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EN
The objective of this study is to discuss the semantic properties of the comparative structures polyprédicatves to dominant extensive and/or intensive. The comparative structures released for the need for this study make it possible to specify the nature of the concept of ‘compariso’.
EN
The paper is a polemical commentary on Wacław Cockiewicz’s monograph Metaforyka Leśmiana (Analiza lingwistyczna). [Metaphors in Leśmian’s poetry (A linguistic analysis)]. It is claimed that although the author of the book rejects as inadequate the cognitive theory of metaphor developed by George Lakoff and his followers, some of his tacit assumptions actually follow its premises. On the other hand, lack of coherent methodology and erroneous treatment of metaphor as the relation of equivalence (A equals B) result in incoherent or downright incorrect interpretation of many metaphors selected for analysis. Individual items from the corpus are presented in alphabetical order, without concern for either the level of their specificity or their semantic cognation. In effect, their systematicity is often missed. Moreover, in some cases Cockiewicz finds himself unable to interpret Leśmian’s metaphors, and thus his Rnal conclusions – though intuitively correct and partially corroborated by some of the analyses – are undermined.
EN
This paper is devoted to the brilliant Czech logician and philosopher of language Pavel Tichý (1936–1994) who, after emigrating to New Zealand in 1970 and spending half his life there as a political refugee, committed suicide shortly before returning to his alma mater, Charles University in Prague, as Chair of the Department of Logic in the Faculty of Arts. After tracing a biographical profile of the Czech logician, the paper explains some of the central ideas of Tichý’s highly original theory, called Transparent Intensional Logic, while locating it in the wider context of the analytic philosophy of language. The paper concludes by highlighting the role played by Tichý’s intensional theory in advancing various disciplines, including artificial intelligence, with the aim of shedding light on the significant contributions of the Czech logician, who has yet to gain due recognition.
EN
The paper describes and analyzes (using data from the written corpus SYN v7) sentences in which the relators krom(ě) and mimo express the meanings of extension and exclusion and at the same time do not assign case to the following noun. It does not aim for the word-class classification of the mentioned relators or their insertion into a ready-made syntactic model, but rather observes in particular the form of non-standard constructions with krom(ě) and mimo as well as their semantic role, their position in relation to the second and controlling nodes, and the identity/non-identity of their form and semantic role with the form and semantic role of the second node. The paper attempts to summarize the basic properties of non-standard krom(ě)/mimo constructions with the meanings of extension and exclusion, using the apparatus of construction grammar.
EN
Between a castling move and non-existence: Milan Kundera’s self-quarreling death The article is initiated by an introductory assumption regarding the funeral structure of writing which, in the process of its self-constitution, always has to face the absence of its content being a subject of thematization. Maintaining the aforementioned assumption and referring to certain philosophical contexts (Heidegger, Lévinas, Derrida), the author tends to concentrate subsequently on Agnes, the elliptical character of Immortality, since she is perceived as an embodiment of being realized between a strategy of a castling move and a desire of non-existence. In order to accomplish this desire, Agnes conducts a peculiar game of subtraction, consisting in the gradual erasing of the traces of her own existence. The final event of splitting up with the world means, therefore, a definitive gesture of withdrawing from mankind with which Agnes cannot neither reconcile nor identify.
CS
Mezi rošádou a nebytim: Kunderovo hádání se smrti Vstupním předpolkadem tohoto článku je existence funerální struktury pisma, které vzniká vždy za nepřítomnosti obsahu, jenž je předmětem tematizace. Pokud to příjmeme jako fakt a budeme na tento předpoklad aplikovat tanatické filozofické kontexty (Heidegger, Lévinas, Derrida), budeme se moci plně soustředit na eliptické hrdince Nesmrtelnosti, protože ztělesňuje existenci rozprostírajicí se mezi strategií šachové rošády a touhou po nebytí. Na cestě spějíci k realizaci této touhy Ahnes propadá hře spočívajicí v postupném zatracování vlastní existence. Závěrečné rozloučení Agnes se světem symbolizuje její konečné odmítnutí lidstva, se kterým se nedokáže vyrovnat nebo identifikovat. Směřováni hrdinky k nebyti je tedy literárním konstruktem, prostřednictvím kterého Kundera kriticky nahlíži na lidský druh a vynikajicim způsobem reviduje konvenčni pohledy na vlastnosti, které jsou lidem píipisovány.
EN
One of the most spectacular turns in the art of the 20th century was based on the linguistic reorientation of philosophy, whose extreme manifestation was Wittgenstein's non- denotational conception of meaning. It inspired the so-called analytical conceptualism that was trying in vain to overcome the heterogeneous nature of conceptism, from which it derived. This is reflected especially in Joseph Kosuth's confusion concerning the neo-positivist inspiration and one of the guiding themes of natural language philosophy which emphasizes the significance of metaphor and the fundamental role of the functor as in human thinking. The following article presents this process of inconsistent reduction of art to language, showing some of its consequences and its replacement by contextualism.
PL
Podstawą jednego z najbardziej spektakularnych zwrotów w sztuce XX wieku była lingwistyczna reorientacja filozofii, której skrajnym przejawem była niedenotacyjna koncepcja znaczenia Ludwiga Wittgensteina. Jej aplikacji dokonał tzw. analityczny konceptualizm, który w tym lingwistycznym zwrocie daremnie usiłował przezwyciężyć heterogeniczny charakter konceptyzmu, z którego notabene się wywodził. Świadczy o tym, zwłaszcza u Josepha Kosutha, pomieszanie neopozytywistycznej inspiracji z motywem filozofii języka naturalnego, który podkreśla doniosłość metaforyzacji i myślenia z pomocą funktora as [podobnie jak]. Niniejszy tekst przedstawia proces tej niezbornej redukcji sztuki do języka, ukazując niektóre jej konsekwencje oraz jej wyraźną granicę, jaką stał się kontekstualizm.
EN
Objective: The multiplication of information exchange in the internet era inevitably also extends into aggressive communication, especially because communicating via digital devices produces a false feeling of impunity. In this context, it is worth inquiring how to define hate speech (1) and in what manner such elements of the speech act are realised – identity, sender, intention (illocutionary content), receiver, perlocution – in the case of a hateful communication (2). Methods: To reach these research goals, it is necessary to analyse basic legal concepts describing hate speech, then compare them and determine the context of communication acts with similar intention and defined in the penal code. These include defamation, insult, and punishable threat in the penal code, which are akin to hate speech. Results and cognitive value: This consideration has been presented with the help of the philosophy of language, to build a model of such communication and also to show its limiting features, i.e., this kind of transmission of information seems to contradict the essence of communication.
PL
Cel: zwielokrotnienie wymiany informacji w dobie cyfryzacji objęło także komunikaty nienawistne, zwłaszcza że pisanie zza monitora komputera rodzi iluzoryczne poczucie bezkarności. Warto w tym kontekście postawić pytania o to, (a) w jaki sposób zdefiniować mowę nienawiści oraz (b) jaki charakter przyjmują poszczególne elementy aktu mowy – nadawca, intencja (zawartość illokucyjna), odbiorca, perlokucja – w sytuacji nadawania komunikatu nienawistnego. Metody: aby zrealizować te cele badawcze, należy przeanalizować podstawowe zapisy prawne odnoszące się do mowy nienawiści, a następnie umiejscowić ją na tle aktów komunikacyjnych zbliżonych do niej na poziomie intencji komunikacyjnej i określonych w kodeksie karnym. Chodzi w tym przypadku o znieważenie, zniesławienie i groźbę karalną. Wyniki oraz wartość poznawcza: prezentowane rozważania, dzięki sięgnięciu po narzędzia filozofii języka oraz elementy językoznawstwa kognitywnego, mają, po pierwsze, wskazać cechę bądź cechy szczególne mowy nienawiści na tle pojęć pokrewnych; po drugie, mają pokazać jej graniczny charakter – to, że stanowi ona zaprzeczenie komunikacji in se.
EN
The article presents the CRAB harmonic formation. This is a sequence of various Fibonacci retracements (internal and external), used for capital market to make investment decisions. The potential reversal zone is determined using Fibonacci techniques. An investment decision is initiated within this zone, involving less risk and being more effective. Investment decisions are made against the prevailing trend in the harmonic area in which various price projections are at play.
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