Search results

1

Procedury ocen oddziaływania na środowisko

100%

Barczak A.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

|

2014

|

issue 5

PL

Procedury ocen oddziaływania na środowisko są jednym z ważniejszych instrumentów ochrony środowiska, których celem jest ekologizacja procesów gospodarczych i inwestycyjnych. Przeprowadzenie ocen na środowisko służy ocenie celowości wybranych kierunków rozwojowych, które w kontekście oceny właściwej jakości środowiska jak również zachowania ekologicznej różnorodności są oceniane. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest klasyfikacja procedur ocen oddziaływania na środowisko, wykazanie ich cech charakterystycznych, jak również ich przebiegu.

EN

Procedures of environmental impact assessment are one most important instruments for environmental protection whose aim is greening of the ecomonic and investment processes. This paper shows classification of the procedures of environmental impact assessment, indicates their similarities and also their course.

2

Współpraca polskich i czeskich prawników

87%

Danecka D., Radecki W.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2017

|

issue 4 (212)

155-171

PL

History Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences has published in 2014 the monograph by Roman Baron, Roman Madecki and collective entitled “Czech Polish Studies: Tradition and Present (philology – history – politology – law)”. On the basis of this monograph the authors presented many years’ cooperation between Polish, Czech and Slovak scholars in domain of the environmental law.

3

REGULATIONS CONCERNING DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONDITION AND PROTECTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE LIGHT OF LEGAL ACTS IN FORCE

80%

Zębek E., Biedrzycki R.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

|

2017

|

issue 4

EN

The principles of availability of information about the state and environmental protection were regulated in the Convention in Aarhus and the Directive no. 2003/4/WE of the European Parliament and of the Council on public access to environmental information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC and in the Polish legislation in the Law of 2008 on environmental information, public participation in environment protection and on environmental impact assessments. The authors of the paper showed the legal status in the range of the availability principles of information about the environmental state and protection aspect in related to the public participation in the protection of environment.

4

Environmental law in ukraine: present and prospects

80%

YASHCHUK S.

Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka

|

2013

|

vol. 4

|

issue 1

418-422

XX

The state policy in the field of ecology should be based on sustainable system of law, legal acts, norms, but this system, especially during the transition should be flexible, that is able to respond quickly on changes of surrounding components, to be able to adapt to changes of too complex environment. And this is very effective means for overcoming the environmental crisis and ensuring the environmental function of the state.

5

Analysis of Economic Tools of Environmental Law Which May Influence the Conservation of Insects

80%

Mrkývková N.

Financial Law Review

|

2022

|

vol. 25

|

issue 1

17-32

EN

Environmental law offers many tools to take care of the surrounding landscape and life in it. These include economic tools, from which the paper selects those that can have a positive impact on mitigating the current decline of the insect kingdom. Specific attention is then paid to financial means of supporting beekeepers and thus the conservation of bees, given that they are considered to be the most significant among pollinators.

6

Spółka akcyjna jako forma prowadzenia gospodarki komunalnej w dziedzinie infrastruktury ochrony środowiska przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Wybrane zagadnienia organizacji i funkcjonowania organów spółki akcyjnej

80%

Rudnicki M.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

|

2003

|

vol. 1

|

issue 1

309-328

7

Pozwolenie zintegrowane a decyzja o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach

80%

Górski M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2023

|

issue 4(80)

9-24

EN

The subject of the analysis is an attempt to answer the question whether it is required to attach a decision on environmental conditions in order to successfully submit an application for a new integrated permit. The problem stems from the lack of precision of the regulation, non-uniformity of decisions of administrative courts in this respect and divergent practice of administrative bodies competent in these matters. According to the author, the conducted considerations lead to an unequivocal conclusion: the analysed provision cannot be interpreted as resulting in the inclusion of entities applying for such an integrated permit with the requirement to attach a decision on environmental conditions to the application, as well as with other provisions related to such a duty.

8

Revision of the Functioning of the EU Emissions Trading System

70%

Sobieraj K.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

|

2017

|

vol. 27

|

issue 1 English Online Version

93-108

EN

The passage of more than a decade since the system was introduced and 3 years since the beginning of the third trading period (Phase 3) has coincided with a period of aggravating crisis (referred to even as a breakdown) and recurring doubts as to whether the system is capable of achieving the desired goal or perhaps it should be replaced with another instrument. However, no concept of such an instrument has been proposed yet, which would enable harmful emissions to be reduced efficiently and cost-effectively instead of the current EU ETS. Ten years after the launch of the system and three years into Phase 3, intensive work started on a structural reform of the EU ETS. The aim of this article is to give account of the state of research in the reform, present the principal directions and objectives, and to provide an evaluation.

9

Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology

70%

Robertson C.

Research in Language

|

2011

|

vol. 9

|

issue 1

51-67

EN

EU law is multilingual and multi-cultural. It is initially drafted in one language, now frequently English, often by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages. Amendments may be proposed that are drafted in a different language. The result is a single multilingual text created in 23 language versions that are authentic within the context of the EU legal order. These circumstances have led EU legal language to develop its own terminology and legislative style as a separate genre.One question is to identify different national cultural drafting styles and traditions that lie behind the creation of EU legislative texts and terminology. The Member State traditions vary, yet they merge in the EU legislative texts. In order to assist in the understanding of EU legislative texts, it is useful to reflect on how they are constructed and the features and requirements lying behind their creation, interpretation and transposition.One approach is to consider a specific piece of EU text in a range of languages and consider how the text is reproduced in each language in terms of structure and terminology. Since the original draft is frequently made by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages, which are bound by the structure of the base version, we obtain little information from it about divergent national linguistic and legislative methods. However, if the EU text is a directive which is transposed into national law, we should be able also to look at the national implementing legislation intended to implement the directive. The implementing texts are produced within the national legal context and, one assumes, aim at similar results, as laid down by the directive. Thus it could be expected that they should provide vehicles for study between the national systems and between each national system and the EU legal order. The paper explores these ideas to see where they lead.

10

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WIND POWER STATIONS IN THE REPORT OF THE POLISH SUPREME AUDIT OFFICE AND IN COMPARISON WITH GERMAN STANDARDS

70%

Iluk Ł.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

|

2016

|

issue 1

89-107

EN

This paper elaborates on the problems of operation of wind power stations in Poland, their environmental impact and the evaluation of current wind power stations legal status concerning protection against emissions. In the final section of the paper the author formulates conclusions regarding the need to adjust the existing Polish regulations.

11

Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology

70%

Robertson C.

Research in Language

|

2011

|

vol. 9

|

issue 1

51-67

EN

EU law is multilingual and multi-cultural. It is initially drafted in one language, now frequently English, often by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages. Amendments may be proposed that are drafted in a different language. The result is a single multilingual text created in 23 language versions that are authentic within the context of the EU legal order. These circumstances have led EU legal language to develop its own terminology and legislative style as a separate genre. One question is to identify different national cultural drafting styles and traditions that lie behind the creation of EU legislative texts and terminology. The Member State traditions vary, yet they merge in the EU legislative texts. In order to assist in the understanding of EU legislative texts, it is useful to reflect on how they are constructed and the features and requirements lying behind their creation, interpretation and transposition. One approach is to consider a specific piece of EU text in a range of languages and consider how the text is reproduced in each language in terms of structure and terminology. Since the original draft is frequently made by non-native speakers and then translated into the other EU languages, which are bound by the structure of the base version, we obtain little information from it about divergent national linguistic and legislative methods. However, if the EU text is a directive which is transposed into national law, we should be able also to look at the national implementing legislation intended to implement the directive. The implementing texts are produced within the national legal context and, one assumes, aim at similar results, as laid down by the directive. Thus it could be expected that they should provide vehicles for study between the national systems and between each national system and the EU legal order. The paper explores these ideas to see where they lead.

12

Land-Sea Interactions in Realisation of Ecosystem Approach in the Marine Spatial Planning in the Baltic Sea Region – Polish Perspective

70%

Bąkowski T., Nyka M.

Review of European and Comparative Law

|

2022

|

vol. 51

|

issue 4

209-236

EN

Maritime spatial planning has become on of the fundamental instruments of managing human activity at the sea. It is mostly due to the rising competition for marine space, which is a consequence of rising number and variety of uses of the sea. Among the principles of marine spatial planning ecosystem approach as well as the taking into account the interaction between land and sea seem to play the most important role. First one is more general and axiological in it’s nature, while the second functions more as technical guide for planners. Together they can be called guiding principles of marine spatial planning. Ecosystem approach is a concept closely related to ecosystem services. It’s main aim is to sustain the productivity of ecosystems in the field of ecosystem services, what is often connotated with the health of the marine ecosystem. Multiple correlations between land and sea can be easily seen in the managerial goals of the marine ecosystem. Trophic relations seems to be reflected in legal regulations, but the question remains if the marine spatial planning regime really reflects the interactions between land and the sea.

13

The role of ‘green’ courts in shaping environmental justice in India and New Zealand

70%

Kowalska S.

|

2023

|

vol. 85

|

issue 3

13-26

EN

The depreciation of values, combined with the expansion of agriculture, industry and the economy, results in the erosion of existing protection mechanisms, as well as commodification and dominance of economic factors. The increasing degradation of the natural environment reveals an increasing number of areas requiring urgent and coordinated protection. The aim of the article is to present the innovative concept of green courts, which are creating a new architecture of modern environmental law. In the considerations, it is indicated that ‘green’ courts at a national level open the way to formulate new legal institutions, facilitate more effective the enforcement of environmental law, and solve legal disputes with alternative adjudicative processes. The article discusses environmental justice based on the example of India and New Zealand, which are among the first countries in the world to have developed an innovative judicial structure and environmental case law. The dogmatic method plays an essential role in the analysis of legal norms concerning the protection of environment, as well as in determining their content and scope. The source materials originate from various legal orders, and diverse cultural and geographical regions. Therefore, in order to discuss the indicated issues, it is necessary to use the comparative method, and thus complete the arguments of a dogmatic and legal nature. In order to present the origins and evolution of law in the scope concerning ‘green’ courts, the historical and legal method is used (temporal retrospection). The considerations emphasize the role of specialist ‘green’ courts in maintaining a balance between the economy, the development of society, and protecting the environmental wellbeing by shifting the focus of jurisprudence to the environmental domain. The article highlights the role of the application and interpretation of environmental norms from an ethical and intergenerational perspective.

14

Enforcement and sanctioning system deficit under UNCLOS? A closer look at the Fukushima accident

61%

Banaszek H.

Journal of Management and Financial Sciences

|

2019

|

issue 37

47-59

EN

The marine pollution is rarely debated from the perspective of land-based sources of pollution under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This article centres not only on a land-based source of pollution of the sea, but also a very particular one – the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi accident. Apart from causing severe infrastructural damage and posing a radiation-related threat to the public, Fukushima has had a lasting impact on the marine environment, too. Especially, since the operator of the plant has so far been unsuccessful in completely eliminating the radioactive leakage into the seas. This article considers the actual impact of the accident on the marine life along with the relevant recovery and remediation measures aimed to limit said impact, all in the light of the provisions of UNCLOS. Especially, with regard to its problematic (rather underdeveloped) enforcement and sanctioning system which should be more balanced, considering the various contemporary sources of pollution of the seas. Notwithstanding, UNCLOS will most likely further strengthen international cooperation with the ultimate aim of preventing the pollution of the world’s oceans.

15

Reforma funkcjonowania unijnego systemu handlu uprawnieniami do emisji

61%

Sobieraj K.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

|

2017

|

vol. 27

|

issue 1

113-131

PL

Upływ ponad dziesięciu lat od rozpoczęcia funkcjonowania systemu EU ETS oraz upływ trzech lat od rozpoczęcia już trzeciego okresu rozliczeniowego tego systemu nałożył się z okresem pogłębiającego się kryzysu (określanego nawet załamaniem) tego systemu, coraz częściej powtarzanymi wątpliwościami odnośnie do tego, czy system ten jest zdolny osiągnąć nałożony na niego cel, czy nie powinien zostać zastąpiony innym instrumentem. Brak było i jest jednak nadal pomysłów na nowy instrument umożliwiający redukcję emisji zanieczyszczeń w sposób skuteczny i efektywny ekonomicznie, który mógłby zastąpić obecny system EU ETS. Wraz z upływem ponad dziesięciu lat od rozpoczęcia funkcjonowania tego systemu oraz upływem trzech lat od rozpoczęcia już trzeciego okresu rozliczeniowego systemu EU ETS rozpoczęły się zatem intensywne prace nad strukturalną reformą tego systemu. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie aktualnego stanu prac w zakresie reformy systemu EU ETS, wskazanie głównych kierunków i celów tych zmian, a także podjęcie próby ich oceny.

EN

Currently, it has followed a lapse of over ten years from the beginning of already the EU ETS scheme functioning and three years from the beginning of already the EU ETS scheme third accounting period, which has coincided with a period of deepening crisis (or even breakdown) of the scheme, there even appear to be more and more frequent doubts as to is capable to achieve aims imposed on it, whether the system should not have been replaced by another instrument. Currently, however, there are no ideas supporting a new instrument enabling emissions reductions in an economically effective way, which could replace current the EU ETS scheme. Therefore, together with over ten years passing since the beginning of the EU ETS scheme’s functioning and three years passing since the beginning of the EU ETS scheme’s third accounting period, intensive works regarding structural reform of this scheme was started. Thus, the aim of the study is the analysis of current stage of works regarding EU ETS scheme’s reform, pointing of main directions and aims of planned changes, as well as attempting to assess of thereof.

16

The Emission Trading Scheme in Polish Law. Selected Problems Related to the Scope of Derogation from the General Rule for Auctioning in Poland

61%

Stoczkiewicz M.

Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies

|

2011

|

vol. 4(4)

95-113

EN

The subject matter of this article is the implementation in Poland of Directive 2003/87/EC on the emissions trading scheme for greenhouse gases in the Community. The first part of the article focuses on the presentation of the legislation and institutional arrangements which transpose the obligations contained in Directive 2003/87/EC into Polish law. On the basis of this, the article then presents some problems regarding the implementation in Poland of important changes introduced into Directive 2003/87/EC by Directive 2009/29/EC. This part of the article contains an analysis of Article 50 of the new Act on the System of Greenhouse Emission Trading, which introduces specific rules for licensing bodies that undertake investment in terms of compliance with the provisions of Directive 2009/29/EC. Secondly, this paper also presents a preliminary assessment of the proposed free allocation of greenhouse gas emissions allowances in Poland to electricity production enterprises. This is examined from the viewpoint of the possibility of State aid in the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

FR

L’article traite de l’application en Pologne de la directive n° 2003/87/CE établissant un système d’échange de quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre dans la Communauté. La première partie de l’article présente les actes juridiques ainsi que les solutions institutionnelles nécessaires à la transposition de l’ensemble du contenu normatif de la directive n° 2003/87/CE en Pologne. Par la suite, l’article explicite certains problèmes liés à l’application en Pologne de modifications significatives de la directive n° 2003/87/CE introduites par la directive n° 2009/29/CE. Cette partie de l’article contient l’analyse de l’art. 50 de loi relatif au système d’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre, lequel introduit des règles spécifiques concernant le système d’octroi de permis aux sujets entreprenant la réalisation d’un investissement, du point de vue de sa conformité avec les dispositions de la directive n° 2009/29/CE. L’auteur donne aussi une estimation préliminaire du plan d’allocation de quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre gratuits en Pologne aux entreprises de production de l’électricité sous l’aspect d’éventuelle aide d’Etat au sens de l’article 107 alinéa 1 du Traité sur le fonctionnement de l’Union européenne.

17

Zielone Zamówienia Publiczne jako narzędzie dla realizacji koncepcji Zrównoważonej Konsumpcji i Produkcji Unii Europejskiej

51%

Kielin-Maziarz J.

Studia Prawnicze KUL

|

2013

|

issue 3 (55)

57-73

PL

Zielone zamówienia publiczne stanowią jedno z narzędzi służących realizacji koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju w ramach prawa i polityki ochrony środowiska Unii Europejskiej. Odnowiona Strategia Zrównoważonego Rozwoju Unii Europejskiej przewiduje siedem głównych wyzwań, których spełnienie winno skutkować „wejściem na ścieżkę” zrównoważonego rozwoju. Do wyzwań tych należy zrównoważona konsumpcja i produkcja , której jednym ze środków obok dyrektywy w sprawie ekoprojektu, dyrektywy w sprawie efektywności energetycznej, czy tez rozporządzenia w sprawie znakowania efektywności energetycznej (Ecolabel), są zielone zamówienia publiczne. Zielone zamówienie publiczne są koncepcją polegającą na ujęciu kryteriów środowiskowych wśród kryteriów zamówienia. Do kryteriów o charakterze środowiskowym zaliczyć można wspomniane wyżej unijne oznakowanie ekologiczne, rozporządzenie w sprawie Energy Star, dyrektywy w sprawie ekoprojektu dla produktów wykorzystujących energię. Dzięki zielonym zamówieniom publicznych instytucje publiczne uzyskują towary, usługi i roboty budowlane o ograniczonym negatywnym wpływie na środowisko.

EN

Green public procurement is one of the tools which aim is to implement the principle of sustainable development within the framework of law and environmental policy of the European Union. The renewed Sustainable Development Strategy for the European Union provides seven key challenges, compliance with which should result in “the entrance to the path of” sustainable development. One of them is the sustainable consumption and production. Green Public Procurement is one of the measures which in addition to Ecodesign Directive, the Directive on energy efficiency, and also a regulation on energy efficiency labeling (Ecolabel), seeks to achieve this challenge. Green Public Procurement is a concept involving the environmental criteria in the Criteria of the contract. With a green public procurement public institutions receive goods, services and works with a limited impact on the environment.

RU

Зеленые общественные заказы представляют собой одно из инструментoв, служащих осуществлению концепции уравновешенного развития в пределах права и экологической политики Европейского Союза. Оновленная Стратегия уравновешенного развития Европейского Союза предвидит семь главных вызовов, исполнение которых должно привести к „вступлению на дорогу” уравновешенного развития. Этими вызовами являются уравновешенное потребление и производство, которогo одним из средств рядом c директивой по делy экопроэктa, директивой по делy энергетической эффективности, или c постановлениeм по делy мечения энергетической эффективности (Ecolabel) являются зеленые общественные заказы. Зеленый общественный заказ есть концепциeй, которая основана на сформулировании экологических критериев среди критериев заказа. К критериям экологического характера можно отнести экологическoe мечениe, постановление по делy Energy Star, директивы по делy экопроэктa для продуктов, пользующихся энергией. Благодаря зеленым общественный заказам общественные учреждения получают товары, услуги и строительные работы об ограниченном негативном влиянии на среду.

18

Czeskie prawo gruntowe z polskiej perspektywy

51%

Radecki G., Radecki W.

Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska

|

2016

|

issue 2

61-97

EN

The subject of this paper is a short presentation of opinions of the Czech authors expressed in the monograph “Introduction to the land law”. By the land law the authors of this monograph mean an interdisciplinary area of law which deals with the sources, methods, principles and tools of private and public law concerning legal relations which subject is land. The land law reveals strict and direct relation with the environmental law. After each of 17 chapters of this monograph resemblances and differences with the Polish law are presented.

RU

Целью данной статьи является изложение мнений, выраженных чешскими авторами в монографии «Введение в земельное право». Под земельном правом в этой монографии понимается междисциплинарную область права, которая занимается источниками, методами, принципами и инструментами публичного и частного права, касающимися соотношений, предметом которых являются земельные участки. Земельное право тесно и непосредственно связано с экологическим правом. После каждой из 17 глав монографии указывается на сходства и различия между чешским и польским правом.

19

The conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 area in the light of law and case law

51%

Habuda A.

Studia Prawnicze

|

2019

|

issue 4 (220)

59-80

EN

The article discusses the issue of conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 area. The basis for their analysis is the Habitats Directive and the Polish Act on Nature Conservation together with plans of conservation tasks. It is a key legal instrument for the proper management of the Natura 2000 area and the European network of Natura 2000 sites. Its importance is recognized in the legal interpretations made by the Court of Justice and non-binding documents of the European Commission. However, the question should be asked whether such an important, and indeed fundamental for Natura 2000, institution should not be clearer and more precisely regulated by the European legislator. Lack of unambiguous norms of the directive may cause discrepancies in defining the objectives of Natura 2000 protection both at the level of various EU Member States and at the national level – in relation to individual Natura 2000 areas in a given country.

20

Włoskie prawo środowiska

51%

Nawrot F.

Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska

|

2017

|

issue 2

47-57

EN

The main aim of this paper is to present a catalogue of sources of Italian environmental law and legal rules concerning Italian environmental law. Remarks about the name of this discipline in the Italian Republic are made in the first part of the paper. Afterwards the list of basic acts regulating environmental issues in Italy is demonstrated. In the third part author discuses catalogue of selected legal rules, and in the last part development of the legislation concerning forms of nature conservations in the Italian Republic is presented and particular forms are shortly characterized.

RU

Целью настоящей статьи является представление основных источников и принципов итальянского права окружающей среды. В первой части обсуждается вопросы связанные с названием этой дисциплины в Итальянской Республике. Затем автор указывает каталог основных источников итальянского права окружающей среды. Третья часть посвящена некоторым принципом итальянского права окружающей среды, а последняя — развитию законодательства об формах охраны природы в Итальянской Республике, а также анализе их отдельных типов.

Refine search results

Procedury ocen oddziaływania na środowisko

Współpraca polskich i czeskich prawników

REGULATIONS CONCERNING DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONDITION AND PROTECTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE LIGHT OF LEGAL ACTS IN FORCE

Environmental law in ukraine: present and prospects

Analysis of Economic Tools of Environmental Law Which May Influence the Conservation of Insects

Spółka akcyjna jako forma prowadzenia gospodarki komunalnej w dziedzinie infrastruktury ochrony środowiska przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Wybrane zagadnienia organizacji i funkcjonowania organów spółki akcyjnej

Pozwolenie zintegrowane a decyzja o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach

Revision of the Functioning of the EU Emissions Trading System

Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WIND POWER STATIONS IN THE REPORT OF THE POLISH SUPREME AUDIT OFFICE AND IN COMPARISON WITH GERMAN STANDARDS

Multilingual Legislation in the European Union. EU and National Legislative-Language Styles and Terminology

Land-Sea Interactions in Realisation of Ecosystem Approach in the Marine Spatial Planning in the Baltic Sea Region – Polish Perspective

The role of ‘green’ courts in shaping environmental justice in India and New Zealand

Enforcement and sanctioning system deficit under UNCLOS? A closer look at the Fukushima accident

Reforma funkcjonowania unijnego systemu handlu uprawnieniami do emisji

The Emission Trading Scheme in Polish Law. Selected Problems Related to the Scope of Derogation from the General Rule for Auctioning in Poland

Zielone Zamówienia Publiczne jako narzędzie dla realizacji koncepcji Zrównoważonej Konsumpcji i Produkcji Unii Europejskiej

Czeskie prawo gruntowe z polskiej perspektywy

The conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 area in the light of law and case law

Włoskie prawo środowiska