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1

Badania ratownicze osady wczesnośredniowiecznej w Głazowie, stan. 22, pow. sandomierski

100%

Florek M.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

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2020

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issue 41

171-178

EN

In 2005, rescue excavations were carried out at site 22 (discovered a year earlier) in Głazów. Their aim was to record and explore the features visible in the high balk. Two of the examined features were the remains of smoking chambers (pits), and the third pit could be of an utility function. Based on the pottery sherds found inside, these features should be dated between the beginning of the 9th and the end of the 10th century. However, in the arable layer of the ground and on the surface of the site, there were mainly fragments of ceramics determined to the 12th – 13th centuries. This dating indicates the two-phase settlement of the early medieval site 22 in Głazów: the first phase – 9th – 10th (or the beginning of the 11th century); the second phase – 12th – 13th centuries. The village Głazów, which exists today, is a direct continuation of the settlement of the second phase.

2

Wczesnośredniowieczne zapinki podkowiaste z ziem polskich. Uwagi na temat chronologii, rozprzestrzenienia i genezy

88%

Olejarz A.

Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne

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2011

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vol. 53

231-258

EN

The earliest penannular brooch finds from Poland date back from the Roman Period, with a rare find or two datable to the Migrations Period. After a brief chronological break these forms are noted again from the 11th c. onwards, but they are associated with a different culture environment then previously. There is no doubt that in the Slav environment the penannular brooch was not a native form. At present from the territory of Poland we have over 60 finds of these brooches. Analysis of the chronological and geographic distribution of penannular brooches has revealed a number of correlations. Also notable are some characteristic features, e. g., the raw material, size (diameter), construction design and decorative motifs. Penannular brooches are present during the early medieval period almost everywhere in Poland. This is, first of all, the entire coastal zone of Baltic, Kuyavia and eastern Greater Poland Podlachia and Lesser Poland. Isolated specimens are known from Lubusz Land, Silesia, Subcarpathia, Polesie, Masovia, the regions of Suwałki and Częstochowa. To some extent finds of these brooches may be said to group along the largest rivers: Odra, Vistula, Warta, Western Bug, Narew and their tributaries. Another notable fact would be the occurrence of the oldest iron specimens in central and south Poland, mainly within earthworks and settlements. The dating of these brooches tends to be the period 9th-11th c. At the same time, the 9th c. chronology raises some reservations. On the other hand, starting from the 11th until the 13th c. penannular brooches are recorded in similar contexts mostly in central and northern parts of Poland. Moreover, brooches from silver hoards in Pomerania and Lubusz Land invariably have the form of hack silver, dated not later then 11th c. In inhumation cemeteries 10th to the 13th c. we observed a great diversity of these ornaments; they are present both in female and male graves, and a significant majority of specimens made in bronze have an engraved ornament. The brooches from grave finds are recorded in the north of Poland and in a zone running centrally across Poland all the way to Lesser Poland. From before the 10th c. we have no record of even a single penannular brooch made in bronze. This situation may be the result of the lack of precision in dating the oldest iron specimens or of the local production preceding the inflow of imports. By charting all the penannular brooch finds on a map and making an analysis of their culture attribution and chronology we can attempt to reconstruct the routes of their influx to our territory. The results of these analyses identified Scandinavia, Balt territory, and Rus’ as source areas of imported brooches. Their distributions suggests both a sustained popularity of these ornaments during the early medieval period and the long period they continued in use. Future studies, focused in particular on the chronology of individual assemblages in which penannular brooches were discovered, may provide new insight on these early medieval forms of personal ornament.

3

Chronologia względna wczesnośredniowiecznych grodzisk środkowego i dolnego biegu Liwca próba analizy w świetle badań geologiczno-geomorfologicznych

75%

Wróblewski W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

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2001

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vol. LIV

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issue 54

3-21

EN

The basin of the Liwiec River is one of archaeologically least investigated areas of central-eastern Poland (between the Vistula, Bug and Wieprz Rivers). Evidence from the 12th and 13th c. written sources is lacking. Regular study of the Early Medieval pattern of settlement on the Liwiec was initiated only in 1983 when excavation was started of the Early Medieval earthwork at the village of Grodzisk (Phase 1 – 10th c., phase 2 – mid 11th c. to the beginning of 13th c.). In the present study an attempt is made to define the relative chronology of Early Medieval earthworks on the Middle and Lower Liwiec with the help of data obtained from the investigation study of the region’s geology and geomorphology rather than strictly archaeological evidence. A major challenge in the interpretation of archaeological evidence recovered from the Liwiec cachment is how to accurately define its chronology. Over 90% of finds dated to the Early Medieval period is made up by pottery which unfortunately is not a very sensitive chronological indicator. Moreover, pottery finds originate from outside closed assemblages making it difficult at present to elaborate a clear scheme of relative chronology. The generally used system of dating Early Medieval pottery within the framework of absolute chronology has a margin of error of 100–200 years. This poses a serious problem when studying the processes of settlement dynamics. There is a need therefore to seek other methods for defining chronological phases of local 10th–13th c. settlement network in the Liwiec cachment. In investigating the geology and geomorphology in the Liwiec valley the aim was to determine the water levels in the river in the Early Medieval Period. Detailed analysis was made in the middle and lower course of Liwiec, which have well defined flood terraces. These are useful in reconstructing the natural history of the river during the last several hundred years. With a length of 126 km and cachment of ca. 2.770 km² Liwiec is a swiftly flowing stream registering substantial (up to 3 m in its lower course) fluctuation in its water levels and strongly meandering as well. Liwiec has developed numerous old channels, especially in its middle and lower course, branches and stretches of standing water. In its upper stretch the valley is much less well-defined as a result of hydrographic conditions changing over time. The first series of geomorphology studies in the Liwiec cachment was carried out in 1987 at the Early Medieval earthwork in the village of Grodzisk. It was established that in the period when the earthwork was in use he channel of the Liwiec was 6–7 m higher than at present. Gradual erosion of the river bed started at the turn of the 12th and the 13th c. leading to a marked drop in the water level in the river. All of this suggests that the 14th c. castle at Liw cannot have had a predecessor in the form of an Early Medieval – 12th c. earthwork. In the period when the Grodzisk earthwork was still in function (12th/13th c.) the site subsequently occupied by the castle at Liw, which lies within the valley would have been below the waterline. The next step was a study of the geology of other four Early Medieval earthworks situated on the Middle and Lower Liwiec: Barchów (previously dated to the 10th–11th c.), Liw (12th c.?), Grodzisk and Wyłazy (11th––12th c.). Except for Grodzisk all these sites had been investigated to a limited extent by sondage and were dated primarily on the basis of the modest quantity of pottery finds. The study included also three other conjectured no longer existent Early Medieval earthworks (Łochów, Węgrów and Kucyk, previous localisation: Wyszków) which tend to be overlooked by researchers. Their approximate location in the field was established following a careful analysis of meagre late 19th and 20th c. references. Researchers concerned with Early Medieval settlement in Poland generally assume that in the older phases of this period (6th–9th c.) the groundwater table and water levels in rivers were considerably lower than today and that this made it possible for villages and earthworks to be set up in river valleys. According to this concept settlement started to move out of the valleys towards the valley margin with the rise in water levels, i.e., from the 10th c. onwards. Nevertheless, a number of 11th–13th c. settlements is known which are found on the river valley floor. It may be added that geologists and hydrologists have yet to reach a consensus on the subject of groundwater levels and development of river valleys in the youngest stages of the Holocene. Consequently, the results of the geomorphologic study presented here may be related only to the analysed stretch of the Liwiec Valley and should not be mechanically be transposed onto other areas. The second series of investigations of geology and geomorphology was carried out in 1989. Its results fully confirmed the conclusions reached in 1987 with regard to Grodzisk. Only the earthwork at this site lies outside the river valley on the edge of the upland. A similar location, on the highest, fourth, terrace is seen at Wyłazy. The establishment at Barchów and the castle at Liw occupy a younger, third river terrace. The oldest flood terrace in the valley of the Liwiec is the at present poorly preserved terrace IV. Terrace III is slightly younger while terraces I and II are much later developments. Assuming the gradual decline of the water levels in the Liwiec it may be supposed that the oldest of the studied earthworks is the one at Grodzisk, rising on the edge of a marshy and river valley unsuitable for settlement. Lowering of the water level in the river and development of terrace IV made settlement possible also in the valley of the Liwiec; consequently, the earthwork at Wyłazy would have developed presumably still in the period when the Grodzisk earthwork was in function. Decidedly the youngest earthwork would be Barchów, situated on terrace III while Liw is an establishment dating to the mature Medieval Period (14th c. onwards). Analysis of the geology and geomorphology of earthworks in question helped to establish their relative chronology. In the proposed scheme, earthworks at Grodzisk, Wyłazy and Łochów are dated to the oldest horizon I, while earthworks at Kucyk, Barchów and Węgrów(?) date to the younger horizon II. Both chronological horizons fit in the period between the 10th and the 13th c. In horizon II there was a visible concentration of stronghold settlement in the middle course of the Liwiec; perhaps functions served by the earthwork at Wyłazy were taken over after it was deserted by the earthwork at Podnieśno, previously dated to the 11th c. For the studied stretch of the Liwiec it may be assumed that the process of colonisation of the river valley proper took place parallel with the falling water levels only in the younger phases of the early Middle Ages. Both the analysis of archaeological data and of indirect written evidence relating to administrative and church territorial divisions of this part of Poland in the early Middle Ages suggest that the area lying between the Bug and Liwiec had a frontier, Polish-Ruthenian character. Data available is too imprecise to attempt reconstruction of the Polish-Ruthenian frontier in the region. But we may assume that most probably from the middle of the 11th c. a frontier belt started taking shape here, open in character, following the line of the water divide of both the rivers in question. The relative chronology of early Medieval earthworks lying on the Middle and Lower Liwiec presented here is a further step leading to a more precise than at present definition of the character and course of the Polish-Ruthenian border area between the 11th and the 13th c. in the region.

4

Próba interpretacji zjawiska rytualnego składania ofiar z ludzi na Słowiańszczyźnie Zachodniej

75%

Pokorski M.

Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia

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2021

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vol. 26

373-397

EN

The subject matter of the article concerns on ritual sacrificial practices related to human sacrifices among the Western Slavs, including the Polish lands and the Polabia region. The chronological range covers the early Middle Ages, from the 7th to the 12th centuries. Considerations on this subject include the review of anthropological and philosophical disciplines research including R. Girard studies in this aspect, an analysis of written sources, and above all the analysis of the occurrence of victims and sacrificial sites from an archaeological perspective. The aim of the study was to identify archaeological remains related to sacrificial rituals by presenting the occurrence of victims and sacrificial sites at selected archaeological sites. The study aims to discuss the issues with interpretations of various aspects of the human sacrifices from the early medival Western Slavdom territory sites. The work is interdisciplinary, as it takes into account and integrates the results of archaeological research, knowledge in the field of history, philosophy and cultural anthropology. The article presents the effectiveness of interdisciplinary methods in expanding analytical and interpretative possibilities of archeology regarding the rituals of sacrifice and sacrificial sites.

5

Nie tylko z drewna. Wiadra klepkowe obite blachą w grobach wczesnośredniowiecznych na terenie ziem polskich

75%

Kurasiński T.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2023

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vol. 71

185-242

EN

In this study, information was collected on stave-built wooden vessels (buckets) from early medieval cemeteries in Polish lands, for which the distinguishing feature is metal fittings in the form of strips and / or crescent-shaped applications. In the light of the current state of knowledge, we have information on 33 containers of such design from nineteen cemeteries. The most numerous collection of them was discovered in Lutomiersk, from where eight graves with such vessels are known. Three containers were recorded in the cemetery in Pień, and in Kałdus, Lubień, Komorowo and Poznań-Śródka – two in each. The remaining sites provided single finds. These vessels were subjected to a typological, formal and chronological analysis, taking into account the context of discovery and provenance, and on this basis an attempt was made to interpret their meaning in funeral rites. In Polish lands, the deceased were buried with the type of vessel in question at the end of the 10th century, and this custom disappeared at the beginning of the 12th century.

6

The Piast castrum Steclyn – on the way towards Prussia

75%

Chudziak W.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2023

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vol. 71

117-150

EN

The article concerns the early medieval settlement at Niedźwiedź/Steklin located on Lake Steklin in the Dobrzyń Land commonly identified with the castrum Steclyn mentioned in the so-called Mogilno Falsification of 1065. Although research has up to now produced relatively little information on the stronghold itself, numerous luxury items discovered on the lake bottom within the remains of the wharves, as well as a silver hoard recently found in a suburbium settlement testify to the special importance of this place on the northeastern border of the Piast state. The article discusses the origins and functions of the stronghold, as well as its role in the local supra-local settlement structure. It is also shown that its location directly on the long-distance route leading from Gniezno through Mogilno and Kujawy to Prussia enabled communication with Benedictine monks.

7

Na śladach wczesnośredniowiecznej kolegiaty i kapituły zamkowej św. Michała w Gdańsku

63%

Librowski S.

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

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1967

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vol. 14

231-245

EN

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