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1

Disagreements in Iranian dissertation defenses

100%
Izadi A.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2013
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vol. 9
|
issue 2
199-224
EN
Despite having unwelcome effects on interpersonal relationships, disagreements constitute the mainstream of talk in dissertation defense sessions. This paper reports on variations in the design of disagreement turns in 20 Iranian defense sessions in L2 English. Drawing on and modifying Locher’s (2004) classification of disagreement strategies, turns were classified into two main categories of “mitigated” and “unmitigated”. Then, for each category, linguistic and paralinguistic devices, which were used in framing disagreements, were identified. The data features almost an equal number of mitigated and unmitigated disagreements. “But with hedged contradictory remarks”, and “hedges” were the most frequent mitigating strategies, whereas “Direct opposite views” and “but with contradictory remarks” were the most frequent strategies in unmitigated and aggravated disagreements. Finally, the implications of the results for research on face and institutional talk are discussed.
2

How Moderate Relativists Should Explain the Appearance of Disagreements About Taste

100%
Hirvonen S.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2011
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vol. 7
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issue 2
223-240
EN
Moderate relativists such as Kölbel (2003, 2009) and Lasersohn (2005) have motivated the semantic framework by arguing that unlike contextualism, it can explain why there appear to be disagreements of taste. The solution relies on the relativist notion of a proposition whose truth depends on a judge parameter. This notion coupled with the view that contradicting propositions create an appearance of disagreement allegedly enables them to secure the right predictions. This paper questions the argumentative strategy by showing that there are no basis to infer pragmatic data (an appearance of disagreement) from formal semantics (locating an element of truth-conditions to the circumstance rather than propositional content). I then present a way to understand the relativist framework from the point of view of mental representation. The view put forward explains the missing relation between the semantic framework and pragmatics, and predicts why there is an appearance of disagreements about taste.
3

Contextualism and Disagreement

100%
Qin W.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2011
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vol. 7
|
issue 2
309-322
EN
This paper argues that attributor contextualism is in conflict with ordinary language methodology. Attributor contextualism has at its center the thesis that, the truth-values of knowledge attributions vary with the conversational (speaker) contexts. This thesis entails that if two speakers in similar contexts make conflicting knowledge attributions, at least one of these attributions is false. One important argument for attributor contextualism depends on ordinary language methodology, a methodology that places great trust in ordinary speakers and prevents judging a substantial group of ordinary speakers' simple knowledge attributions false. I argue that there is strong empirical evidence that ordinary speakers do extensively disagree in similar contexts. My conclusion is that one cannot coherently hold the attributor contextualist thesis and use ordinary language methodology, because the lesson we learn from the empirical evidence is that using the methodology would prove the thesis false. Since prominent attributor contextualists explicitly adopt the methodology, and that the methodology is what distinguishes attributor contextualism from its main rival, invariantism, the conflict with the methodology is a problem for attributor contextualism.
4

Disagreement, Cognitive Command, and the Indexicality of Moral Truth

88%
Reichardt B.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
|
2015
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vol. 42
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issue 1
7-16
EN
Moral Relativism can be considered an attractive alternative to realism because relativists can make good sense of cultural and societal disagreements by seeing them as faultless. However, we can show that this advantage is made possible by systematically disagreeing with moral phenomenology. Relativists make a substantial distinction between intercultural and intracultural discourses which turns out to be incoherent. This can be shown by making use of Crispin Wright’s notion of Cognitive Command.
5

Conflict talk and argumentative strategies in highly adversarial talk shows: The case of Al-Jazeera’s The Opposite Direction

88%
Migdadi F., Badarneh M. A., Abbas K. A.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
|
2013
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vol. 9
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issue 1
93-121
EN
This study examines the conflict strategies used in the highly adversarial and popular Arabic-language talk show broadcasted weekly on Al-Jazeera satellite channel, known as Al-Ittijah Al-Mu’aakis 'The Opposite Direction'. The study identifies the conflict strategies and verbal conflict expressions and approaches them in the light of Interactional Sociolinguistics. The analysis of three episodes debating three different topics shows that disputants used several types of strategies including "impoliteness", "aggravated impoliteness", topic restriction, lengthy holding of the floor, and sarcasm. The speakers' bald-on-record expressions of disagreement are expected as a result of the controversial and polemical nature of the show, which creates fierce competition between the two guests to present their arguments in an aggressive way.
6
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Approaches to Teaching Agreement and Disagreement in Selected Coursebook Series

88%
Válková S., Kořínková J.
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition
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2023
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vol. 9
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issue 1
1-20
EN
The article focuses on the explicit teaching of language used to express agreement and disagreement in the popular English language coursebooks English File and Navigate. It reviews the current research on teaching various aspects of polite language and politeness-sensitive speech acts and analyses and compares the explicitly taught phrases of agreement and disagreement in the two selected coursebook series, as well as the methods of their presentation and the amount of background theoretical information provided to students and teachers to facilitate their proper usage. Differences were identified not in the inventories and language representation of the explicitly taught phrases, but mainly in the background support available for students and teachers on their usage.
7

The Many Uses of Predicates of Taste and the Challenge from Disagreement

88%
Zeman D.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
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2016
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vol. 46
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issue 1
79-101
EN
In the debate between contextualism and relativism about predicates of taste, the challenge from disagreement (the objection that contextualism cannot account for disagreement in ordinary exchanges involving such predicates) has played a central role. This paper investigates one way of answering the challenge consisting on appeal to certain, less focused on, uses of predicates of taste. It argues that the said thread is unsatisfactory, in that it downplays certain exchanges that constitute the core disagreement data. Additionally, several arguments to the effect that the exchanges in question don’t amount to disagreement are considered and rejected.
8
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Evaluating Food and Beverage Experience: Paradoxes of the Normativity

75%
Zahrádka P.
Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture
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2020
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vol. 4
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issue 3
99-112
EN
This article is concerned with an analysis of semantics and the normativity of evaluative judgments, in which “aesthetic concepts” and “predicates of personal taste” are used in the context of the evaluation of selected cultural forms (foods and beverages). Qualitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews with representatives in four categories of actors in the cultural field (non-experts, fans, makers, and professional critics) are analyzed. In the light of the findings, theories of aesthetic judgment are critically assessed, which on the one hand, postulate the categorical semantic and normative difference between aesthetic concepts and predicates of personal taste and, on the other hand, conceive aesthetic disputes from an epistemological point of view and do not sufficiently take into account their pragmatic context. In conclusion, a functional analysis of the semantics and normativity of evaluative judgments is presented, in which the speakers use terms from the field of aesthetics.
9
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Ministerstwa na Twitterze. Strategie reagowania na negatywne komentarze użytkowników na profilach wybranych ministerstw

75%
Tereszkiewicz A.
Studia Medioznawcze
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2016
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issue 2 (65)
39-49
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony strategiom stosowanym przez przedstawicieli ministerstw w reakcji na negatywne komentarze użytkowników, które są publikowane na profilach wybranych resortów na Twitterze. Analiza miała na celu charakterystykę najczęściej występujących strategii oponowania. Wykazała ona, że wśród stosowanych strategii można odnotować zarówno bezpośrednie, jak i pośrednie akty odrzucania, odrzucanie i podważanie sądów przez zaprzeczanie, stosowanie aktów unikowych, m.in. podkreślanie braku wiedzy i kompetencji, strategie obejmujące odsyłanie odbiorcy do innych źródeł informacji oraz ironizowanie czy stosowanie aktów grzecznościowych w formie podziękowań i pozdrowień.
EN
The goal of this paper is to discuss strategies used by ministerial representatives in reaction to negative comments made by users on Twitter profiles of selected ministry offi ces. It aims at mapping the strategies for dealing with disagreement used by the government representatives. The analysis shows that strategies encompass both direct and indirect forms of disagreement, evasive strategies, e.g. underlining lack of knowledge or competence, acts of directing users to other sources of information, as well as irony and politeness strategies, such as thanks and greetings.
10
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Czy łatwo ukryć wzajemną niezgodę? O językowych manifestacjach sprzeciwu w Weselu Stanisława Wyspiańskiego

75%
Pławecka A.
Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media
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2020
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vol. 5
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issue 1
69-94
EN
In Polish dictionaries, opposition is defined primarily as disagreement, no agreement. In the article Is it easy to hide mutual disagreement? – about linguistic manifestations of opposition in Stanisław Wyspiański's "The Wedding" Agata Pławecka examines opposition as an act of speech which emerges from disagreement and at the same time reveals it, constituting one of the stages of an argumentative dialogue. The purpose of the text is to present linguistic signals of opposition to socially established ideas about the representatives of confronting social strata and to describe how these signals function in a literary text. On their basis, the chapter reconstructs sources of social disagreement from the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century. Research was conducted on Stanisław Wyspiański’s drama "The Wedding", which characterizes the Polish society of that time. The author of the article focuses on the description of opposition formulas which, according to the adopted methodology of Christian Plantin, introduce the opposite discourse and argumentation of the other person. The study shows that opposition is an important element of dialogues that appear in "The Wedding". Linguistic signals of opposition are revealed by the characters of the drama despite the social wedding situation, which would force all invited guests to maintain equality and mutual agreement. Analyses demonstrate that the literary text contains various types of opposition. This article presents divisions into: 1) independent and dependent oppositions; 2) explicit and implicit oppositions. Results indicate that the sources of social disagreement in the Young Poland era included, among others, factors such as: differences in the way of perceiving the world caused by having alternative types of knowledge about reality (resulting from different ways of creating this knowledge; thinking based on stereotypes vs thinking based on experience and observations); deficits in knowledge about the habits and mentality of different social strata members; ignorance, prejudice, aversion, and contempt for Otherness, associated with an exaggerated conviction of one's superiority; lack of faith in the possibility of uniting different communities, lack of willingness to really come to know another person and confront the common beliefs about represedifferent social group representatives with reality.
11
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Перевод номинаций русских жестов согласия и несогласия на болгарский язык (на материале жестов головы)

51%
Гочев Г.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica
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2022
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issue 21
49-62
EN
The aim of this article is to identify the peculiarities of translating the nominations of Russian gestures of agreement and disagreement into Bulgarian. The aim necessitates an analysis of gestures from the point of view of: a) their execution and the nature of their nominations, and b) the correctness/incorrectness of translation choices regarding Russian gesture nominations. The study, based on the methods of description and comparison, has led to the following findings: Russian gestures are standard, i.e. agreement has a primary connection with vertical head movement, and disagreement with horizontal head movement. In Bulgarian communication, along with such standard gestures, there are non-standard ones whose meaning does not depend on the vertical or horizontal movement of the head but on the movement of the chin. These differences determine the nature of their nominations: the Russian nominations have primary, permanent connections between agreement and vertical, as well as disagreement and horizontal. Bulgarian nominations, on the other hand, do not have such connections – they are characterized by homonymy, i.e. they denote both standard and non-standard gestures.   Based on these differences, recommendations to translators have been put forward: conduct a careful analysis of the context which determines the meaning of the Russian gesture, and in the absence of an indication of its meaning, be guided by its primary connection, and the Bulgarian translation must necessarily remove the resulting homonymy that allows for the Bulgarian gesture nomination to be interpreted both as agreement and disagreement.   The article relates to the little-explored area of comparative study of non-verbal Russian and Bulgarian means of communication.
RU
Цель настоящей статьи заключается в выявлении особенностей перевода русских номинаций жестов согласия и несогласия на болгарский язык. Цель обусловила анализ жестов с точки зрения: а) их исполнения и характера номинаций; б) корректности / некорректности переводческих решений русских жестовых номинаций.   Исследование, основывающееся на методах описания и сопоставления, привело к следующим результатам: русские жесты являются стандартными, т.е. согласие обладает первичной связью с движением головы по вертикали, а несогласие – с движением головы по горизонтали. В болгарском общении наряду с такими стандартными жестами функционируют и нестандартные, значение которых не зависит от вертикального или горизонтального движения головы, а от движения подбородка. Эти различия определяют характер их номинаций: русские номинации обладают первичной и постоянной связью согласие – вертикаль, несогласие – горизонталь; болгарские номинации не обладают такой связью, они характеризуются омонимичностью, т.е. ими обозначаются как стандартные, так и нестандартные жесты.   На базе этих различий сформулированы рекомендации переводчикам: внимательный анализ контекста, определяющего значение русского жеста, а в случае отсутствия в нем указания на значение – руководствоваться его первичной связью; болгарский перевод обязательно должен снимать возникшую омонимию, позволяющую интерпретировать болгарскую жестовую номинацию и как согласие, и как несогласие.   Статья имеет отношение к малоизученной области сопоставительного изучения невербальных русских и болгарских средств общения.
12
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Remedium wobec diagnozy, czyli jak liberalizm polityczny odpowiada na fakt niezgody

51%
Ciszewski W., Dyrda A.
Diametros
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2013
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issue 37
13-33
PL
Problematyka politycznej niezgody (political disagreement) stanowi istotny punkt wyjścia dla konstruowania współczesnych teorii politycznych. Zarazem wartość każdej teorii politycznej może być oceniona pod kątem skuteczności radzenia sobie z każdym rodzajem niezgody (sporu) politycznego. W artykule zostaje przeanalizowanych kilka filozoficznych hipotez dotyczących źródeł politycznej niezgody (teoria błędu, pluralizm wartości, idea pojęć z istoty spornych W.B. Galliego oraz kognitywistyczna teoria metafor językowych). W dalszej kolejności autorzy starają się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy teoria liberalizmu politycznego (J. Rawlsa i jego kontynuatorów) stanowi dobre remedium dla faktu politycznej niezgody, w świetle przedstawionych jego wyjaśnień. Przedstawiona taktyka argumentacji prowadzi do umiarkowanie entuzjastycznych wniosków, ukazując słabe strony teorii liberalizmu politycznego.
EN
The problem of political disagreement is one of the most important problems, which provides the starting point for the construction of any contemporary political theory. Moreover, each and every theory can be evaluated by taking into account the efficacy of coping with different types of political disagreements. This paper discusses four different types of political disagreement (the error theory, value pluralism, the essential contestability of concepts, Lakoff’s metaphor theory) and aims at answering the question whether the theory of political liberalism (founded by J. Rawls) is a good (i.e. efficacious) remedy for political disagreement. The result is moderately positive, as far as it reveals the weak points of this theory.
13
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Zgoda domniemana a cele transplantacji

51%
Ochotny P.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae
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2017
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vol. 15
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issue 3
29-35
EN
The author, in his paper, pays close attention to a presumed consent and wider a right to self-determination, which is meant as an act of decision in a transplantology context. Polish legislation of transplantation from 2005 in article 4 lists four reasons for transplantation of organs: post-mortem autopsy, therapeutic, academic and didactic. Simultaneously, article 5 states that transplantation of organs for a therapeutic reason is possible when the deceased person distinctly hadn’t disagreed for such an action. If there are no clear objections against transplantation, and the deceased person does not carry a note of which could suggest otherwise, the physician can legally assume that the person had agreed for an organ sampling (from a presumed consent). A phrase “for a therapeutic reason” evidently points out that donor’s disagreement is only valid in a face of organ, tissue and cell harvest for a medicinal cause. However, organs sampling: post-mortem autopsy, which is both academic and didactic as, does not fall under the same regulations, as it will be conducted regardless of presence or lack of permit of family or the will statement of the deceased one. On the other side, every organ sampling for academic and didactic reasons, requires a separate declaration from a donor as lack of their disagreement is not sufficient in this case. To resolve this forensic-legal deadlock, it is suggested to extend a presumed consent of organs sampling.
PL
Autor w swoim artykule zwraca uwagę na problem zgody domniemanej, i szerzej prawo do samostanowienia sięgającego poza granice życia człowieka, w kontekście celów transplantacji. Podstawowy akt prawny zawierający uregulowania dotyczące transplantacji, a mianowicie Ustawa z dnia 01.05.2005 r. o pobieraniu, przechowywaniu i przeszczepianiu komórek, tkanek i narządów (Dz. U. z 2005 r. Nr 169, poz. 1411), wylicza cztery cele, dla których mogą być pobierane komórki, tkanki i narządy ze zwłok ludzkich: diagnostyczny, terapeutyczny, naukowy i dydaktyczny. Zgodnie z art. 5 ust. 1 „pobrania komórek, tkanek lub narządów ze zwłok ludzkich w celu ich przeszczepienia można dokonać, jeżeli osoba zmarła nie wyraziła za życia sprzeciwu”. Zapis ten jest przykładem tzw. zgody domniemanej, na podstawie której przyjmuje się, iż dany człowiek za życia wyraził się aprobująco o możliwości ofiarowania swoich organów, a więc faktycznie nie złożył odpowiedniego sprzeciwu, podważającego domniemanie zgody. Sformułowanie „w celu ich przeszczepienia” wyraźnie wskazuje, że instytucja sprzeciwu ma zastosowanie jedynie w przypadku pobierania tkanek, komórek i narządów w celach leczniczych. Dawca nie ma jednak prawa do wyrażania ewentualnego sprzeciwu wobec pozostałych celów: diagnostycznego, naukowego i dydaktycznego. W celu rozwiązania swoistego impasu prawnego proponuje się rozszerzenie zakresu zgody domniemanej.
14
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Typologia konfliktów wartości

45%
Płoszczyniec A.
Kultura i Wartości
|
2022
|
issue 34
125-142
DE
Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die These über das Auftreten verschiedener Wertekonflikte zu begründen und diese anschließend typologisch zu veranschaulichen. Die ersten Überlegungen betreffen den allgemeinen Begriff des Konflikts sowie das Phänomen des Konflikts als Gegenstand axiologischer Untersuchungen, woraufhin die ontoaxiologischen Annahmen analysiert werden, die darauf abzielen, die Präsenz und die Vielfalt von Wertekonflikten aufzuzeigen. In der dargestellten Typologie wurde als das Kriterium der konzeptuellen Teilung der Grad der Transzendenz einer bestimmten Art von Konflikt in Bezug auf den Menschen angenommen.
EN
The aim of this text is to justify the thesis about the existence of various conflicts of values, and then to illustrate them by using a typology. The work first considers the general concept of conflict and the phenomenon of conflict as the subject of axiological investigations, and then analyzes ontoaxiological assumptions that aim to reveal the presence and multiplicity of conflicts of values. The typology presented here accepts the degree of transcendence of a conflict of a given type in relation to man as a criterion for conceptual division.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest uzasadnienie tezy o występowaniu różnorodnych konfliktów wartości, a następnie zilustrowanie ich za pomocą typologii. Pierwsze rozważania dotyczą ogólnego pojęcie konfliktu i fenomenu konfliktu jako przedmiotu dociekań aksjologicznych, po czym analizowane są założenia ontoaksjologiczne, które mają na celu unaocznić obecność i wielorakość konfliktów wartości. W przedstawionej typologii za kryterium konceptualnego podziału przyjęto stopień transcendencji danego typu konfliktu względem człowieka. 
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