Search results

1

Exemplification in academic discourse structure

100%

Kucelman E.

Linguistics Beyond and Within

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2016

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vol. 2

111-125

EN

The study examines the role that exemplification plays in academic discourse. As the latest approaches emphasize, discourse is an interactional activity involving as participants both the writer and the reader. In order to ensure the proper understanding of his/her message, writers make use of different discourse strategies such as reformulation, specification, generalization or elaboration. We focus on how exemplification, viewed as the satellite, contributes to the better recognition of the subject matter, which is understood as the nucleus. In the first two sections of the study, we present an overview of discourse relations which call for the use of constructions applied in exemplification. The second part, which is based on the linguistic material obtained from a close scrutiny of two classic articles from the field of linguistics and one linguistic textbook, is devoted to the description of how exemplification contributes to specification and elaboration. We try to find and describe the specific relations, for example set-member, whole-part, process-step and object-attribute which hold between the nucleus and the satellite. Finally, we attempt at listing discourse areas which call for exemplification. The study illustrates that what are known as separate discourse relations are in fact closely related.

2

Ke zpracování názvů farmaceutických výrobků v Akademickém slovníku současné češtiny

63%

Procházková B.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2022

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vol. 104

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issue 2

230-246

EN

The article deals with the methodology of processing names of pharmaceutical products in the monolingual Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (Akademický slovník současné češtiny), under preparation at the Czech Language Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences since 2012. The article focuses on the choice of genera proxima in the explanatory definitions and their segmentation according to different shades of meaning. Special attention is paid to the selection of appropriate examples illustrating the meaning of the given lexical units and to the use of a terminological label for each dictionary entry. Based on a sample of entries belonging to this lexico-semantic group of words, the article aims to compare the approach to their lexicographical processing in the forthcoming dictionary and in previous Czech, Slovak and English monolingual dictionaries.

3

Ernst Cassirer i Nelson Goodman: konstruktywna siła symbolizacji kulturowych

51%

Tarnowski J.

IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych

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2016

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vol. 28/2

52-63

EN

According to Ernst Cassirer’s views expressed in Philosophy of Symbolic Forms and Essay on Man a man is ‘a symbolic animal’, which means that: /1/ every meaning is symbolic, /2/ symbolisation creates the world but it does not reflect it, /3/ symbolisations are not individual but cultural, /4/ culture consists of ‘symbolic forms’, i.e., science, common sense, religion, magic, language and art, which create the world in different ways. Nelson Goodman in Languages of Art and Ways of Worldmaking developed Cassirer’s view towards more radical epistemological pluralism and changed his semiotic assumption. Cassirer accepted Frege’s understanding of symbolisation as a relation between three elements: a symbol, its meaning and a denoted object. For Goodman symbolisation is a two-element relation: between a symbol and an object, without the category of meaning. Symbols can denote or exemplify or refer to objects in complex and indirect ways. The paper aims to address the problem of the efficiency of that categorisation.

4

Výměna stárnoucí manželky za hezkou mladou kočku : aneb K exemplifikaci v Akademickém slovníku současné češtiny

51%

Lišková M.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2017

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vol. 100

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issue 1

28-36

CS

In dictionaries, exemplification serves to illustrate the use of headwords. This article attempts to contribute to the elaboration and specification of the general exemplification principles, as demonstrated on the material of the manuscript of The Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech. It deals with the adequate length of the exemplification as a whole and the length of individual examples. It also devotes attention to content-related aspects, with emphasis on the socially sensitive topic of gender. Examples should not have controversial content, otherwise the reader’s attention can go off in an unwanted direction. They should not insult or hurt anybody, yet typical examples cannot be entirely ignored either, as the dictionary must not be censored.

5

Przedmiotowe logiki fikcji. Część III: Teoria przedmiotów abstrakcyjnych E.N. Zalty

45%

Gurczyński J.

Diametros

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2013

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issue 35

21-48

PL

Artykuł przedstawia teorię przedmiotów abstrakcyjnych E. N. Zalty. Omawiane jest zastosowanie tej logiki do analiz fikcji. Od strony formalnej system jest intensjonalnym rachunkiem relacji drugiego rzędu opartym na standardowej negacyjno-implikacyjnej aksjomatyce rachunku zdań. Zalta wprowadza rozróżnienie na egzemplifikowanie i enkodowanie własności. Przedmioty realne jedynie egzemplifikują własności, a przedmioty abstrakcyjne zarówno enkodują, jak i egzemplifikują własności. Takie rozróżnienie pozwala ująć dwupoziomową strukturę uposażenia przedmiotów fikcyjnych. Wskazuje się również pewne niepożądane konsekwencje teorii związane z tym, że przedmioty fikcyjne uznaje się za abstrakcyjne. Wadą systemu jest również jego słaba moc dedukcyjna – wnioski w zasadzie nie wykraczają poza aksjomatykę systemu.

EN

This paper presents E. N. Zalta’s theory of abstract objects. It discusses the application of the theory of abstract objects to the analysis of fiction. From a formal point of view the system is an intensional second-order logic of relations based on the standard axiomatization of the propositional calculus. Zalta distinguishes exemplification and encoding of properties. Real objects exemplify properties, while abstract objects both encode and exemplify properties. This distinction makes it possible to apprehend the double structure of predication of fictional objects. It also points out some unwanted consequences of the theory, which are bound to the fact that fictional objects are conceived as abstract objects. Another defect of the system is its weak deductive power – the conclusions do not go beyond the system’s axiomatization.

6

Znaczenie jednostki leksykalnej a tekst precedensowy

45%

Kilkiewicz A.

Język Polski

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2020

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vol. 100

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issue 2

20-32

PL

Tematem artykułu są procesy modyfikacji znaczenia leksykalnego pod wpływem użycia wyrazów w tekstach precedensowych (jako tekstach kultury). Pojęcie tekstów precedensowych autor przejął za J.N. Karaułowem, autorem koncepcji semantyki kulturowej. W związku z tym są rozpatrywane trzy typy procesów: apelatywizacja, egzemplifikacja i reinterpretacja. Pierwszy proces realizuje się w postaci deonimizacji, która ma różne stopnie nasilenia: maksymalny – w wypadku utraty statusu nazwy własnej, minimalny – w wypadku aluzji i reminiscencji. Egzemplifikacja pojęcia ogólnego umożliwia oddziaływanie na emocje adresata, a także wpływa na funkcję pragmatyczną wypowiedzenia. Reinterpretacja polega na zawężeniu pojęciu leksykalnego, co wiąże się z dodatkowym nacechowaniem aksjologicznym wyrazu.

EN

The topic of this article is the processes of modification of lexical meaning due to the use of words in precedent texts (as texts of culture).The author adopted the concept of precedent texts from J.N. Karaulov, the author of the concept of cultural semantics. Therefore, three types of processes are considered: appellativization, exemplification and reinterpretation. The first process is implemented in the form of deonymization, which has various degrees of severity: one maximal in the event of loss of the proper name status, one minimal in the event of allusions and reminiscences. The exemplification of the general concepts has an impact on the addressee’s emotions and also affects the pragmatic function of the sentence. Reinterpretation consists in narrowing the lexical concept, which is additionally associated with axiological meaning of the word.

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1 Diametros

1 IDEA. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych

1 Język Polski

1 Linguistics Beyond and Within

1 Naše řeč (Our Speech)

1 Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

1 Gurczyński J.

1 Kilkiewicz A.

1 Kucelman E.

1 Lišková M.

1 Procházková B.

1 Tarnowski J.

1 2022

1 2020

1 2017