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Sejm Czteroletni (1788–1792) – polska rewolucja?

100%
Grześkowiak-Krwawicz A.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2021
|
issue 6(167)
287–309
EN
The Four-Year Sejm is one of the events of critical importance both in the history of parliamentarism and the eighteenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This article attempts to present the events of 1788–92 from two perspectives: on the one hand, by placing them in the tradition of the functioning of the Sejm as the highest organ of power in the Commonwealth; on the other, by considering them as a kind of revolution, interwoven with the ‘revolutionary cycle’, which began with the rebellion of the American colonies and culminated with the groundbreaking eruption in France. Following and describing the course of the Sejm’s debates, the author divides them into stages that she describes as ‘destruction – discussion – creation’, seeing in them certain features typical of all events of this period that bear the hallmarks of revolution. She analyses both the play of political forces within the Sejm and the more fundamental changes in the political attitudes and political awareness of the nobility, as well as the revival of the townspeople. She also takes into account the changing international position of the Commonwealth. In this broad context, she presents the subsequent events and decisions of the Sejm up to the most important – the adoption of the Government Act on 3 May 1791.
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Struktura i wielkość gospodarstw rodzinnych staroobrzędowców w powiecie żytomierskim (w Guberni Wołyńskiej), w końcu XVIII w.

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Rzemieniecki K.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2015
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vol. 75
PL
On the Old Believers in Ukraine in the eighteenth century (Summary)The article offers the analysis of the structure and size of the households of the Old Believers living in the vicinity of Żytomierz in Ukraine in the eighteenth century. The Old Believers form a denomination that carved itself off from the Russian Orthodox Church in the latter half of the seventeenth century. The population census of 1795 serves as the basis of the analysis carried out in the paper. The households of the Old Believers were usually made up of 7.3 persons, with 6.5 persons forming the host’s own family. The majority of the families of the Old Believers were nuclear in their structure. Worthy of note is also a patriarchal character of the presence of adult relatives in these households. Among the host’s adult relatives who stayed in his household were, in the main, either his married brothers or his married sons. The vast majority of the farms owned by the Old Believers were thus inherited by male successors.
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Marek Nahajowski, „Od Printza do Forkela. Wizje dziejów muzyki europejskiej w historiografii XVIII wieku”, Łódź: Akademia Muzyczną im. Grażyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczów, 2019, ss. 439. ISBN 978-83-60929-66-7

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Korpanty K.
Muzyka
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2022
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vol. 67
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issue 4
172-181
EN
This text is a review of Marek Nahajowski's book entitled Od Printza do Forkela. Wizje dziejów muzyki europejskiej w historiografii XVIII wieku [From Printz to Forkel. Visions of the history of European music in the historiography of the 18th century] published in 2019 by the Grażyna and Kiejstut Bacewicz Academy of Music in Lodz. In the book, the author showed the development of music historiography in the eighteenth century. The article is complemented by references to the results of previous musicological research on the subject.
PL
Niniejszy tekst stanowi recenzję książki Marka Nahajowskiego pt. Od Printza do Forkela. Wizje dziejów muzyki europejskiej w historiografii XVIII wieku wydanej w roku 2019 przez Akademię Muzyczną im. Grażyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczów w Łodzi. W książce autor ukazał rozwój historiografii muzycznej w wieku XVIII. Wywód dopełniają odniesienia do wyników dotychczasowych badań muzykologicznych na podjęty temat.
4

MARIANNA MALISZEWSKA I JEJ SEJM WALNY CYTERSKI Z FRANCESCA ALGAROTTIEGO

88%
Łukaszewicz J.
Przekładaniec. Półrocznik Katedry UNESCO do Badań nad Przekładem i Komunikacja Miedzykulturowa UJ
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2010
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issue 2(24)
34-49
FR
Comme traductrice dell’Amante militare de Carlo Goldoni et du Congrès de Cythère de Francesco Algarotti, deux œuvres de deux grands auteurs italiens de l’époque des lumières, publiées en polonais dans les années 1780, Marianna Maliszewska s’est révélée être une médiatrice culturelle pourvue d’une bonne connaissance de la langue et de la culture italiennes (malgré quelques défaillances). Dans sa traduction du roman d’Algarotti, elle a effectué des coupures et des adaptations ponctuelles en pensant aux nouveaux lecteurs, sans toutefois poloniser le texte et sans fournir, dans les paratextes, d’informations qui pourraient niveler la différence des compétences entre les lecteurs de l’original et ceux de la version polonaise, en ce qui concerne la connaissance de la littérature italienne. Par contre, elle y fait part de son expérience directe de l’Italie, de son opinion critique de l’Arcadie et de sa conviction que les femmes sont défavorisées sur le marché de la culture. Certaines modifications apportées dans le texte même de la traduction correspondent avec ce point de vue «féministe».
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Protokół z wizytacji kościoła pw. św. św. Jana Chrzciciela i Jana Ewangelisty w Toruniu przeprowadzonej w 1706 roku na zlecenie biskupa chełmińskiego Teodora Andrzeja Potockiego

88%
Łyczak B.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 4
97-126
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the protocol from the inspection visit at the Church of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist in 1706 during a general visitation of the Diocese of Chełmno commissioned by Bishop Teodor Andrzej Potocki. So far, this source has been scarcely used in research on Toruń Cathedral, and the information it contains can be used to study the most diverse areas of sciences of history, especially art, bibliology and material culture of the Counter-Reformation era. It constitutes a supplement to earlier protocols that had been published in print, and made during inspection visits ordered by Bishops Andrzej Leszczyński (1647) and Andrzej Olszowski (1667–1672). The document provides a detailed enumeration of the liturgical vessels and vasa non sacra, including silver figurines that contain fragments of relics, which were more numerous than previously thought. The inspector also listed different paraments (e.g. vestments and dalmatics) and the contents of the parish library, which, in addition to papal decrees, canonical literature and popular sermon collections, included works by secular thinkers, including Aristotle, Boethius and Cicero.
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Manuscripts of Antoni HabeVs symphonies in Wielkopolska archives

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Gołębiowska J.
Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology
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2012
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issue 11
265-272
PL
The main aim of this article is to present the manuscripts of Antoni Habel’s symphonies preserved in archives in the Wielkopolska region of Poland and attempt to order them chronologically in respect to their dates of composition. Habel lived in Gniezno around the turn of the nineteenth century. Most of our information about him comes from payroll registers, inventories and other documents preserved in the Archiépiscopal Archive of Gniezno, but they do not contain any information about his symphonies. The following works by Habel have survived to this day: a Sinfonia D, preserved in two copies (in Grodzisk and Gniezno), and a Sinfonia ex F, preserved in Gostyń. A critical analysis of these two compositions allows us to indicate which was composed first, since the simplicity of the composition techniques used in the F major Symphony suggests that it is older than the D major. We must also address, however, the question of the differences between the two copies of the D major Symphony, which vary with regard to melody, rhythm, dynamics, articulation and even form. Analysis makes it possible to reconstruct the order in which the two manuscripts were produced and determine the original version of the D major Symphony.
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The Concept of Citizenship in the Political Discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century

88%
Kuc-Czerep M.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2021
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vol. 122
51-78
PL
This article addresses some aspects of the functioning of the concept of ‘citizen’ in the political discourse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the latter half of the eighteenth century. In the dominant nobility’s discourse, the concept gained a strictly defined meaning: a citizen was, namely, a person entitled to wield or exercise political power in the state. In the estate society realities, it actually boiled down to mutual identification of two concepts: ‘citizen’ and ‘nobleman’. The bourgeois conception of citizenship took shape in confrontation with such understanding of the idea, formulated and propagated by Protestant townsmen – mainly by Wawrzyniec Mitzler de Kolof and Michał Gröll, book traders, printers and publishers from Saxony. They derived the meaning of ‘citizen’ from ‘resident’. In such a concept, the term extended to all the inhabitants of Poland-Lithuania – apart from the nobility, it included, also the townspeople and the peasantry. In this context, of relevance are the changes in the meaning of the German term Bürger (burgher, citizen of the state), which influenced Polish political discourse. This leads to the conclusion that the latter half of the eighteenth century saw the idea of citizenship in its modern meaning.
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A Polish Sattelzeit? New Concepts in the Political Language at the Twilight of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

88%
Grześkowiak-Krwawicz A.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2021
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vol. 122
31-50
PL
The political discourse in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth changed deeply in the second half of the eighteenth century. New concepts, terms and notions were integrated into it, some of them drawn from the vocabularies of Western philosophers. The article tries to answer the question what these concepts or notions were, and how their adaptation informed the language itself and the descriptions of the political world and political-system projects formulated in it. Based on the analysis of theoretical treatises as well as writings produced as part of current political debate of the years 1764–92, the author seeks to demonstrate the ways in which the political disputants of King Stanislaus Augustus’s time endeavoured to face the state’s crisis through introducing new words and ideas, and in which the language was adapting to the challenges of the changing socio-political situation. She argues that the concepts which appeared in the last quarter of the century in the Polish political language were fundamental to the description and view of the world – to the extent that a breakthrough in Polish discussion on society and state is identifiable along these lines.
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„Ta konfederacyja nie stała się contra Maiestatem…”. Postawa Jakuba Zygmunta Rybińskiego, wojewody chełmińskiego, w czasie konfederacji tarnogrodzkiej (1715–1717)

75%
Perłakowski A.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2020
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vol. 85
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issue 2
33-65
EN
The article aims to present the activity of the Voivode of Chełmno, Jakub Zygmunt Rybiński (d. 1725) during the Tarnogród Confederation (1715–1717). In the period when the movement of the nobility rebelled against the rule of the Saxon dynasty in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Rybiński commanded some of the troops that remained loyal to the king, and was involved in hit-and-run tactics against the Confederation’s forces. He did not show any remarkable military talents, as he suffered a defeat in the Battle of Wąchock on 30 November 1715. However, if the situation required it, he was able to oppose the Confederation using various political means, e.g. in the matter of suspending the judiciary. When analysing the collected primary sources, it can be concluded that among noblemen he enjoyed the reputation of a loyal servant to the king. At times this reputation proved to be a burden, when, for example, he received threats from radically anti-royal noblemen. However, in the most difficult period of the struggle between the nobility and the royal court, Jakub Zygmunt Rybiński did not abandon Augustus II, which did not mean that he fully and uncritically supported his political programme. He considered the king’s idea of radically strengthening the monarch’s power with the help of Saxon troops to be a mistake. He rightly predicted that it would cause indignation among noblemen. This was particularly evident in the period immediately preceding the outbreak of discontent in 1714 and early 1715. His attitude towards the Tarnogród Confederation evolved. Initially, he was a supporter of the armed suppression of the rebellion, but later he was increasingly inclined to resolve the conflict through negotiations.
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Refleksje teoretyczne na temat bajki ezopowej w Rosji w XVIII w.

75%
Warda A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica
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2010
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issue 3
157-164
EN
In the present paper describes theoretical statements of the 18th century Russian authors are described on Aesop's fable published in the introductions, forewords, dedicatory inscriptions to the collections of fairy tales. This literary genre appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1607, Fyodor Gozvinsky translated Aesop's fables from Greek into Old Church Slavonic (prose). Next two also prosaic translations of works of antique fabulist were prepared in 17th century by Andrey Vinyus and Pyotr Kashinskiy. In 18th century, Sergey Volchkov translated the German translation of a French collection of fairy tales by Aesop and other antique and modern fabulists.
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Saksonia, Rzeczpospolita i Szwecja a koniec wojny północnej (1721–1732)

75%
Kosińska U.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2021
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vol. 86
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issue 4
29-54
EN
Diplomatic negotiations aimed at ending the Great Northern War, conducted by Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, which in the years 1721–1732 were formally still in conflict despite the Treaty of Nystad concluded by Sweden and Russia in 1721, have not yet been analysed from the perspective of Saxon and Polish diplomacy. The aim of this article is to examine this process, mainly in the light of primary sources of Saxon origin. Contrary to the popular belief that the many years of neglect to solve this issue were due solely to the weakness of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the author proves that there were many other factors involved. Some of the most important ones involved different political interests of the Commonwealth, Saxony and Sweden, and the changing international circumstances, including alliances, in the years 1721–1732. The article also presents how the original form of the peace agreement was developed. Instead of the signing of a peace treaty, it resulted in an exchange of royal letters between Sweden and, respectively, Saxony in 1729 and the Commonwealth in 1732. They included a declaration to ‘restore the old friendship’. Such a form of peace agreement, whose aim was to bypass Russian mediation, became the source of a common misconception that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was not a party in the Great Northern War.
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The musical practice of the Sandomierz Benedictine nuns during the eighteenth century

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Walter-Mazur M.
Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology
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2012
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issue 11
187-198
PL
The congregation of the Benedictine nuns of Sandomierz, active between 1615 and 1903, belonged to wealthy magnatial foundations, which allowed the convent to foster cultural activities. Special emphasis was placed on musical performance of various types - the musical adornment of the liturgy. The ‘Glory of God’, as Benedictine nuns referred to it, constituted the essence of their congregational life. On weekdays, the celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours, Masses and - occasionally - other services in choir took six hours, and on numerous feast days of the liturgical year, when the Liturgy of the Hours was sung, not read, it required even more time. The higher the rank of the feast day, the greater was the effort to stress its importance by providing it with a proper musical setting, which led to the cultivation of musical practices of various kinds on special occasions. The musical repertory of the Sandomierz Benedictine nuns comprised plainchant without instrumental accompaniment, plainchant with organ accompaniment, polyphonic a cappella singing (referred to as ‘figure’), vocal instrumental music (‘fractus’) and instrumental music. A picture of religious musical practice emerges primarily from extant musical sources, and also from a ‘choir agenda’ from 1749, a convent chronicle of the years 1762-1780, ‘treasury records’ from 1739-1806 and convent registers. Eighteenth-century sources document the musical activity of twenty-four nuns of the Sandomierz convent, some of them considered to be ‘professional’ musicians and referred to as ‘singers and players’. The most interesting, but also most problematic, areas are vocal instrumental practice and the likely consitution of the nuns’ music chapel. We find information about nuns playing keyboard instruments, violin, viola da gamba, tromba marina and horn.
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Oddzielenie i odosobnienie. Listy Józefa Szymanowskiego do Anieli ze Świdzińskich Szymanowskiej

75%
Chachaj M.
Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej
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2021
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vol. 27: IZOLACJA I KOMUNIKACJA – ROZWAŻANIA NAD FORMAMI KOMUNIKACJI LITERACKIEJ I KULTUROWEJ
57-74
EN
The article recollects the letters of Józef Szymanowski to Aniela Szymanowska (née Świdzińska) , written in the years 1792–1801. The state of isolation seems to be an important perspective for understanding the nature of the correspondence. This could be discussed in many inter-connected aspects, each shedding light on the other. The separation and isolation of Szymanowski stem both from being in a situation of pressure, as well as from his own choice. At the same time, they do not become a reason behind the voluntary breaking off of ties, separation from loved ones, or an experience of social exclusion. Letter-writing is one of the coping mechanisms for the state of isolation in every-day existence. The first aspect of reviewing the letters is the state of separation of the correspondents, imposed by political events. The second one is connected to the progressing process of isolation, induced by the deteriorating health of Szymanowski. This has a significant bearing on the activity of the author, it forces him to undertake treatment and restrict personal contacts, it makes him unable to meet with others and determines his moods. Gradually, it forces him to take up letter-writing as a form of maintaining ties with his loved ones. The inability to write and, in some instances, dictation (which, to a great degree, removes the quality of intimacy), restricts the length of the letters. The third aspect is the attitude of separateness as a way of participating in life. We take into consideration the moral aspects and the patriotic stance, which determine the withdrawal, and the choosing of a role of an observer and commentator. Likewise, physical constitution causes remaining out of the spotlight (though in regular contact) to appear as a solution which can guarantee psychological comfort. Separateness is also an attitude resulting from the author’s personality, which was important in the documented period of his life. It is related to an inner need for independence. It also refers to the bond between the correspondents. The above-mentioned aspects of isolation, forced and chosen, have been utilised as a perspective for reading the correspondence of Szymanowski. They illustrate the methods and range of communicating via letters.
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Drezno w relacjach polskich osiemnastowiecznych peregrynantów. Rekonesans .

75%
Pliszka M.
Wiek Oświecenia
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2020
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vol. 36
26-43
PL
The article analyses descriptions, memories, and notes on Dresden found in eighteenth-century accounts of Polish travellers. The overarching research objective is to capture the specificity of the way of presenting the city. The ways that Dresden is described are determined by genological diversity of texts, different ways of narration, the use of rhetorical repertoire, and the time of their creation. There are two dominant ways of presenting the city: the first one foregrounds the architectural and historical values, the second one revolves around social life and various kinds of games (redoubts, performances).
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The Delegation of the Bohemian King-Elector to the Election of the New Roman King in Frankfurt am Main, 1745

75%
Kubeš J.
Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
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2022
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vol. 6
65-97
EN
It may seem that we know a lot about the elections and coronations of Roman kings and emperors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and this also applies to the one of 1745, when Francis I Stephen became emperor. However, very little attention has been paid to the electoral delegations, their tasks, and their role in the pre-election negotiations. This article will therefore analyse the instructions issued by Queen Maria Theresa of Bohemia, who did not personally come to Frankfurt am Main for the election, to her diplomats. The analysis will then be supplemented by additional sources from the National Archives in Prague, where the reports of the delegation and other sources have been preserved. The election of 1745 is thoroughly compared with the elections of 1657–58 (Leopold I), 1711 (Charles VI), and 1742 (Charles VII). The author shows who made up the Bohemian delegation and how some of these diplomats’ tasks changed over time. Although the delegation of three noblemen – Counts Wurmbrand and Khevehüller, and Baron Hilleprand – had mainly ceremonial tasks, its role was also crucial in the actual negotiations, both on the very day of the election, then when it represented the Queen in the cathedral, and finally in conclave vote and when it was given other tasks (such as organising the celebratory banquet, illuminating the houses, etc.). It is evident that the delegation helped Queen Maria Theresa and her family regain possession of the imperial title.
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Przeszłość Litwy w księgach silva rerum XVIII wieku

75%
Orzeł J.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2023
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vol. 88
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issue 3
87-113
EN
Existing studies on the historical knowledge of the nobility within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth primarily rely on printed sources. However, these studies often overlook the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, focusing on the Kingdom of Poland instead. This article aims to present Lithuania’s history as depicted in the silvae rerum of eighteenth-century noblemen. Through scientific investigations, it is evident that descriptions of Lithuanian history were less frequent compared to Polish history. The period covered in these descriptions typically ranges from the origin narrative (ethnogenetic legend) to the reign of Władysław Jagiełło. Notably, the history of the Jagiellonian dynasty is incorporated into the history of Poland. By comparing the noblemen’s silvae rerum with historiographical works, both from the 18th century and earlier periods, the article examines the sources of the nobility’s historical knowledge. The analysis reveals the continued influence of works by Maciej Stryjkowski and Wojciech Wijuk Kojałowicz, while also acknowledging the impact of eighteenth-century writers such as Kasper Niesiecki, Władysław Łubieński, and Franciszek Paprocki on the historical content of the silvae rerum.
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Zjazd szlachty litewskiej w Wilnie w 1715 roku

75%
Šapoka M.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2023
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vol. 88
|
issue 1
25-52
EN
The issue of the gathering of the Lithuanian nobility in Vilnius, organised in August 1715 by Great Hetman of Lithuania Ludwik Konstanty Pociej as a way of sparking a protest against the contributions imposed by King Augustus II for the maintenance of the Saxon army in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, has so far been marginally addressed in historiography. The purpose of the article is to examine the causes and consequences of the gathering and to determine the Russian attitude towards it. Using manuscript sources from Russia, Belarus, Poland and Lithuania, the author argues that the Russians had minimal influence over the organization of the gathering, yet they used it as a means to combat King Augustus II’s attempts to free himself from Russian influence. There is ample evidence to put forward a hypothesis that the request to Tsar Peter I for acting as an intermediary in the conflict between the king and the nobility was conceived by Pociej and other leading officials of the Commonwealth rather than by Russian diplomats. The article also argues that the convention in Vilnius contributed significantly to the formation of the Tarnogród Confederation in the Crown. The Poles believed that the Lithuanians were determined to uphold the declaration of the Vilnius convention to instigate military action against the king’s policies and contributions for the purposes of the Saxon army. When the news of the Vilnius gathering spread throughout Poland, riots began in the southern provinces, and part of the Polish army declared a confederation and took up arms.
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Bezpośrednia reakcja władz Torunia wobec tumultu wyznaniowego z 17 lipca 1724 roku

75%
Dygdała J.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2023
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vol. 88
|
issue 1
53-80
EN
On 17 July 1724, the local Jesuit college was broken into and vandalised by a mob of Toruń Protestants. These events, the so-called tumult of Thorn, prompted a strong reaction from the Polish authorities. Under the court’s ruling, Mayor Johann Gottfried Rösner and nine other people who were found guilty were beheaded. This case resonated strongly in Europe. The prevailing opinion in the historiography is that the conduct of the municipal authorities following the tumult was slow and indecisive. In the light of the recently discovered sources (fragments of the drafts of city council minutes, originally destroyed during the siege of the city in 1813), it can be concluded that in the first days following the tumult the council did undertake an investigation, in which the blame for provoking the riots was quite explicitly placed on Jesuit students, and information about the incidents was sent to the council’s resident at the royal court in Warsaw. However, the decision to take any further steps was indeed procrastinated. The Jesuits were much quicker to disseminate the information about the harm done to their order in Toruń across the whole country.
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Wokół genezy administracji lokalnej w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim: uwagi i propozycje

63%
Gordziejew J.
Rocznik Lituanistyczny
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2017
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vol. 3
PL
Prezentowany artykuł przybliża genezę administracji lokalnej w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim i jest przedstawieniem propozycji badawczych. Zgromadzony materiał sygnalizuje złożony charakter uwarunkowań procesu jej kształtowania. Aukcja wojska oraz związane z nią poważne wyzwania budżetowe skutkowały poszukiwaniem skutecznych sposobów realizacji bieżącej polityki państwa. Swoją strukturą organizacyjną komisje porządkowe przypominały model łączący rozwiązania rodzimych urządzeń ustrojowych z cechami nowożytnej organizacji administracji. The article presents both the problem of genesis of the local administration in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1789 and postulates for further research. The archival sources make it possible to reveal the complexity of the process of its establishment. The increased number of troops caused serious strains on the state budget and this led to a search for effective ways of implementing the current state policy. The structures of civil-military commissions of order resembled the model combining a native system of governmental authorities with some features of modern administration.
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Sejmiki powiatu wiłkomierskiego w latach 1781–1784

63%
Filipczak W.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2020
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vol. 85
|
issue 2
67-93
EN
The article deals with the manner in which the sejmik of Ukmergė District, located in Vilnius Voivodeship functioned over the period of 1781–1784. The article discusses the preparations for, the course of the proceedings and the outcomes of each assembly in which the nobility of Ukmergė participated. As regards the analysed period, we have access to the information on the proceedings of nine sejmiks in Ukmergė: four deputational, two envoy, two administrative and one electoral assembly. The research was based on manuscript sources, namely correspondence, lists of candidates for deputies and resolutions of the sejmiks. The sejmiks in Ukmergė were not among the most numerous. The resolutions in the period under examination were signed by 21 to 45 participants. The driving force behind political life in the district were the Morykoni and Kościałkowski families, which had connections with the royal court. They played major roles as early as in the time when the Court Treasurer Antoni Tyzenhaus was a dominant figure. The local elites, headed by Benedict Morykoni, enjoyed considerable independence in personal matters, such as selection of people promoted for parliamentary and deputy functions. Despite their many ties with Vilnius Voivode Karol S. Radziwiłł, the sejmik leaders sometimes acted against his expectations. A relatively high degree of independence of politicians from Ukmergė was probably due to their personal ties with the leaders of Lithuanian advocates of strong royal rule (regalists), namely with Deputy Chancellor Joachim Chreptowicz, and earlier with Tyzenhaus.
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