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EN
Alcohol abuse among young people was a serious social problem in the interwar period. The aim of the article is to show how the Młody Hufiec magazine attempted to oppose the commonly accepted drunkenness of youth in Poland. The article describes actions undertaken in order to combat alcoholism and promote abstinence among youth, published by the magazine in 1927–1939.
PL
The aim of this paper is to describe some of the most distinctive ways of displaying hedonism, gluttony and drunkenness in the Czech literature over the last approximately 15 years. Based on the analysis of the most significant books concerning these themes (e.g. texts by Petr Stančík, Jan Balabán, Emil Hakl, Václav Kahuda, Jáchym Topol and other authors), the author proposes a more detailed typology of the forms of these phenomena in the latest Czech literature, as well as of their specific functions in concrete texts.
EN
Addiction is among the many illnesses that modern man suffers from. One of the most extreme and dangerous addictions is alcoholism. A person suffering from alcoholism is unable – using his own strength - to stop its destructive character, both in the psycho-physical and the spiritual spheres. Many public institutions provide various forms of help, and among them the Church certainly plays a significant role. The primary task of the Church is to bring all of its members to the ultimate goal of eternal salvation. The apparitions at Gietrzwałd, which took place 140 years ago, seem to confirm the care that the Mother of God has for the salvation of every human being, especially one afflicted with the reality of drunkenness. She calls abusers of alcohol to conversion and to break with such a life. The exhortation contained in the Gietrzwałd message imposes particular tasks on the pastors of the shrine to care for those who are afflicted by any sort of addiction. The shrine, because it was chosen by the Mother of God, is equipped with special pastoral tools to undertake these tasks zealously. The effectiveness of fulfilling this sacred mission will certainly depend on cooperation with the Heavenly Mother, and in terms of those combatting sinful ailments, it will depend on the spiritual struggle, which must be accompanied by a child-like trust. After all, Mary assured all her perpetual help with these words: “Do not be sad, because I will always be with you”.
EN
Among the works of Aristotle there are also dialogues, a literary genre, represented in ancient Greek literature above all by Plato. Although Aristotelian dialogues were not preserved to our times, on the basis of mentions found in the works of other ancient authors, an image of form and content of Aristotle’s dialogues may be drawn. The article aims to analyze selected testimonies and fragments concerning Aristotle’s Symposium, and to discuss motives and topics which appear in the dialogue of Plato’s pupil.
EN
This article seeks to explore representations of theatrical anger in William Shakespeare and Thomas Middleton’s Timon of Athens (1606?) and a play written by students from one of the Inns of Court, the Inner Temple, entitled Timon, written and performed at the Inn circa 1602. The article is concerned with two types of violence exhibited in both plays; rhetorical violence and ritualistic violence. Early modern rhetorical violence is self-consciously performative and manipulative compared to ritualistic violence which is unbridled and emasculating; a bodily performance that cannot be controlled via self-regulation. By exploring cultural perceptions of anger, this article attempts to account for the range of violence performed by the two Timons.
EN
Contemporary societies suffer a lot from the Lack of moderation in the use of psychoactive substances, especially nicotine and ethanol. Traditional approach for regulating the use of ethanol was concentrated on the competencies of a single person, both in the case of sobriety and drunkenness. Saint Thomas Aquinas, in two issues of Summa Theologiae (2-2, qu. 149-150) took a similar position. Meanwhile, it seems that the sobriety and drunkenness have a more social character. It is much more difficult to develop sobriety in the societies in which there is a consent to the abuse of psychoactive substances.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje i omawia śląską leksykę i frazeologię dotyczącą picia alkoholu. Analizie formalno-semantycznej poddano dwa pola tematyczne, obejmujące jednostki o ogólnym znaczeniu ‘pić alkohol’ oraz nazwania człowieka pijanego, które porównano z polszczyzną ogólną, a zwłaszcza jej odmianą potoczną. Celem artykułu było pokazanie podobieństw i różnic polszczyzny regionalnej (śląskiej) i ogólnej w obu zakresach tematycznych.
EN
The article presents and discusses the bacchanalian theme in the Silesian lexicon and phraseology. There are analyzed two lexical-semantic fields in the article. They included lexemes and idiomatic: drinking action names and the drunk men, which are compared with general Polish language, especially colloquial one. The main aim of article is showing the similarities and differences between the Silesian dialect and general language in the both fields.
PL
Z powodu dramatycznej plagi pijaństwa na terenach zaboru pruskiego już w latach 30. XIX w. podjęto akcję promocji trzeźwości i towarzystw trzeźwościowych. Zapoczątkowany wtedy ruch rozrastał się mimo trudności związanych z Wiosną Ludów, wojną 1870, Kulturkampfem i Hakatą. Zaangażowany był w ten ruch Kościół katolicki. Szczególny czas rozwoju tych dzieł przypadł na okres po odzyskaniu niepodległości w 1918 r. W artykule zaprezentowane są źródła i rozwój ruchu trzeźwościowego na Pomorzu, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem działalności i wpływu na życie społeczne Bractw Trzeźwościowych. Dzięki zaangażowaniu duchowieństwa katolickiego działały one w 233 parafiach (na 274) w diecezji chełmińskiej. Wielość grup i różnorodność ich członków wskazuje, jak wielki miały one wpływ na świadomość społeczną.
EN
Due to the dramatic plague of drunkenness in the Prussian partition there had been attempts to promote sobriety and the idea of sobriety societies already in the thirties of the XIX century. The Prussian government in the days of Frederick William III partnered with the American government asking them to send sobriety promoters to the Prussian state. Just after 1842, when the circular appeared in the Poznan Archdiocese to ask priests to pay attention to the danger of drunkenness and alcoholism, brought by the overuse of „hot drinks” (high grade), the clergy engaged in work in the field of sobriety. Since that moment a significant development of sobriety societies had taken place. However that growth was tempered by political events of 1848 (Springtime of Nations), then the war of 1870 and the period of the Kulturkampf and Hakata when sobriety activities were considered subversive. It was demanded that all public meetings had to be held in German (The Muzzle Law). It should be kept in mind that after partitioning there was no native Polish government on Polish territories which is why the Catholic Church, which retained its administration, led in the anti‑alcoholic action. Whereas the time after regaining independence by the Polish Republic was connected with an explosion of new sobriety brotherhoods and organisations in the Polish Pomerania and the Diocese of Chelmno. That was the period of increased activity and a multitude of forms promoting the sobriety which affected the public consciousness of the threat of drunkenness and alcoholism. This paper is an attempt to show the development of anti‑alcoholic thought and the origins and growth of sobriety movement in Pomerania. The tradition of overuse of alcohol in Poland having the origins in the past centuries cannot be ignored though. Despite the lack of comprehensive historical studies on the fight against alcoholism, both for the whole of Poland and Pomerania in the discussed post‑partitioning and interwar period, there is a number of scientific reviews and many studies of historical source character. The aim of this paper is therefore to study in particular anti‑alcoholic activities, institutions and individuals to whom we owe the creation and operation of not only the famous Brotherhoods of Sobriety, but also the great impact of sobriety movement on the society. The basic research issues concerning the creation and functioning are reflected in pastoral letters of Chelmno bishops. Starting from 1837, throughout the whole period of the partition and the time of the Second Republic, the track of those matters can be kept in the pastoral letters. Within the Chelmno Diocese, which included 27 vicariates, there was no vicariate without Brotherhood of Sobriety. The Diocese of Chelmno, consisting of 274 parishes, was taking pride in 233 Brotherhoods of Sobriety. The multitude of sobriety organizations and the people from different social strata involved in their activities is a confirmation of the fact, that the mass movement of sobriety in XIX century and up to 1920 helped to change public consciousness of the interwar period. These changes of consciousness and collective experience gained, had on impact on the fact that in the years after 1920 the Poles turned out to be able to use the opportunity, develop and defend the regained statehood. For the coordination of sobriety activities in the Diocese in 1929 the Chelmno bishop established the General Secretariat. The new Statute of Brotherhoods and Temperance Brotherhoods Union was also arranged and approved on Nov. 5, 1931 and the bishop himself led all of the Chelmno Diocese’s Temperance Brotherhoods. It’s worth of special emphasis. Nowadays it’s hard to find such an example. It’s a great confirmation of the catholic clergy’s involvement in the fight with drunkenness and alcoholism.
PL
Przedmiotem pracy jest problem alkoholowy, który występował wśród górników górnośląskich na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Opisałam najbardziej charakterystyczne momenty w życiu pracowników górnośląskich, którym towarzyszył alkohol, czyli różnego rodzaju święta, biesiady i spotkania. Pijaństwo tego okresu było związane z mentalnością środowisk górniczych, a także z ich życiem codziennym i religijnym, dlatego odwołałam się do poszczególnych etapów życia tej grupy zawodowej. Praca ta, chociaż dotyczy wydarzeń mających miejsce w XIX i XX wieku, swym zasięgiem obejmuje granice dzisiejszego Górnego Śląska, jednak bez Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego. Na potrzeby pracy zastosowałam rozróżnienie między pijaństwem, a alkoholizmem, wykazując różnice między tymi zjawiskami. Starałam się także wyjaśnić przyczyny sięgania po alkohol.
EN
The subject of this article is alcohol-related problem among Upper Silesia miners at the turn of 19th century. I described the most characteristic moments of Upper Silesia employees’ lives in which alcohol was present, such as different kinds of holidays, feasts and gatherings. Drunkenness in this period of time was connected to miners’ social environment’s mentality and to their everyday and religious life. That is why I referred to various stages of this professional group’s lives. The range of this article, although it concerns events from 19th and 20th century, includes the territory of today’s Upper Silesia, but without Zagłębie Dąbrowskie (Coal Fields of Dąbrowa). For the needs of the article I made a division between alcoholism and drunkenness, explaining the differences between these phenomena. I tried to explicate the reasons of drinking as well.
EN
Ancient catalogues of Aristotle’s writings (Diogenes Laertius, Hesy­chius) mention Symposium in one book, but this does not seem to be a dialogue analogical to that of Plato. Aristotle raised the sympotical and wine-drinking issues differently, as Plutarchus, Macrobius, Philo of Alexandria, Ps. Julian, and first and foremost, Atheaneus relate in their works. In his The Sophists at Dinner, Atheaneus quotes Aristotle’s title Συμπόσιον only once, while the title Περὶ μέθης is cited six times. Some scholars and editors of Aristotle’s fragments combine both titles as belonging to one writing (Laurenti, Zanatta), while others (Gigon, Breitenberger) separate them as their identity is not confirmed by the sources. Irrespective of whether it was a dialogue, just one or two related works, the few extant testimonies and citations from Aristo­tle provide an interesting source of information concerning the then customs and drinking effects in Greek culture, which, however, should not be directly associated with contemporary drunkenness and alcohol­ism. Aristotle’s approach to wine-drinking and feasting was in fact inves­tigative, natural, medical, and analogical to the arguments presented in the third book of Problemata, where the matters On the drinking of wine and drunkenness are touched upon.
PL
Ancient catalogues of Aristotle’s writings (Diogenes Laertius, Hesychius) mention Symposium in one book, but this does not seem to be a dialogue analogical to that of Plato. Aristotle raised the sympotical and wine-drinking issues differently, as Plutarchus, Macrobius, Philo of Alexandria, Ps. Julian, and first and foremost, Atheaneus relate in their works. In his The Sophists at Dinner, Atheaneus quotes Aristotle’s title Συμπόσιον only once, while the title Περὶ μέθης is cited six times. Some scholars and editors of Aristotle’s fragments combine both titles as belonging to one writing (Laurenti, Zanatta), while others (Gigon, Breitenberger) separate them as their identity is not confirmed by the sources. Irrespective of whether it was a dialogue, just one or two related works, the few extant testimonies and citations from Aristotle provide an interesting source of information concerning the then customs and drinking effects in Greek culture, which, however, should not be directly associated with contemporary drunkenness and alcoholism. Aristotle’s approach to wine-drinking and feasting was in fact investigative, natural, medical, and analogical to the arguments presented in the third book of Problemata, where the matters On the drinking of wine and drunkenness are touched upon.
11
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Epikur i wino

63%
PL
Sympozjon był przedmiotem dociekań wielu autorów. Plutarch w Zagadnieniach biesiadnych (Plut. Quaest. conv. I, 612d-e) podaje, że najbardziej sławni myśliciele mieli zapisywanie dysput przy stole za godne literackiego wysiłku i trudu. Do grona tych, którzy potrafili czerpać użytek z wątków sympozjalnych zaliczył Platona, Ksenofonta, Arystotelesa, Speuzypposa, Akademika Diona, Prytanisa, Hieronima, a co najważniejsze – Epikura. Kompozycja epikurejskiego Sympozjonu jest całkiem inna od dialogu platońskiego, co nie uszło uwadze już twórcy Uczty mędrców, czyli Atenajosowi. Przypuszczalnie różni się on niemało także od arystotelesowskiego Sympozjonu. Zauważalny brak zamiłowania do wina u hellenistycznego myśliciela przyczynił się nie tylko do propagowania nowej postawy wobec tego trunku, ale i do radykalnej zmiany samego gatunku biesiadnego.
EN
The symposium has been the subject of research by many authors. Plutarch, in Quaestiones Convivales (Plut. Quaest. conv. I, 612d-e), states that the most famous thinkers considered it worthy of literary effort, to write down disputes at the table. He included Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, Speusippus, Dion, Prytanis, Hieronymus and, most importantly, Epicurus among those who were able to make use of symposium threads. The composition of the Epicurean Symposium is quite different from the Platonic dialogue, which has not escaped the attention of the author of The Deipnosophists , Athenaeus. Presumably, it also differs quite a bit from Aristotle’s Symposium. The noticeable lack of passion for wine at the Hellenistic thinker contributed not only to the promotion of a new attitude towards this drink, but also to a radical change in the convivial genre itself.
Vox Patrum
|
2013
|
vol. 59
387-400
PL
Z całą pewnością można stwierdzić, że jednym z najznakomitszych wyra­zicieli starożytnej myśli społecznej był Jan Chryzostom. Jego pełne ekspresji kazania kierowane do wiernych są niezwykłe pod względem nasycenia treścia­mi o charakterze społecznym. Odnajdujemy w nich zarejestrowany obraz cod­ziennego życia społecznego starożytnej Antiochii i Konstantynopola w 2. poł. IV i na początku V wieku. Przedstawione w kazaniach i homiliach obrazy stanowią dowód niezwykłej wnikliwości obserwatora ustosunkowującego się do zjawisk zachodzących w ówczesnym społeczeństwie. W niniejszym opracowaniu postanowiono poddać analizie niektóre homilie Jana Chryzostoma, w których Antiocheńczyk odnosi się do pijaństwa (mšqh), które było istotnym problemem społecznym dotykającym chrześcijan (zwłaszcza mężczyzn). Chryzostom bardzo często występował przeciw nadużywaniu alko­holu, a samo pijaństwo uważał za poważne wykroczenie. Odnosząc się do istoty spożywania posiłków podkreślał, że człowiek nie żyje po to, aby jeść i pić, lecz je po to, aby żyć. W przekonaniu naszego autora pijaństwo jest też przyczyną i źródłem wielu innych wad, grzechów oraz wszelkiego zła pojawiającego się w społeczeństwie. Pijaństwo i obżarstwo rujnują też życie duchowe i są przesz­kodą w zdobywaniu owoców postu, a nawet mogą zniweczyć to, co zostało już zdobyte przez jego praktykowanie. Z tego względu Chryzostom często kreśli w kazaniach negatywny obraz pijaka oraz wzywa swych wiernych do porzucenia pijaństwa i obżarstwa.
EN
The article deals with the teaching of the Church Fathers on the consumption of wine and the ensuing problems. From an analysis of the statements of ancient authors it follows that they were not absolute enemies of wine drinking and claimed that as God’s gift wine could give people joy and warm up the organism. It can therefore without much fear be drunk by the elderly whose desires are curbed by age and reason. The young, however, should be aware of the many dangers entailed by the abuse of alcohol. Drunkenness, according to the teaching of St. Paul, is classified as grave sin. In the opinion of the Fathers drunkards cannot control their emotions and passions and this leads them to neglect their families and draw away from God. For this reason ancient preachers address those who abuse alcohol with words of encouragement to take up struggle against the addiction and in this way take care of the salvation of their souls. In their efforts to free themselves from their addiction they should be supported by those closest to them.
14
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Platon i wino

51%
EN
Since time immemorial symposiums were held in the Hellenic Republic that, just like drinking wine, fostered memories of past times and discussions on moral topics. Therefore, it is not a surprise that oinos was appreciated by many authors and the motive of wine itself played a significant role in the Greek literature. Naturally, Plato also could not refuse the gift given to the people by Dionysus and talked about wine in several of his dialogues. Plato's considerations of oinos cover indications of etymological nature, typology of symposiums, as well as the effect the drink has on the attitude and activeness of a human being. They also owe a lot to traditional images and Hellenic medical concepts that play an important role in the thinker's discussion on the subject and commonly present oinos as φάρμακον. Does the Dionysus' heavenly gift deserve the Plato's encomium? This study will make an attempt to answer this question.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zjawisko nadużywania alkoholu w polskim społeczeństwie w latach 1950–1956 w mikroskali, wybierając jako obiekt badań Zieloną Górę. To średniej wielkości miasto na terenie Ziem Zachodnich było wówczas miejscem, gdzie osiedlali się ludzie przybywający z różnych stron Polski i spoza jej granic. Taka mieszanka kulturowo-etniczna i trudności w asymilacji oraz adaptacji do nowego środowiska być może stanowiły dodatkowy bodziec do sięgania po alkohol. Pijaństwo było obecne w Polsce Ludowej od początku jako w dużej mierze konsekwencja lat wojny oraz szeregu zmian, które nastąpiły po jej zakończeniu. Oprócz wskazania przyczyn tego stanu rzeczy w artykule zwrócono również uwagę na skutki pijaństwa zarówno z perspektywy jednostki, jak i całego społeczeństwa. Niewątpliwie zjawisko to stanowiło problem społeczny, medyczny, a także gospodarczy, powodujący wymierne straty finansowe będące skutkiem nadużywania alkoholu w godzinach pracy. Odwołując się do szerszego kontekstu państwowego, zaprezentowano także działania władz lokalnych w zakresie walki z nadużywaniem alkoholu przez miejscową społeczność. Autorka, omawiając problem pijaństwa, starała się ukazać najważniejsze obszary związane z tym zagadnieniem, a jednocześnie przywołać konkretne przykłady z lokalnej prasy lub dokumentów wytworzonych przez miejscowe władze. Bazę źródłową do prowadzonych rozważań stanowiły przede wszystkim materiały Zarządu Miejskiego w Zielonej Górze oraz Prezydium Miejskiej Rady Narodowej w Zielonej Górze. Informacje uzupełniają artykuły z „Gazety Zielonogórskiej”. Studium w zamierzeniu autorki ma być próbą przedstawienia zjawiska społecznego, jakim jest nadużywanie alkoholu, w kontekście historycznym.
EN
This article presents the occurrence of alcohol abuse in Polish society in the years 1950– 1956 in a small community, using the example of Zielona Góra. This medium-sized city in the Western Poland was then a place where people coming from different parts of the country and from abroad settled. Such a cultural and ethnic mix caused difficulties in assimilation to the new environment and may have been an additional stimulus to reach for alcohol. Drunkenness was present in People’s Republic of Poland (PRL) from the beginning, which was largely a consequence of the war years and a number of changes that occurred in its immediate aftermath. In addition to indicating the reasons for this, attention was also paid to the effects of drunkenness both from the perspective of the individual and the whole of society. Undoubtedly it was a social, medical and also economic problem, which caused financial loss due to alcohol abuse during work. Referring to the situation in the state, the text also presents the activities of local authorities in the fight against alcohol abuse by some members of the local community. The article refers to examples from archival documents and local press. This study is an attempt to present the social problem of drunkenness in a historical context.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł obejmuje problematykę z zakresu odwzorowania w literaturze aspektów kultury dawnej. Wybranym elementem jest problem zbytkowności uczt w czasach baroku. Referat wskazuje na różnorodne źródła zamiłowania do wystawnych przyjęć w dobie sarmackiej (jak wpływy obce czy wzorce estetyczne), wygląd stołów i przebieg biesiad oraz dalekosiężność skutków ucztowania. Ukazuje m.in. drogę magnaterii i bogatszej szlachty do ruiny finansowej, na którą składały się nazbyt kosztownie zastawione stoły, umiłowanie dekoracyjności i ceremoniału. Tę rujnującą finansowo i moralnie skłonność stanów wyższych krytycznie komentowali już autorzy ówcześnie żyjący. Nie oszczędzano ujawniających się wówczas przywar, jak pijaństwa, lekkomyślności czy krótkowzroczności. Artykuł ujmuje też fragmenty tekstów będących świadectwem nieuświadamiania sobie powagi problemu wśród samych ucztujących, a doskonale obrazujących sensualno-kulinarny aspekt kultury naszych przodków.
EN
The paper covers the problem of the representation of the aspects of the past culture in literature. The chosen element is the problem of the luxuriance of the feasts in baroque. The paper points out to the various origins of the love of splendid feasts in the Sarmatian époque (such as foreign influences or aesthetic models), the looks of the tables and the course of the feasts and the far-reaching effects of feasting. It presents among others the path of magnates and the higher aristocracy to the financial ruin, which had been constituted by the too costly stacked tables, the love of decorativeness and ceremony. This financially and morally ruining inclination of the nobility had been critically commented by then-living authors. The faults, which had then come to light, had not been sparred, such as: drunkenness, recklessness or short-sightedness. The essay contains also the pieces of texts which bear witness to the un-realization of the seriousness of the problem by the feasting themselves, and perfectly portraying the sensual and culinary aspect of the culture of our ancestors.
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