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Terminus
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 25
191-217
EN
In 1628, pupils and professors of Jesuits college in Rawa Mazowiecka presented to a bride and groom a poem called “Sphinx Samsonica…” - a unique book, full of allusions and references to the emblem of classical antiquity. The poem was created during the thriving baroque period which relished in abundance and variety. It was the perfect time to publish works which had bountiful contents which were as diverse and hybrid as “Sphinx Samsonica…”.The poem, in the fabric of which a few literary genres coexist, is a perfect example of an erudite Jesuit rhetoric full of parallels and with clear citations of many ancient writers. Thus showing that one of the main pillars of the poem is the theme of antiquity. The second pillar is its emblematic character as the multiple layers of this work are visible not only in the verbal area, but also in the pictorial. The emblems are one of the innovative tendencies of this work, tendencies which had just started to appear on the pages of printed panegyrics and which would become a part of panegyric literature in the 17th century. “Sphinx Samsonica…” is original in this area not only because of the presence of emblems in the poem, but also because of the “baroque”, ornamental construction of the work in which words and pictures are woven together in a unique way. Although Sphinx Samsonica… figured in many listings and was also mentioned in the bibliography of emblematic printouts written by Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa, presenting basic information about this work, it has gone unnoticed for a long time. It is not mentioned in monographs devoted to modern epithalamiums, and it was marginally mentioned in monographs devoted to emblems. The dust of oblivion was finally wiped by Jadwiga Bednarska, who discovered the dormant potential of the pages of the Jesuits work in the first part of her book about Polish panegyric illustrations. In the second part, she considers the relationship of this work with Dutch emblems. Therefore, the work has been thoroughly researched from the point of view of the history of art. However, meticulous attention has not been lavished upon it, both from the philological point of view and also regarding the correlation between words and pictures. No research has been undertaken regarding its genre diversity and the work has been neither published, nor translated from Latin into Polish. However, the philological level is also important because it allows the research and discovery of what is hidden inside Latin comments and epigrams full of allusions to antiquity. This knowledge allows an explanation to the exact sense and meaning of the emblems, which very often are not clear and understandable at first sight. As a result, this article makes an attempt to enlighten the reader of the philological level of this work, and the foundation of the article is a presentation of the opulence of antique allusions which regularly appear in the whole text in a chosen fragment of “Sphinx Samsonica…” . Emphasis is also put on the unique and uncommon structure of the work, the main element of which is the emblems. The rich use of these two elements; their coexistence; and their complementation makes “Sphinx Samsonica…” a remarkable piece of literature.
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Funkcje emblematów w strukturze dialogu

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EN
So far, emblems have been considered a consistent and speech-independent gesture code. This paper attempts to track the function that they play in a natural dialogue. The footage we used to study emblematic gestures, contained such TV programmes where participants can be observed in the situation of unrehearsed dialogue, as it is then that the function of their emblematic gestures is enriched with additional elements such as a mental rapprochement of the interlocutors, and modifications of the syntactic flow of utterances. During the dialogue, speakers might also create new gestural illustrators which can become the seeds of new emblems. The paper also signals a new category of gestures, emotion icons, that were not recognized in previous classifications. Unlike the already known emotion indicators, they do not so much indicate the emotional state of the speaker, as mimic it in a gesture, and are an iconic expression that can even transform into an emblem of the given emotion.
Afryka
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2017
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issue 45
11-32
EN
Gestures, at first glance, look like spontaneous movements of hands that help the speaker to produce the utterance. A more detailed analysis shows that these movements are strictly associated with certain concepts, and rather than being random, they are meaningful and systemic. The first part of the paper contains an overview of gestures of negation used by Hausa speakers (both emblems and co-speech gestures). In the second part, four types of co-speech gestures are scrutinised: shaking the index finger sideways, hand scissors, brushing the palms against each other and brushing the back of the hands. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the gestures in question co-occur with the specific markers of negation and emphasize one of the meanings or functions of the negation, such as prohibition, refusal, rejection, denial, nonexistence and totality.
EN
The Seweryn Udziela Etnographic Musem in Kraków holds an impressive collection of old engravings, among which there are also copperplates by Cornelis Galle. He used selected prints from Amorum emblemata (1608) and Amoris divini emblemata (1615) by Otton van Veen and Pia desideria (1624) by Herman Hugon to form his own emblematic cycle on metaphysical relations between the Soul and Amor Divinus. The drawings from the works of Veen and Hugon were very popular in the 17th century and inspired numerous poets and editors around Europe. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth it was Hugons Pia desideria that aroused particular interest. The cycle was imitated and translated by e.g. Mikołaj Mieleszko SJ, Zbigniew Morsztyn, Aleksander Teodor Lacki and Jan Kościesza Żaba. On three of the Galle’s prints stored in the Kraków museum an anonymous author wrote, unknown until now, epigrams accompanying the icons taken from the cycle by Veen (No. 8 and 21) and by Hugon (II 5). This emblematic micro-cycle was, with all probability, written down at the end of the 17th or at the beginning of the 18th century by a nun or a monk in one of the Little Poland convents or monasteries. Possibly the origins of the cycle may be linked with the Carmelite nuns’ convent in Cracow. And whether it is the actual place where the cycle was created or not, it is a good point to begin studies on the employment of emblematic practices in Catholic convents and monasteries in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between the 16th and the 18th centuries. Imported copperplates and woodcuts were a typical piece of the equipment of a cell. They were hung on the cell walls or simply were collected in sets of prints and often exchanged as gifts among nuns or monks, e.g. on the occasion of New Years Eve (an example of such a gift from 1724 is given in this paper). It was a common practice to put notes of diverse character on the reverse side of such prints, e.g. autobiographic details, short prayers or excerpts from sacred texts and religious literature. Still, the main purpose of the emblems was their application in everyday meditations and other forms of personal prayers. The three subscriptiones in the Ethnographic Museum in Krakow are also prayers of this kind, combining word and image.
Terminus
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2012
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vol. 14
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issue 25
157-178
EN
One of the most popular panegyrical forms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was the so-called “stemmata”. Similar to emblems, these visual works consisted of an illustrated coat of arms and an epigram, often attached to the front matter of printed texts during the Old-Polish Period. This article discusses select cases in which, influenced by emblems, lemma are incorporated into the stemmas structure. The text explains how the lemma is introduced to the stemma and how it affects stemmas meaning. Particular attention has been paid to cases in which mottos are treated as the title of a combination of a coat of arms and a poem. The text also analyzes “academic stemmata”, a sub-genre of a heraldic poems that consists of several features characteristic of emblems. The presence of lemma in the structure of stemmata is recognized as the consequence of a trend to liven up this visual form. Making the emblem more attractive was a way to draw the attention of readers, increasing the producer chance of communicating a panegyrical message. Not only the authors of stemma, but also their powerful patrons came to require this effect. The presence of lemma in the structure of heraldic poems also relates to the role of mottos in the Jesuit educational system. Mottos and verba aurea were treated by teachers from Societas Iesu as a very useful medium for presenting moral and parenetic subjects and it was fairly easy for authors of stemmata to use them for panegyric purposes. The lemmas role within the stemmas structure was twofold; it created a special connection between the stemma and the main text and simultaneously linked the fictional word of literature with the real one. The popularity of “classic stemmata” in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the creation and popularization of other hybrid forms composed of a coat of arms and other textual elements.
PL
Powstanie cyklu emblematów Zbigniewa Morsztyna monografista poety, Janusz Pelc, w 1966 roku datował mało precyzyjnie, twierdząc, że cykl ten ukończył Morsztyn w latach 1675–1680 lub 1676–1680, zaczął być może w latach sześćdziesiątych XVII wieku, a poprawiał może również po 1680 roku; owa datacja obowiązuje w zasadzie do dziś. W artykule wykazano, że cykl ukończony został po 21 V 1674 (wspomniana w dedykacji data elekcji Jana Sobieskiego), a przed 15 VII 1675, kiedy otrzymanie gotowego do druku czystopisu pokwitował w liście jego niedoszły wydawca, zarządzający słucką oficyną Kazimierz Krzysztof Kłokocki. Autor polemizuje z hipotezami, które miały wpływ na dotychczasową datację: z tezą Pelca, jakoby dwa dostępne odpisy pełnego zbioru emblematów reprezentowały jego dwie odmienne redakcje autorskie, oraz z domniemaniem Pauliny Buchwald-Pelcowej i Janusza Pelca, jakoby Morsztyn miał być twórcą 50 trójwersowych subskrypcji zapisanych na przechowywanym w Bibliotece Uniwersyteckiej w Uppsali egzemplarzu „Amoris Divini et humani effectus varii” z 1626 roku.
EN
In 1966, Janusz Pelc, Zbigniew Morsztyn’s monographer, roughly dated the composition of a cycle of emblems. As he claims, Morsztyn completed it between 1675–1680 or 1676–1680, started presumably in the 1660s, and also added corrections probably after 1680. This dating is essentially valid until now. Grześkowiak in his paper proves that the cycle was concluded after May 21st, 1674 (date of Jan III Sobieski’s coronation is mentioned in dedication), and before July 15th, 1675, when Kazimierz Krzysztof Kłokocki, a would-be issuer, who administered the Słuck publishing house, confirmed in a letter that he received the manuscript final draft. Grześkowiak questions the two hypotheses that had impact on the erstwhile dating: Pelc’s thesis suggesting that two different copies of complete collections of emblems represent its two disparate auctorial editions, and Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa and Janusz Pelc’s assumption that Morsztyn composed 50 three-verse subscriptions written on a 1626 copy of “Amoris Divini et humani effectus varii” treasured in Uppsala University Library.
EN
The text presents selected emblematic (symbolic) gestures referring to various rituals, superstitions and magic, used in interpersonal contact in present-day Poland and some other European countries. On the basis on source literature and the author’s research, carried out in the years 2007-2017 in Poland, Greece and Great Britain, there have been described and analysed the meaning, function, etymology and the context of using of gestures such as spitting, touching wood, pressing thumbs, crossing the fingers, the cross, the horn sign, the fig, the ring gesture or the so-called moutza. It has been, among others, concluded that some gestural symbols have been functioning in a given culture in the same form and with unchanged meaning for centuries or millennia; some have a dichotomous nature; others have lost their original, ritual (sacral) or magical character although their original form has been preserved.
PL
W tekście przedstawione są wybrane gesty emblematyczne (symboliczne) odnoszące się do różnych rytuałów oraz magii i przesądów, używane współcześnie w kontaktach interpersonalnych w Polsce i w wybranych krajach Europy. Na podstawie literatury przedmiotu oraz badań własnych, prowadzonych w latach 2007-2017 w Polsce, Grecji i Wielkiej Brytanii, opisane zostały wybrane gesty, takie jak: różne warianty splunięcia, tzw. odpukanie w (niemalowane) drewno, skrzyżowanie palców, trzymanie kciuków, znak krzyża, znak rogów, znak pierścienia, znak figi czy tzw. mudza. Oprócz znaczenia, funkcji, związku ze słowem oraz kontekstu użycia gestu, została przeanalizowana również jego etymologia oraz podany zakres użycia. Zaobserwowano, że część gestów-symboli funkcjonuje w wybranych kulturach w niezmienionej formie i znaczeniu od paru wieków czy tysiącleci; część ma dychotomiczny charakter; inne gesty z kolei są nadal znane i używane, choć straciły swój pierwotny, rytualny (sakralny) czy magiczny charakter.
EN
During the protests against the decision of the Constitutional Tribunal of October 22nd, 2020, calling young and vocal women by the name „Julka” became popular. The author argues, using data from the PESEL register and reports from surveys, that the appearance of this term is based on the popularity of the name in the demographic group 13-20, as well as on values shared by young Poles. The author draws attention to the role of the gender category in the evaluation of social events, which in the public discourse manifests itself with emblems such as „Julka”.
PL
W trakcie protestów przeciwko decyzji Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dn. 22 października 2020 r. popularne stało się określanie młodych, biorących udział w protestach kobiet mianem „Julek”. Autor argumentuje, używając danych z rejestru PESEL oraz doniesień z badań sondażowych, że pojawienie się tego określenia ma swoje podstawy w popularności tego imienia w grupie demograficznej 13-20, a także w wartościach bliskich młodym Polkom i Polakom. Autor zwraca uwagę na rolę kategorii płci w wartościowaniu wydarzeń społecznych, która w dyskursie publicznym objawia się emblematami takimi jak „Julka”.
EN
The Parish Church in Poznań (the former Jesuit Church) is known to house about 200 Latin inscriptions. The majority of them have not been investigated in detail yet. The paper deals with six different inscriptions that require some comments from the philological or cultural point of view.
EN
This article investigates the artistic program of the eighteenth-century Lutheran church in Rodowo as an example of new sources of protestant iconography in Ducal Prussia. The article presents the history of the village, the history of the family von Schack as the owners of the village and the history of the church in Rodowo. Family of Schacks was the founder of the church and the founders of the decorations. The paper presents the emblem decorationson the benches based on the projects of tapestries for Louis XIV as a projects of Charles le Brun and Charles Perrault, and four oval paintings located in the western part of the church. The author imply that those paintings are the example of the influences of Pietism on area of Ducal Prussia. The emblems identified among the paintings in the panels of the Rodowo church benches are copies of the interpretations offered by the authors of "Quatre elemens" and "Quatre saisons" engraved by Sébastien Le Clerc. An unknown painter used in Rodowo probably the first German editions appeared in Augsburg in 1687 and 1690 by Jacob Koppmayer for Johann Ulrich Krauss.Maybe the painted decorations of the church in Rodowo are an idealized image of the order of the tree estates in Ducal Prussia? The unique set of paintings is the visible visualization of the relationship between the clergy, the peasants, and, above all, the Lutheran ruler of the village. In Ducal Prussia, only in Rodowo did the local nobles create such strong lines of communication. The images (which are depicted on the benches and on the four great paintings) are the kind of message sent by the owners of Rodowo village to the peasant population about their respective status in life: the rulers should follow the rules as set down in theemblems, the peasants should learn how to pray properly. They also received a visual model of social structure. The preachers had reminders of their sermons written on the walls. The images demonstrate the relationship between the Lutheran landlord, his peasants and the local pastor. The final chapter discusses the sources of the traditional and new iconography in protestant churches in Ducal Prussia. The most compositions of paintings in Prussia were based on biblical illustrations of Lucas Cranach (Koenigsberg), Albrecht Dürer (Rychnowo), Matthäus Merian (Dąbrówno) and graphics of Sadeler family, Hendrick Goltzius, Maerten de Vos or Crispijn van de Passe (older paitnings Rodowo). In XVII and at the beginning of XVIII Century decorations were based on Pia Desideria by Jesuit Hermann Hugo (Stare Miasto near Dzierzgoń) or on Otto van Veenius’ Amori divini emblemata (Pasłęk). The decoration in the church in Rodowo is an interesting example of the influence of French culture in Ducal Prussia and among the local nobility, too. This influence is only apparent in the architecture of the greatest palaces in Prussia (Drogosze, Friedrichstein and Finckenstein) but also in the paintings – first example of secular sources of inspirations in the church interior in Rodowo.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia artystyczny program dekoracji malarskich w XVIII-wiecznym kościele w Rodowie jako przykład nowych źródeł ikonograficznych sztuki protestanckiej w Prusach Książęcych. W tekście zaprezentowane zostały dzieje wsi, rodziny właścicieli i kolatorów kościoła oraz historia kościoła w Rodowie. Artykuł prezentuje dekoracje emblematyczne ławek oparte na projektach tapiserii oraz omawia cztery owalne malowidła znajdujące się w zachodniej części kościoła. Autor sugeruje, że są one przykładem wpływów pietyzmu na sztukę protestancką w Prusach Książęcych. Zidentyfikowane w Rodowie emblemy oparte są o dzieła Quatre elemens i Quatre saisons rytowane przez Sébastien Le Clerc. Nieznany malarz do wykonania dekoracji w Rodowie użył pierwszych niemieckich wydań dzieł, które ukazały się w Augsburgu w 1687 i 1690 roku u Jacoba Koppmayera dla Johanna Ulricha Kraussa. Dekoracje kościoła w Rodowie są idealizującym obrazem porządku społecznego w Prusach Książęcych? Unikalny zespół malowideł można traktować jako wizualizację relacji pomiędzy duchowieństwem, wieśniakami oraz przede wszystkim luterańskim właścicielem wsi. W Prusach Książęcych, tylko w Rodowie lokalna arystokracja stworzyła tak silny przekaz społeczny. Malowidła emblematyczne na przedpiersiach ławek oraz cztery obrazy w nawie mogą być rodzajem komunikatu skierowanego przez właścicieli Rodowa do poddanych chłopów o konieczności respektowania hierarchii społecznej, której przewodzić może tylko szlachta. Malowidła w nawie informują nie tylko o wartości i sile bezpośredniej modlitwy, ale również o pożądanej przez Boga strukturze społeczeństwa pruskiego. Dla pastorów z kolei malowidła te mogły być wskazówką co do treści głoszonych w Rodowie kazań. Podsumowując malowidła z tego kościoła demonstrują relacje pomiędzy luterańskim właścicielem wsi, jego poddanymi a pastorem. Ostatni rozdział omawia źródła tradycyjnej i nowej ikonografii w kościołach ewangelickich Prus Książęcych. Początkowo większość kompozycji obrazów w Prusach Książęcych oparta była na biblijnych ilustracjach takich malarzy jak Lucas Cranach (Koenigsberg), Albrecht Dürer (Rychnowo), Matthäus Merian (Dąbrówno) albo na grafikach rodziny Sadelerów, Hendricka Goltziusa, Maertena de Vos albo Crispijna van de Passe (starsze malowidła w Rodowie). W XVII i na początku XVIII wieku dekoracje oparto o Pia Desideria jezuity Hermanna Hugo (Stare Miasto pod Dzierzgoniem) albo na dziele Otto van Veeniusa Amori divini emblemata (Pasłęk). Dekoracje kościoła w Rodowie są przykładem wpływów kultury francuskiej w Prusach Książęcych, także wśród lokalnej szlachty. Wpływ ten nie tylko widoczny jest w pałacach pruskich (Drogosze, Friedrichstein i Finckenstein) ale także w malarstwie – pierwszym przykładem i to świeckiego źródła inspiracji jest wnętrze kościoła w Rodowie.
EN
The article deals with the typology of Baroque frontispieces in printed books published in Bohemian and Moravian printing houses in 1618–1765, which is viewed in terms of the function of the frontispieces in printing. The paper contains a detailed analysis of the main thematic variants of frontispieces. The thematic variants are analysed with respect to the content and genre of the work concerned with the aim to determine the main marketing strategies of Bohemian and Moravian printers, publishers or booksellers in the visual promotion of their products.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2020
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vol. 68
|
issue 4
155-174
EN
The article concerns the royal proclamation ceremonies of Philip V and Ferdinand VI in Cusco (Peru), which took place on 8 January 1702 and 23 September 1747, respectively. The reconstruction of the ceremonies is based on three sources: the city chronicle written in the mid-18th century by Diego de Esquivel y Navia and two occasional prints containing descriptions of the festivities by Pedro José de Bermúdez (1702) and José Antonio Santander (1748). The article analyses the artistic setting associated with the ceremonies and, to some extent, reconstructs the appearance of the occasional architecture along with the paintings that decorated it. The iconographic programme at the time of Ferdinand VI’s proclamation reflected the social and political context of the celebration, which was a manifestation of the city’s emancipatory aspirations based on highlighting the history of Cusco and its rich imperial tradition in the pre-Hispanic era.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony uroczystościom proklamacji królewskiej Filipa V i Ferdynanda VI w Cusco (Peru), które odbyły się 8 stycznia 1702 r. i 23 września 1747 r. Rekonstrukcja świąt była możliwa dzięki trzem źródłom: kronice miasta napisanej w połowie XVIII w. przez Diego de Esquivela y Navię oraz dwóm drukom okazjonalnym zawierającym opisy uroczystości, autorstwa Pedro José de Bermúdeza (1702) i José Antonio Santandera (1748). W artykule została przeanalizowana oprawa artystyczna związana z uroczystościami, a także w pewnym zakresie odtworzono wygląd architektury okazjonalnej wraz ze zdobiącym ją malarstwem. Program ikonograficzny w czasie proklamacji Ferdynanda VI odzwierciedlał społeczny i polityczny kontekst uroczystości, która stanowiła manifestację dążeń emancypacyjnych miasta, opierających się na podkreślaniu starożytności Cusco i jego bogatej tradycji imperialnej w okresie przedhiszpańskim.
EN
In 1626–1627 Francisco Herrera the Older, back then Seville’s most renowned painter, decorated the walls of the local Franciscan St. Bonaventure’s church with a number of wall paintings dedicated to Franciscan history and spirituality, complemented with emblems related to theological works of the temple’s patron-saint. The paintings became the basis of an interesting iconographic programme with a strong theological and pedagogical message, due to the presence of young monks educated in the monastery, attributed to two notable Friars Minor: Luis de Rebolledo and Damián de Lugones. The collection, based on the works by St. Bonaventure, presented first and foremost the path to sanctity by acquiring wisdom: from philosophical knowledge through theology to mystic contemplation, in which we learn about and unite with God.
PL
W latach 1626–1627 Francisco de Herrera St., najpopularniejszy wówczas malarz działający w Sewilli, pokrył ściany tamtejszego kościoła Franciszkanów pw. św. Bonawentury zbiorem malowideł poświęconych historii i duchowości franciszkańskiej, dopełnionych emblematami odnoszącymi się do twórczości teologicznej patrona świątyni. Malowidła te stanowiły podstawę ciekawego programu ikonograficznego o silnej wymowie teologiczno-pedagogicznej, ze względu na kształcących się w tamtejszym klasztorze młodych zakonników, a wiązanego z nazwiskami dwóch wybitnych Braci Mniejszych: Luisa de Rebolledo i Damiána de Lugones. Zbiór ten, bazując na pismach św. Bonawentury, ukazywał przede wszystkim drogę do świętości, wiodącą poprzez zdobywanie mądrości: od wiedzy filozoficznej, poprzez teologię, aż po kontemplację mistyczną, w której poznajemy Boga i jednoczymy się z Nim.
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