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Język Polski
|
2018
|
vol. 98
|
issue 1
18-34
PL
Artykuł przedstawia pochodzenie i praktyczne użycie nietypowych form miejscownika i narzędnika liczby pojedynczej nazw miejscowości o odmianie przymiotnikowej, a także trudności związane z ich kodyfikacją.
EN
The article discusses the origin and practical use of exceptional singular forms of the locative and instrumental of topographic names with an adjectival declension (of the type Zakopane), as well as the norms contained in the rules of Polish spelling.
EN
Declensional morphology of nouns in Czech and Russian is investigated and compared. It is shown that, in general, word forms which are more similar to their lemmas are preferred, but there are differences between animate and inanimate nouns and also among grammatical genders. The frequency distribution of grammatical cases is also studied, with animacy and gender being again important factors.
3
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My jsme tři, jich je pět

84%
EN
The number “five” plays an important role in Czech. This is caused by the perception of the world by human brain. It can perceive particular elements as unconnected, individual, up to the amount of four, inclusive. Starting with the number five, the brain stops to differentiate such elements as individual; they merge and therefore the brain perceives the given set of elements globally as a whole. This is manifested both in the declension (the number five and higher numbers are followed by plural nouns in genitive) and in the use of certain expressions (“rok” [year], “léta” [years]) or phraseology.
CS
V češtině hraje důležitou roli množství (počet) pět. Tato skutečnost souvisí s vnímáním okolního světa lidským mozkem. Ten je schopen vnímat jednotlivé prvky jako nespojité, individuální, do množství čtyři včetně. Počtem pět počínaje ovšem mozek přestává ony prvky rozlišovat jako jednotlivé, splývají mu, a proto pojímá příslušnou množinu globálně, jako celek. To se projevuje jak v deklinaci (po číslovce pět a vyšších následuje počítaný předmět v genitivu plurálu), tak v užívání některých výrazů (rok, léta) či ve frazeologii.
EN
This study focuses on accounting for allomorphy in Latin case/number inflection. It attributes essentially all of it to the influence of adjacent features of standard segmental phonology on morphemes expressing case assignment. Indeed, other languages lead linguists to expect that allomorphy at a stem-suffix border can depend on any feature of a final vowel: ±Low, ±High, ±Round, ±Back, ±Consonantal or ±Syllabic. Empirically, it turns out that no two Latin stem-final vowels induce identical allomorphy in case/number suffixes, nor the same allomorphy as final consonants. Moreover, some (not much) phonologically conditioned allomorphy is phonetically opaque. These two factors have led traditional scholarship to conclude that each stem-final segment should define a separate classification of noun suffixation or “declension”. As there are basically six types of final segment (a, o, u, i, e and consonants), each then gives rise to a different declension (stems with final i are often put in some other group or considered irregular), thus creating five (or six) declensions. Tradition then goes on to analyse stem-final vowels not as part of stems but as some kind of separate morphemes called “thematic vowels” (with no role in either syntax or phonology). This essay argues rather that an unflinching modern and formal approach to inflectional allomorphy, exactly analogous to using phonology to reduce regular English plurals to a single lexical form, succeeds in sweeping away the sandcastle of Latin declensions and better captures the actual descriptive generalizations that account for Latin case inflection.
EN
Polish inflexional morphology, with its rich inventory of rules relating to noun declension, also involves surnames of foreign origin. Generally, these surnames should be inflected just as Polish common names or adjectives are, depending on the inflexional paradigm to which they belong. However, the declension of foreign nouns involves various complications of phonetic, orthographic, and, most of all, inflexional natures, not only because of a relatively high number of rules governing the Polish morphological system, but also because some of these rules have not yet been determined in a definitive manner and the declension itself, in some cases, is optional. For this reason, speakers of Polish, to avoid inflecting a given surname, often prefer to adopt various editorial strategies, so to speak; in their texts, however, we can still find numerous incorrect inflexional forms and inconsistent or outright wrong inflexional strategies. With this article, then, I intend to expose the detailed rules relating to the declension of Italian surnames in Polish and analyse the occurrences of these surnames in Polish texts that have appeared in Italica Wratislaviensia.
IT
La morfologia flessiva polacca, con il suo ricco inventario di regole relative alla declinazione sostantivale, coinvolge ugualmente i cognomi di provenienza straniera. In linea di massima, simili cognomi andrebbero declinati come nomi comuni o aggettivi polacchi, a seconda del paradigma flessivo cui appartengono. In realtà, la declinazione dei sostantivi stranieri comporta vari problemi di natura fonetica, ortografica e, soprattutto, flessiva, non solo per via di un numero relativamente alto di regole che governano il sistema morfologico polacco, ma anche perché alcune regole non sono state determinate in maniera definitiva e la stessa flessione, in alcuni casi, non è obbligatoria. In effetti, gli utenti della lingua polacca, per evitare di declinare un dato cognome, preferiscono spesso ricorrere a varie strategie redazionali. Nei loro testi non mancano, però, né forme sbagliate dei cognomi, né strategie flessive incoerenti o addirittura scorrette. Con il presente lavoro si intende, quindi, esporre in maniera possibilmente più dettagliata le regole relative alla declinazione dei cognomi italiani in lingua polacca insieme all’analisi delle occorrenze di tali cognomi nei testi polacchi apparsi su Italica Wratislaviensia.
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Šel do světa na zkušenou

84%
EN
In Czech, so called noun (substantive) adjec tives belong to substantives. Concerning their forms, they are declined as adjec tives, relating to one of the noun genders. Some of these noun adjec tives are similar to real adjectives question – they can occur in all grammatical cases in communication. The other noun adjec tives lost their adjective features. Some of these former adjectives, especially those feminine ones, occur in different adverbial meanings and are connected with a particular grammatical case only.
CS
V češtině se mezi substantiva řadí i tzv. sub stantivizovaná přídavná jména. Po formální stránce se skloňují jako adjektiva, náležejí vždy k jednomu z jmenných rodů. Některá z těchto pojmenování se blíží reálným přídavným jménům; v komunikaci se mohou vyskytovat ve všech pádech. Jiná substantivizovaná adjektiva už svoji adjektivní povahu ztratila. Část těchto původních adjektiv, hlavně ženského rodu, se v řečové praxi vyskytuje v různých adverbiálních významech a jsou vázána pouze na určitý pád.
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Divil se babiččinu důchodu

84%
Bohemistyka
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2017
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issue 3
266-269
EN
We distinguish a lot of dialect variations among the forms of Czech possessive adjectives. Speakers often substitute a mixed declension (paradigm otcův – father´s) for a compound declension (paradigm dobrý – good) in everyday communication. The article brings attention to the fact that in case of a female possessor in the connection with masculine or neuter nouns, sometimes a colloquial ending -ě is used (Divil se babiččině důchodu – He was surprised by his grandmother´s pension) instead of a standard ending -u (Divil se babiččinu důchodu). However, this phenomenon is mentioned only by few Czech grammar books.
CS
Ve formách českých přídavných jmen přivlastňovacích nalézáme řadu nářečních variant. V běžné komunikaci dochází k tomu, že mluvčí často nahrazují smíšené skloňování (vzor otcův) deklinací složenou (vzor dobrý). Článek upozorňuje na skutečnost, že se v dativu singuláru někdy objevuje v případě přivlastňování ženskému posesorovi ve spojení s podstatnými jmény rodu mužského a středního kolokviální koncovka -ě (Divil se babiččině důchodu) namísto spisovné koncovky -u (Divil se babiččinu důchodu). Na tuto skutečnost ale upozorňuje pouze minimum českých gramatik.
8
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Trajectories of change in paradigmatic cells in Czech

84%
EN
We examine a well-known phenomenon in the development of the Czech nominal declension system: the gradual supplanting of the original o-stem ending in the locative singular with the u-stem ending. We observe that, contrary to expectations from the literature based primarily on studies of English, this shift has been in progress for a millennium and, in the high-frequency nouns for which we have enough data to observe, the opposing trend is also frequently in evidence: the o-stem ending is introduced to lexemes where it was not found earlier. In the absence of a single, overriding motivation that could have derailed this shift from following the classic ‘S-curve’ pattern, we propose re-examining the retextualization model as a more fitting one for the complex interaction of factors and forms found in languages with complex inflectional morphology.
PL
Rozprawa podkreśla związek między językową argumentacją a logiką. Argumentacja językowa jest systemem językowym, który stosuje znaczenie wyrażeń ujętych w zdania do zarysowania pełnego znaczenia zdań, w nich bowiem konstytuują się zależności między wyrażeniami. Rzeczywiście, to powiązanie między wyrażeniami wzmacnia całościowe znaczenie począwszy od samych podstaw struktury zdania w logicznym powiązaniu idei. W nim znajduje się relacja między słowami a umysłem, zależna od logiki powiązanych ze sobą wypowiedzi. Aby podkreślić znaczenie przedstawionego wyżej sposobu myślenia, autorka zwraca się ku teorii wczesnej gramatyki arabskiej, ogniskującej się raczej wokół analogii niż anomalii. Nastawienie w systemie na analogię opiera się na podstawowej teorii, która implikuje wspomnianą wyżej relację, choć niektóre współczesne ujęcia odrzucają tę interpretację. W podsumowaniu swojej analizy, autorka uwzględnia podobne teorie gramatyki łacińskiej, które wykazują nastawienie logiczne, będące następstwem powiązania językowej argumentacji z logiką. Konkludując, autorka stwierdza, iż powiązanie słów i logiki okazuje się pojęciem uniwersalnym.
EN
The author emphasises the relationship between linguistic argumentation and logic. Linguistic argumentation is a language system which uses the meaning of expressions in a sentence to draw the complete meaning of the sentence that constitutes interdependence between the particular expressions. In fact, this connection between expressions enhances the overall meaning based on the very fundamentals of the sentence structure thanks to the logical relationship between ideas, where there lies a relation between words and the mind that is dependent on the logic of combined utterances. In order to justify the above interpretation, the researcher has turned to the theory of the early system of Arabic grammar, which focuses more on the analogical ap- proach rather than anomaly. The analogical approach in the system is based on the underlying theory that implies the aforementioned relationship, even though some modern views may disagree on the interpretation of this issue. To round off the discussion, the author includes similar existing theories on Latin grammar which have shown the logical approach to be a result of the connection between linguistic argumentation and logic. As a result of this discussion, the connection between words and logic is shown to be a universal concept
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2016
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vol. 99
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issue 5
256-268
EN
The article is concerned with the graphic aspect of acronym usage in standard written Czech. It focuses on the abbreviations which can be pronounced not only when spelled out, but also as a single unit. The survey examines the competition of various acronyms’ declension forms in particular case positions, both in the case of abbreviations ending with a consonant (type ČEZ) and those ending with a vowel (types UNESCO and IKEA) for which contemporary handbooks and linguistic description allow the addition of case endings only in spoken Czech. The study shows that some types of acronyms also tend to be declined in standard written Czech contexts and analyzes the tension between preserving the abbreviation’s graphic integrity and treating it as an ordinary word written in lower case form. The results lead to the adjustment of some existing statements on acronyms.
EN
The inflection of Japanese names such as Masaharu or Čikamacu might prove difficult for some Czech speakers. Grammars of Czech state that Japanese masculine personal names ending with -u should belong to the “pán” declension paradigm and that the final -u should be preserved in all cases. Using the data from the corpus SYN v7 and a corpus of websites focusing on Japanese comics and cartoons, the presented paper draws a comparison between the usage represented by published written texts, and by texts unaffected by editorial adjustments and produced by speakers who are active users of the names in question. The data from SYN v7 shows a strong preference for preserving the final -u (in accordance with the codification), while the data from websites displays the opposite tendency.
Bohemistyka
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2017
|
issue 2
182-188
EN
The form of Czech in a foreign language environment depends on numerous linguistic as well as non-linguistic factors. A common aspect of foreign forms of Czech is its convergence to the local dominant language. Three basic results of language contact are: adoption, reduction and atrophic changes. Foreign forms of Czech are often characterized by quite prevalent replacing of nominal genitive ending with locative, especially in plural. This phenomenon is rooted in dialects; the cause could also be the low acoustic distinctiveness of the genitive ending which is replaced with the phonetically more distinct locative ending.
CS
Podoba češtiny v majoritním jinojazyčném prostředí zavisí na celé řadě jazykových i nejazykových faktorů. Společným rysem zahraničních realizací češtiny je jejich sbližování s místním dominantním jazykem. Rozlišují se tři základní důsledky jazykového kontaktu: přejímky, redukce a atrofické změny. Zahraniční vainty češtiny se vyznačují také poměrně častým nahrazováním jmenné koncovky genitivu lokálem, dochází k tomu hlavně v množném čísle. Tento jev má nářeční původ, příčinou může být i malá zvuková výraznost genitivního zakončení, které je nahrazováno foneticky zřetelnější koncovkou lokálu.
EN
In this paper, teaching Polish as a Foreign Language to adults from the east, that is, the inhabitants of former Soviet republics speaking Russian as their first or second language is used an example of the didactics of Polish declension and syntax from the perspective of contrastive linguistics. While presenting the theoretical context of didactics contrasted with L1, it is stressed that nowadays that the contrastive analyses of L1 and L2, error analysis and the knowledge of the phenomenon of interference are all employed in teaching. The postulate of applying a confrontative approach in teaching PFL to people from the east, which is which is supported by Polish research tradition, is presented in the article. In the article, the techniques of the Polish didactics of declension and syntax contrasted with the Russian language have been derived from the book Polski dla nas 1 [Polish for us 1]. Польский для нас 1. Deklinacja i składnia kontrastywnie dla Słowian wschodnich (A2-B2) [Declension and syntax for East Slavic students from the contrastive perspective (A2-B2)]. The techniques have been divided into two groups: monolingual exercises and bilingual exercises. It has been stressed that the knowledge of L1 of the students taught by a tutor is significantly facilitated by teaching with the use of the contrastive approach, yet it is not a condition sine qua non for such type of didactics.
PL
W niniejszym tekście omówiono nauczanie deklinacji i składni polskiej w ujęciu kontrastywnym na przykładzie nauczania osób dorosłych ze Wschodu, znających język rosyjski jako język pierwszy lub drugi. Przedstawiając kontekst teoretyczny nauczania J2 w kontraście z J1, akcentuje się, że współcześnie korzystamy zarówno ze zdobyczy analiz kontrastywnych J1 i J2, jak i analizy błędów i znajomości zjawiska interferencji. Przedstawia się postulat konfrontatywności w nauczaniu JPJO osób ze Wschodu, który przewija się przez całą polskojęzyczną literaturę glottodydaktyczną.  W artykule zaprezentowano techniki dydaktyki polskiej deklinacji i składni w kontraście z językiem rosyjskim zaczerpnięte z książki autorki Polski dla nas 1. Польский для нас1. Deklinacja i składnia kontrastywnie dla Słowian wschodnich (A2–B2). Podzielono je na dwie grupy: ćwiczenia jednojęzyczne i dwujęzyczne. Zwrócono przy tym uwagę, iż znajomość J1 grupy uczących się przez lektora znacząco wspomaga nauczanie w kontraście, jednak nie jest warunkiem sine qua non tego typu dydaktyki.
XX
The presentation of the Czech declension system in books for foreign learners is a key and very problematic chapter which later influences the presentation of other grammatical structures and categories. The complexity of Czech formal morphology is caused by language factors (different kinds of declension, many paradigms, a lot of exceptions, variants, etc.) as well as methodical factors (manifestation of agrammaticality, formalistic approach). The difficult situation has not even been solved by attempts to simplify and reduce the system of Czech declension for linguodidactic purposes. Most of the books tend to present the individual cases one by one (horizontal approach) rather than presenting the whole paradigms (vertical approach). Both of the concepts have their pros and cons. The question of optimal order of case presenting and some other problems remain unresolved. In the conclusion we provide basic linguodidactic recommendations for presenting the declension system
EN
The article concerns the issue of linguistic awareness among students who attend the program for the prospective teachers of Polish as a foreign language at the Faculty of Philology at the University of Lodz. In the text, we present and comment on the results of a survey study among 52 students. The survey consisted of questions on basic issues of functional grammar of the Polish language in the area of declension, which are presented to learners of Polish as a foreign language. The analysis led to the proposal to introduce the notion of didactic metalinguistic awareness, related to the peculiar character of foreign language teaching, which would complement the metalinguistic awareness.
PL
Artykuł porusza zagadnienie świadomości lingwistycznej studentów – słuchaczy specjalizacji glottodydaktycznej na Wydziale Filologicznym Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego. W tekście zostały przedstawione i omówione wyniki analizy badania ankietowego przeprowadzonego w grupie 52 studentów. W kwestionariuszu umieszczono pytania dotyczące podstawowych problemów z gramatyki funkcjonalnej języka polskiego z zakresu fleksji imiennej, które omawiane są przez nauczyciela języka polskiego jako obcego podczas zajęć z cudzoziemcami. Analiza materiału badawczego zaowocowała propozycją wprowadzenia pojęcia glottodadaktycznej świadomości lingwistycznej, związanej ze specyfiką pracy nauczyciela języka obcego, będącej dopełnieniem świadomości lingwistycznej.
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