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EN
Cities are among the most common tourist destinations as they are not only interesting in their own right but also, to a large extent, determine the transit tourist traffic. The article addresses issues related to crisis phenomena in urban tourism destinations. Crisis phenomena are classified into exogenous, endogenous and mixed. Special emphasis is placed on endogenous phenomena, which result from intensive tourist traffic in cities, i.e. overtourism and the environmental impact on urban spaces, particularly regarding air quality. The purpose of the article is to present critical threats to the contemporary tourist market in the functioning of urban tourist destinations. The theoretical study is supplemented by results of a pilot survey of potential tourists concerning the role of information on air pollution when making decisions about tourism trips to cities. The study has a diagnostic and conceptual motivation. The following methods were used: review of the literature, logical operations, quantitative methods, heuristic methods. The results can be used to inform tourism policy in cities with well developed tourism.
EN
The paper includes four case studies on brewing companies operating in the Polish market. The businesses were selected on the basis of non-typical values of various economic efficiency measures (ROS, inventory turnover, total debt ratio) revealed in their ratio analyses. Usually, non-typical ratio values are indicative of turbulent changes taking place in a business. Stabilisation of the above measures most frequently signifies recovery, while their variability may signal an imminent crisis or may accompany winding up a business.
EN
The article covers the main principles of foreign policy at the beginning of independence and their consistent implementation in Ukraine's practical activities in the coming years. The main focus is on the characteristics of the Eurasian vector, especially on the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with neighboring countries and, first of all, with Russia.
EN
The article analyses the process of adapting of Ukrainian enterprises to unfavourable economic conditions, being the consequence of financial crisis. The author describes methods of risk elimination, among which the most efficient ones are, in his opinion: sharing risk between the parties of the business activity, risk insurance, reserving funds to cover unexpected expenses, neutralization of partial risks, reduction of risks in terms of funding. Application of the above methods makes possible the elimination of crisis phenomena on the glabal scale.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie proces dostosowywania się ukraińskich przedsiębiorstw do niekorzystnych warunków ekonomicznych będących następstwem kryzysu finansowego. Autor opisuje metodyeliminacji ryzyka, wśród których za najskuteczniejsze uznaje podział ryzyka między stronami w  działalności gospodarczej, ubezpieczenie od ryzyka, tworzenie rezerw na pokrycie niespodziewanych wydatków, neutralizację częściowego ryzyka, redukcję ryzyka w  zakresie finansowania. W  stosowaniu powyższych metod autor widzi możliwość eliminacji zjawisk kryzysowych w  skali globalnej.
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