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EN
The present paper is concerned with articulation of selected Polish consonant clusters by native speakers of English and is situated within the scope of Polish phonetics. The analyses that became the basis of this paper were conducted for the purpose of the master’s thesis. They originated from the emerging need of researching the notions of phonetics in the context of teaching Polish as a foreign language. The aim of the study was to determine which consonant clusters present in the research material are pronounced inconsistently with the norm. Those investigations were accompanied with an attempt of detecting some typical phenomena appearing in English native speakers’ articulation of Polish consonant clusters and some causes of such realisations among the selected respondents. The mentioned claims were accomplished. In her investigations the author took into consideration also language biography (e.g. other languages spoken by the students), the ability to differentiate Polish sounds (individual and geminate sounds) and the notion of transfer (also phonetic interference) related to various differences between the composition of consonant clusters in Polish and English. The qualitative analysis was based mainly on the transcription of the recordings of the students’ performances (readings of the prepared text) and the author’s subjective auditory impressions. In order to examine sound perception, Kwiatkowska’s test (2015) was applied. Based on the analysis of the performances of five speakers the author determined which Polish consonants appeared as most difficult to differentiate and which clusters turned out to be the most problematic to pronounce. It was determined that incorrect articulation concerned both consonant clusters inside words (word-initial, word-medial, word-final) and across word boundaries, especially modifications of the place of articulation, mistakes in voicing and devoicing were noticed, also simplifications of clusters (vowel insertions or consonant deletions). Moreover, a number of mistakes concerned incorrect pronunciation of the sounds: [ʃ̺], [ʒ̺], [t̺͡ʃ̺], [d̺͡ʒ̺] and [ɕ], [ʑ], [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ]. The conclusions of the analyses may help in formulation of some adequate pronunciation exercises addressed to the native speakers of English studying Polish as a second language (some exemplary ones, not included in the present paper, were proposed by the author in her other publication, see Derych 2021).
EN
This paper presents the results of a phonetic study on the occurrence of transition elements in Polish fricative + nasal clusters. A n acoustic study was carried out using the CSL system, with simultaneous observation of the waveform, spectrograph, glottal waveform and glottal pulses. T he results reveal differences in glottal activity depending on place of articulation of the fricative and in its duration with respect to the extent of glottal vibration. Differences in the glottal activity pattern and the transition elements between the fricative and the nasal were also observed. In the fricative-nasal limit three phenomena were found: a voiceless interval, a voiced interval and the absence of any transition element. It was also observed that the occurrence and the characteristics of the transition interval depend on the place of articulation of the fricative
XX
Artykuł relacjonuje badanie empiryczne, którego celem jest weryfikacja często wysuwanego twierdzenia o ograniczeniu tworzenia nazw żeńskich przez grupy spółgłoskowe na styku męskiej podstawy i przyrostka -ka. Wykazujemy, że spośród 20 nazw użytych w eksperymencie tylko adiunktka okazała się trudna do wymówienia, a pozostałe, takie jak architektka czy chirurżka, były raczej łatwe lub bardzo łatwe.
EN
The paper reports on an empirical study which aims at verifying a frequent claim concerning the restriction on the formation of feminine nouns posed by consonant clusters emerging on the attachment of the suffix -ka to masculine stems. We provide evidence that only one of the 20 nouns used in the experiment, i.e. adiunktka has proved to be difficult for the participants to pronounce by while the remaining items such as architektka and chirurżka were rather easy or easy to articulate.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje interesujący i mało jeszcze zbadany problem nagłosowych i wygłosowych grup spółgłoskowych występujących w nazwach wielu polskich miejscowości, a nie występujących w ogóle lub spotykanych bardzo rzadko w wyrazach pospolitych. Po prezentacji danych językowych następuje omówienie historycznych źródeł zbitek spółgłoskowych – zmian dźwiękowych (np. zanik słabych samogłosek, palatalizacja, metateza), zapożyczeń z innych języków i odmian regionalnych. Następnie omówiono miejsce toponimów w polskim systemie fonotaktycznym, dowodząc, że założenie, iż prawidłowo zbudowane grupy spółgłosek to te, które poświadczone są w języku, a błędnie uformowane są w nim nieobecne, stanowi nadmierne uproszczenie. Głębsza analiza faktów językowych nakazuje modyfikację tego podejścia poprzez wprowadzenie dalszych rozróżnień. W artykule stwierdzono, że ograniczenia fonotaktyczne mają charakter skalarny, a pomiędzy prawidłowo i nieprawidłowo zbudowanymi ciągami znajdują się rzadko spotykane grupy spółgłoskowe obecne w niektórych toponimach i zapożyczeniach.
EN
The paper undertakes an interesting and largely under-researched issue of initial and final consonant clusters in many Polish place names which are either unattested in common words or occur only in isolated cases, as illustrated by the examples provided in the title. The presentation of the relevant language data is followed by a brief description of the historical sources of such clusters which involve sound changes (e.g. disappearance of weak vowels, palatalization and segment metathesis), as well as borrowings from other languages and local dialects. Next, the discussion focuses on the place the names in question should occupy in the Polish phonotactic system. The authors argue that equating phonotactic well-formedness with structures attested in language and ill-formedness with those which are unattested is too simplistic. A solid analysis of the aforementioned issues requires a substantial modification and introduction of several subtler distinctions. They claim, therefore, that phonotactic restrictions form a scale, with well-formed and ill-formed sound sequences appearing at its extremities and with rare consonant clusters and those found only in place names and some borrowings located in the middle.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje pewne zjawiska fonetyczno-graficzne występujące w chińskich substytucjach polskich nazwisk. Praca koncentruje się na uproszczeniu zbitek spółgłoskowych w inicjalnych i finalnych sylabach polskich nazwisk. Z badanego materiału zostały zaczerpnięte liczne przykłady progresywnych i redukcyjnych zmian dźwiękowych. Typ progresywny zmian dźwiękowych obejmuje anaptyksę i paragogę. Zmiany redukcyjne to afereza, synkopa i apokopa. Materiał badawczy składa się z 668 polskich nazwisk oraz 778 ich wariantów adaptacyjnych, funkcjonujących w języku chińskim. Właściwe rozważania są poprzedzone teoretycznym opisem procesu adaptacji, a także głównych różnic między językami polskim i chińskim oraz systemami ich zapisu, które znacząco wpływają na ostateczny kształt powstających substytucji.
EN
The paper presents some phonetic-graphic phenomena occurring in the Chinese substitutions of Polish surnames. The work concentrates on simplification of the consonant clusters present in the initials and finals of the syllables constituting Polish family names. Numerous examples of sound additions and sound reductions have been excerpted from the examined material. The sound addition type of changes include anaptyxis and paragoge. The reductive changes are apheresis, syncope and apocope. The research material consists of 668 Polish surnames and their 778 adaptation variants, functioning in the Chinese language. The submitted deliberations are preceded with a theoretical description of the adaptation process, as well as of the main differences between Polish and Chinese and their writing systems, which significantly influence the final shape of the substitutions being created.
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