administered to another sample of 220 in-service science teachers not only confirmed the extent and gave the frequency of occurrences of these negative conflicts, but ranked students’ poor home background the highest cause of them. Good methods of teaching, adequately equipped laboratories, provision of an appropriate stimulating environment and training were ranked highest among the remedial strategies suggested by the respondents in tackling conflicts and controversies in the classrooms. Those useful but predictable findings are part of teachers’ customary narratives. For that reason, this study sought to constitute those surface experiences afresh and at deep level perceptions and resolve the conflicts through engaging students in out-of-school activities like visits to a science museum and community exposure.
Littera Scripta
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2018
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issue 1
93-101
EN
Project management is an integral part of the life of companies. It helps them to manage projects of different sizes, scopes and financial value irrespective of whether it concerns new products, services, the implementation of new company IT systems, internal processes, etc. Regardless of the project circumstances, there is always a project team, with members drawn from various backgrounds–professional experience, seniority, work ethic, age, and usually gender. However, differences among team members can cause friction. An important factor for success is good, healthy communication, which may include conflicts. Within this context, the project manager, among others, should be a very good conflict solver, or even a trained mediator who can lead constructive conversations. These conversations should enable team members to express their different opinions with the aim of achieving the best possible result, i.e. the prevention of unnecessary conflicts, the minimisation of bad ones, and the reduction of time lost to them. The research presented in this paper shows that managers spend up to 30% of their time managing conflicts, in other words, not doing their job, as is the case for the employees involved in a conflict. As a result, companies suffer from lower productivity and spend money on conflict management activities that in many cases are avoidable.
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EN
The object of the analysis of this paper is Qatari mediation. The role of facilitation as a tool of conflict management in Doha’s foreign policy as well as its modus operandi and the conditions for successful facilitation are the main issues examined here. In conclusion, it is revealed that mediation is only one tool of the Qatari foreign policy among many others. Moreover, the presence of the window of opportunity, the conflict parties’ inclusion and cohesion, and the acceptability of an intermediary are crucial for the successful conflict mediation. The use of reward power, the absence of the follow-up mechanism, the trained administrative staff of the foreign policy apparatus, and the war-weariness are the main obstacles for the transformations of Qatari conflict mediation into conflict resolution.
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Content available remote

Peace Movements in the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict

88%
PL
The peace movements, both Palestinians and Israelis, have been little discussed academically, however, its importance in the development of the Israeli- Palestinian conflict is crucial. This article intends to expose the dynamics that the Israeli and Palestinian peace organizations have had over the years.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
EN
The current article presents an overview of the European Union's conflict settlement mechanisms in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova and discusses their impact on these countries' Europeanisation in the framework of the Eastern Partnership. A comparative analysis suggests that the EU's conflict resolution capacity is largely dependent on the significance attached to conflict by the partner countries and the applicability of the EU's soft power mechanisms.
EN
Article deals with the changes of the foreign policy of the United States of America after the end of the Cold War towards disintegrating Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Article tries to explain the main reasons which influenced the process of disintegration of Yugoslavia and led to the war between 1991 and 1995. The main attention is paid to the main reasons of changes of the U.S. role and involvement in the conflict. It also evaluates the main goals and strategies of Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks. The last part deals with the negotiations in Dayton in 1995, which ended one of the most important conflicts after 1945 and it evaluates the significance of Dayton Peace Accord.
EN
Aim. Peer mediation is a tool for the prevention of socio-pathological phenomena occurring in the school environment, is an opportunity to resolve conflicts through reconciliation. The paper focuses on the perception of the importance of peer mediation and on the presentation of the results of a questionnaire survey, the aim of which was to determine the respondents’ preferences after completion of the project process. Methods. The aim of the questionnaire survey was to determine how pupils and students perceive peer mediation. The survey sample consisted of selected pupils from 6 primary schools aged 10 to 15 years and students from 6 secondary schools aged 15 to 18 years. The questionnaire was completed at the beginning (year 2020 - N = 189, including 90 primary school pupils) and end of the project implementation (year 2021 - N = 124, including 56 primary school pupils). Results. The responses in the entry and exit questionnaires, the respondents declared after participating in the project process an increase in their experience with peer mediation, expressed an interest in becoming peer mediators and resolving personal and school conflicts through peer mediation. Conclusion. Peer mediation engages pupils in a common dialogue to resolve conflicts at school through reconciliation and is a suitable way to prevent undesirable social phenomena in the school environment. The results of the research showed that respondents preferred peer mediation and perceived it as an appropriate form of conflict resolution in the school environment.
EN
This article presents a qualitative analysis of the optional work placements — envisaged here as a learning activity — that form part of the Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Translation offered by the Department of Translation, Interpreting and East Asian Studies at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. The authors divide the placements into five profiles, according to the type of organi­sation hosting the students on the programme: sworn translation providers, law firms, translation agencies, non-governmental organisations such as associations and institutions and, finally, univer­sity research groups. The analysis is followed by an examination of the conflicts arising in each profile and proposals for dealing with these. In their conclusions, the authors state that the heteroge­neous nature of the work placements in specialised legal translation should be seen as an argument supporting the same heterogeneous nature of work content in non-specialised, general translation.
EN
The article describes the idea of a change project (a new course) in higher education. The aim of the change project is to promote traditional conflict resolution mechanisms and strategies in order to ensure sustainable development in Africa. The new program will combine the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and various conflict resolution scenarios by applying the technique of design thinking. The program will involve discussions about types of conflicts in Africa, the real causes of these conflicts, mechanisms for peaceful conflict resolution (with special emphasis on the rakiré and the palaver tree) and design thinking. The author intends to implement the program at the Faculty of International Relations of the Ivan Franco National University in Lviv.
EN
This paper aims to outline the specificities of cross-border economic disputes and to present mediation as a means of solving them as an alternative to common courts, giving the parties the opportunity to settle their dispute faster and cheaper. Mediation also allows the involved parties to continue their economic relation and further develop their co-operation. In a first step the constitutive characteristics of mediation are determined and the specificity of cross-border mediation with particular emphasis onintercultural aspects is explained. In this context, the paper presents specific mediator competences necessary for effective mediation proceedings. Furthermore the legal basis for applying mediation to disputes between Polish and German entities will be described followed by the discussion of applicable regulation in both countries as well as the institutional and legal framework for mediation proceedings in the EU on cross-border economic disputes. In addition, empirical data on the scope of dissemination of mediation in both countries, the attitude of Polish and German entrepreneurs towards mediation and the difficulties of applying it due to cultural differences will be analyzed. The conclusions of the above analysis will be presented in the final section of the paper, which will provide a model of the Polish-German mediation center which aims, besides broad information activities, to create a network of professional intercultural mediators and to promote mediation as an alternative method of conflict resolution between Polish and German business entities.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest nakreślenie specyfiki gospodarczych sporów transgranicznych oraz zaprezentowanie mediacji jako metody ich rozwiązywania, alternatywnej wobec sądów powszechnych, dającej zwaśnionym stronom możliwość zarówno ich szybszego i mniej kosztownego zakończenia, jak i kontynuowania relacji gospodarczych oraz rozwijania dalszej współpracy pomiędzy przedsiębiorcami. W pierwszym kroku określone zostaną cechy konstytutywne mediacji oraz specyfika mediacji transgranicznej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektów interkulturowych. W tym kontekście przedstawione zostaną specyficzne kompetencje mediatora, niezbędne do skutecznego przeprowadzenia postępowania mediacyjnego w tego typu konfliktach oraz podstawy prawne zastosowania mediacji w odniesieniu do sporów pomiędzy podmiotami z Polski i Niemiec. Omówione zostaną zarówno regulacje prawa polskiego i niemieckiego dotyczące mediacji, jak i ramy i uwarunkowania instytucjonalno-prawne postępowania mediacyjnego w UE w zakresie sporów gospodarczych o charakterze transgranicznym. Ponadto analizie poddane zostaną dane empiryczne dotyczące zakresu upowszechnienia mediacji w obu krajach, stosunku polskich i niemieckich przedsiębiorców do mediacji jako metody rozwiązywania sporów gospodarczych pomiędzy podmiotami z obu krajów oraz trudności w jej zastosowaniu wynikające z różnic kulturowych.
PL
Literatura przedmiotu dotycząca działań mających na celu zapobieganie konfliktom oferuje dwa wyjaśnienia dlaczego ocena wpływu stron trzecich w zakresie zarządzania kryzysowego i rozwiązywania konfliktów poprzez mediacje tak bardzo różni się. Pierwsze wyjaśnienie uzależnia pozytywny wynik mediacji w wojnach domowych od specyficznych cech konfliktu, natomiast drugie wyjaśnienie od umiejętności i doświadczenia mediatora oraz od strategii mediacji zastosowanych w procesie rozwiązywania konfliktu pomiędzy stronami. Celem badań jest ustalenie jakie czynniki w przedstawionych podejściach mają decydujący wpływ na to, że niektóre wysiłki mediatorów kończą się sukcesem a niektóre nie. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na próbie 581 mediacji w wojnach domowych w latach 1945–2004 i potwierdziły nasze założenia dotyczące strategii mediacji. Analiza pokazuje, że mediatorzy, którzy przejmują inicjatywę i sugerują rozwiązania (directive mediation strategies), odnoszą większy sukces w rozwiązaniu konfliktu niż mediatorzy którzy stosują mediacje facylitatywne.
EN
The literature on conflict management offers two explanations of why the effectiveness of third parties to settle militarized disputes differs. The structural research tradition focuses on conflict characteristics, while the individualist approaches highlight the background, skills and power of a mediator, as well as the mediation strategy. This article reconciles these two approaches, and examines especially the effectiveness of mediation strategies. Accounting for the selection of mediation and the success of mediation attempts, we use the CWM 1945–2004 dataset. The analysis demonstrates that mediators who were able to pursue a determined strategy face a higher chance of success.
EN
The presented article is aimed at reflecting usage of mediation as a form of international conflicts settlement and at revealing its factors, at the example of the case of conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia. The article is a hypothesis on to what extend international or regional organizations act as effective mediators during mediation process. Attempt of conflict regulation and work of the mediation platform created after Russian-Georgian war are discussed. The theory discussing main variables for evaluating international mediation represented in mediation literature have been used for evaluating mediation factors. The article shows the level of mediation effectiveness in international conflicts, when it is not clear which are the conflicting sides; it shows that when there is an influential country, considering its capabilities, it has enough power to act as effective mediator, only in case if it does not have direct interest in the conflict. We have concluded that mediation can be effective only when it is clear which the conflicting sides are. It is considered that international organizations cannot be effective in conflict resolution when a conflict is in cold phase.
EN
The issues of the text conclude around the question of violence, whose sources should be sought in the text „A contribution to the criticism of violence” by Walter Benjamin. The subject of reflection are various forms of law-making and law-maintaining violence, as well as their relationship with non-violent measures, thus „pure measures.” This approach allows a critical analysis of the relationship between an individual (a human) and the functioning of the institution (state, power) based on specific legal regulations. The text encourages a reflection on the following: can violence understood as legitimate be moral? and is all violence a means to an equitable or unjust purpose? It seems that the final part of the text, by differentiating the types of violence, dividing it into divine, mythical, educational, allows to answer these two key questions presented above.
PL
Problematyka tekstu konkluduje wokół zagadnienia przemocy, którego źródła należy dopatrywać się w tekście „Przyczynek do krytyki przemocy” autorstwa Waltera Benjamina. Przedmiotem refleksji są różne formy przemocy ustanawiającej prawo, jak i przemocy podtrzymującej prawo, a także ich związku z wolnymi od przemocy środkami, a więc „czystymi środkami”. Takie podejście pozwala na krytyczną analizę zależności istniejącej między jednostką (człowiekiem), a funkcjonowaniem instytucji (państwa, władzy) opartej na określonych regulacjach prawnych. Tekst zachęca do zastanowienia się nad tym: czy przemoc rozumiana jako zasadna może być moralna? i czy wszelka przemoc jest środkiem do sprawiedliwego czy też niesprawiedliwego celu? Wydaje się, że część końcowa tekstu poprzez różnicowanie rodzajów przemocy, dzieląc ją na boską, mityczną, wychowawczą, pozwala odpowiedzieć na te dwa kluczowe, przedstawione wcześniej pytania.
EN
The main question to be addressed while discussing post-revolutionary and in particular, post-EuroMaidan Revolution reforms being implemented in Ukraine is – how significant can be essentially neoliberal reforms being conducted in Ukraine in terms of overcoming first of all military-political, but also economic crisis and providing peace in the country, which could positively impact international security as well? Why can we assess post-EuroMaidan reforms as in fact neoliberal? Not only Georgian, but also other foreign libertarians’ direct active participation in the Ukrainian Government makes these reforms neoliberal, but first of all Ukrainian President – Petro Poroshenko’s broadly announced “4-Ds Program”. However, it is noteworthy to mention that there is still an important gap and internal controversy within the current Ukrainian leadership when it comes to the implementation of this program. There is also a meaningful controversy in addition to attempt assuming generally that neoliberal, and specifically, neoliberal economic policy in Ukraine as well, is an efficient strategy for internal or external conflict resolution and/or has conflict preventive function if we take into consideration much specific in many regards Georgian-Russian War of 2008 and current factual Russian-Ukrainian War, both conflicts taking place in parallel with the neoliberalization of Georgia and Ukraine.
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