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EN
In this paper the author indicates the current contexts and mechanisms of social exclusion. The presented analysis is carried out from the critical perspective. The mechanisms of social exclusion have been identified as those of neo-liberal/market character. These are the processes, such as: privatisation, decentralisation, deregulation, competition as well as commodification of social relations. The author discusses the number of incorrect assumptions of neoliberalism and social order based on those assumptions. The conclusion is that the application of those assumptions in practice of social life has caused the emergence of many social problems, namely social inequality, rising unemployment, impoverishment of many social groups, etc. The author also points out that the assumptions underlying the policy being labelled as the Third Way or the concept of inclusive and sustainable development also are pro-market in their character. This indicates that the economic growth is still considered as the main indicator of social development. The author presents the opinion that the social policy conducted in this manner leads to the occurrence of the people’s attitudes of despair and the increase in the feeling of uncertainty that are experienced at both, the individual (especially by people suffering from social exclusion) as well as the social levels. The paper ends up with the question whether and to what extent the generation of young people in Poland is affected by the mechanisms of social exclusion.
EN
The book Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism edited by Jeremiah Morelock was published by University of Westminster Press in 2018. It is not only a recent, but also an extremely up-to-date publication due to the subject matter. The 299-page volume is divided into three chapters: “Theories of Authoritarianism”, “Foundations of Authoritarianism”, and “Digital Authoritarianism.” Within each of these, three, or in the case of the first chapter, four sections can be distinguished. Below, I will present the main themes of the book with reference to the political situation in Poland and Europe. From the pedagogical point of view, the developmental and educational implications of the issues discussed seem particularly important.
EN
Our aim throughout the contribution was to systemize perspectives employed by the researchers in the studies of educational discourse. Three perspectives of empirical insight into educational discourses were reconstructed in the course of our analysis of selected research examples: optimizing, analytic and critical. The criterion underpinning the analysis was a pragmatic function of the studies. Hence, the links between the choice of research perspective, results of research and practical implications for school improvement were discussed.
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O "polityczności" andragogiki

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PL
Polityczne uwikłania nauk społecznych sprawiają, że również badania nad edukacją dorosłych są nasycone ideologicznie. Autor udowadnia tę tezę, analizując treść dwóch idei przewodnich, które zdominowały nasze myślenie o sektorze edukacji dorosłych w ostatnich kilkudziesięciu latach. Są to: idea kształcenia ustawicznego i koncepcja całożyciowego uczenia się. Są one kognitywnymi instrumentami sprawowania władzy politycznej i osiąganiu w społeczeństwach rozwiniętych demokracji stanu rządomyślności (governmentality).
EN
Due to the political entanglements of social studies, research on adult education is also ideologically driven. The author proves this thesis by analysing the contents of two leading concepts which have dominated our thinking on the adult education sector in the last several decades. These ideas are: continuing education and lifelong learning. They are cognitive instruments of governing and achieving the state of governmentality in the societies of developed democratic countries.
EN
In this article I represent a radical approach to the existing capitalist system of exploitation. The purpose of my analysis is to extract from critical pedagogy its essential elements to undermine the basic assumptions of a society driven by constant lust for profit. Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren, as two radical thinkers, show us the way by which we can claim the system of education from the hands of the oppressors. This is not an easy task, but it can be done if we try to undermine the current system by subversive practices. In this mission, the key role must come to the teachers, who should take into account the presence of different cultural narratives in the classroom. The classroom is not only a neutral space in which the teacher communicates objective knowledge, but also a place where we can close or open for the students the path leading to their liberation by showing them how the social space in their communities is constructed through relationships based on the dominant forms of power and knowledge. Teachers, who are aware of how the school effectively implements its hidden agenda that implies the subordination of the minds of the students, can prevent its implementation by using alternative teaching strategies. To sum it up: a classroom is a very important place in which we can enslave or liberate students by showing them a critical perspective proposed by Marxist theory and practice towards the current capitalist system. In this way, we achieve a milestone in the transformative process leading the oppressed to recognize their subordinated position in the dominant culture, which empowers them to consciously organize themselves in their fight for freedom.
PL
W tym artykule reprezentuję radykalne podejście do władającego kapitalistycznego systemu eksploatacji. Celem mojej analizy jest wydobycie z pedagogiki krytycznej jej konstytutywnych elementów, żeby podważyć bazowe założenia społeczeństwa napędzanego pragnieniem ciągłego zysku. Henry Giroux i Peter McLaren jako dwaj radykalni myśliciele pokazują nam drogę, w ramach której możemy odebrać edukację z rąk ciemiężycieli. To nie jest łatwe zadanie, ale może być dokonane, jeśli podważymy obecny system za pomocą wywrotowych praktyk. W tym zadaniu kluczowa rola musi przypaść nauczycielom, którzy powinni brać pod uwagę obecność w klasie szkolnej różnych narracji kulturowych. Klasa szkolna nie jest neutralnym miejscem, w którym nauczyciel przekazuje obiektywną wiedzę, ale również przestrzenią, w której możemy zamknąć bądź otworzyć uczniom ścieżkę prowadzącą do ich wyzwolenia poprzez pokazanie im, jak przestrzeń społeczna w ich wspólnotach jest konstruowana poprzez relacje oparte na dominujących formach władzy i wiedzy. Nauczyciele, którzy są świadomi tego, w jaki sposób szkoła skutecznie realizuje swój ukryty program podporządkowania umysłów swoich uczniów, mogą zapobiegać jego realizacji poprzez wdrażanie alternatywnych strategii nauczania. Podsumowując: szkolna klasa jest bardzo ważnym miejscem, w którym możemy zniewolić bądź wyzwolić uczniów poprzez pokazanie im krytycznej perspektywy w stosunku do obecnego systemu kapitalistycznego – jaką proponuje nam marksistowska teoria i praktyka. Tym sposobem osiągniemy kamień milowy w transformacyjnym procesie prowadzącym uciśnionych do rozpoznania ich podległej pozycji w kulturze dominującej, co umożliwi im świadome organizowanie się w walce o wolność.
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