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EN
The article concerns the works of the Comission on European Family Law (CEFL) in the field of property relations between spouses. The article explains shortly CEFL’s main objective, which is the creation of European Family Law Principles and the methodology of their elaboration. The third set of CEFL Principles regarding property relations between spouses is presented in details. These principles, especially concerning rules applicable irrespective of the matrimonial property regime between spouses and the regime of community of acquisitions, are compared with the law in force in Poland, especially the default matrimonial property regime, in order to find any common features or visible differences. The article is supplemented with the publication of the CEFL principles regarding property relations between spouses in all authentic languages (English, German, French) and their translation into Polish.
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Studia Ełckie
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2018
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vol. 20
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issue 2
233-248
EN
This text attempts to present the legal structure of parental authority. It is a historical description. Describes all elements of parental responsibility. Both substantive and procedural issues. First and foremost, in the text, parental authority was introduced in Polish law. The analysis has been subjected to the following terms: parental control, the content of power, deprivation, suspension, restriction and cessation of parental authority. The boundaries of that power are outlined. The problem of the Polish law concerning the family. The most important issues related to mutual rights and family responsibilities and relationships between parents and children who are not dependent on parental responsibility are discussed. The basic features of proper parental responsibility are shown. The issue of parental responsibility has been approximated.
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EN
The article is devoted to the constitutional right of a child to care and help of public authorities (Article 72 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997). The author analyses the following elements that make up this right: the right of a child to protection against violence, cruelty, exploitation and demoralisation, the right to care and help of public authorities in the event of deprivation of parental care and the right of a child to be heard and have his/her opinion taken into account, where possible, by public authorities and persons responsible for the child in the course of determining a child’s rights. The article also discusses the problem of determining the term “child” against the background of constitutional provisions and the divergent conception of a “child” in the Civil Code and the Family and Guardianship Code.
EN
The article discusses the case-law of the Constitutional Tribunal of 1997-2017, regarding to property, inheritance and family law, mainly in matters of the provisions of Book Two and Book Four of the Civil Code, as well as the Family and Guardianship Code. It referred to following issues: protection of ownership of public entities, renuntiation of property ownership, dissolution of co-ownership or prescription of easements. The issue of statutory rules governing inheritance, institution of lawful share and detailed rules of inheriting farms is also discussed. Regarding family law, the views of the Constitutional Tribunal on freedom of marriage and the institution of its protection is on the table. Additionally it is pointed out at obligations of former spouses to alimony as well as issues of filiation.
EN
The paper presents the institution of divorce in Russian law. Under the Family Code of the Russian Federation of 1995 there are two types of divorce proceedings: an administrative proceeding at registry offices and a court proceeding. The administrative proceeding is applicable upon the application of both spouses mutually agreed to a divorce who have no common minor children. In the cases provided for by the statute the administrative proceeding is also applicable upon the application of one of the spouses, in particular when the other spouse is recognized by the court as missing. The court proceeding is applicable in two main cases: upon the application of both spouses mutually agreed to a divorce who have common minor children and upon the application of one of the spouses when the other spouse does not consent to divorce. A characteristic feature of the regulation of the divorce in Russian law is that neither the public official at the registry office in an administrative procedure nor the court in a judicial procedure is authorized by law to dismiss the application for divorce filed by the spouses mutually agreed to a divorce or by the spouse entitled by the statute. The legislator in the Family Code provides some measures aimed at preventing dissolution of marriage but finally the decision to break marital relationship or to preserve it belongs only to each of the spouses.
EN
The issues of legal protection of cohabitants in case one of them dies has not got any satisfactory regulations in Polish law. Scotland is one of the countries where legal regulations have been introduced in terms of inheritance entitlements of an informal partner of a testator. In 2006, Family Law (Scotland) Act was passed, where, in section 29, the acceptance was constituted to request property claims by testator’s common-law spouse an adequate sum of money from the legacy, or giving a defined component of the legacy. This entitlement is only applied in the event of non-testamentary inheritance. The assessment of the claim legacy has been left to wide discretionary power of court. Setting norms for inheritance, which are entitled to an informal partner of a testator, Scottish court is only limited by the rule that it cannot exceed what they could get if they were in matrimony or civil partnership. Giving a sentence, court should take into consideration, in particular, long-lasting and individual character of a given common-law spouse relationship, financial situation of the claiming, the amount of inheritance property. The great range of judicial freedom is illustrated by the examples of court sentences mentioned above. Scottish legislation does not only approve of existing legal solutions. The amendments of the law have been discussed referring to testator’s inheritor common-spouse’s claims to inheritance, first of all, in order to limit the discretionary freedom of court for introducing the entitlement of an informal partner of the dead to get a defined fraction of active value of legacy. Appealing to the presented Scottish solutions, it should be given into consideration to Polish legislator to pass bills to set inheritance law of a common-law spouse of the dead.
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The challenges of islamic feminism

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EN
By the early 1990s there were clear signs of the emergence of a new gender discourse that came to be labelled ‘Islamic feminism’. In this paper, I fi rst set this new discourse against the backdrop of the global and local politics of Islam and gender in the latter part of the 20th century. Then I introduce the work of feminist scholar-activists who argue for equality and justice from inside the Muslim tradition, outline how they seek to change the terms of traditional Islamic discourses on gender, and consider their prospects of success. I shall focus on Musawah (www.musawah.org), a global movement for equality and justice in the Muslim family.
EN
The purpose of this article is to provide an exhaustive analysis of selected intertemporal issues arising in connection with the approval and entry into force of Article 119 [1a] of the Polish Family and Guardianship Code (KRO). In particular, its aim is to answer whether a consent for adoption, as specified in former Article 119 KRO, would remain binding after the entry into force of the amendment. Consequently, whether the court in which the adoption process was started under the former provision, would be bound by a consent expressed on its grounds even after the entry into force of the new Article 119 [1a] KRO. It was established that the consent to the adoption, expressed according to Article 119 KRO, would remain valid under the new (current) state of law. Consequently, it is binding on the court hearing the adoption application, even if the proceedings had not been completed before the entry into force of the Article 119 [1a] KRO. This binding aspect, of course, does not impose on the court an obligation to make an adoption order in favour of an entity (entities) named in the declaration of consent made by parents (on the basis of relevant provisions of KRO, the court may recognize, in particular, that it would be contrary to the interests of the child), however, it excludes an adoption order in favour of others. Firstly, this result appears to be completely unambiguous in the light of linguistic interpretation principles. Secondly, the linguistic result is, again unambiguously, confirmed by the system directives as consistent with principle of non-retroactivity (lex retro non agit) which is not only normatively understood but also descriptively recognized.
PL
The article analyzes selected legal provisions related to administrative and legal procedures of changing the surname in Germany. It is worth emphasizing that the same provisions apply to changing first names. The issue of adopting new surnames and first names and their changes in Germany is regulated first of all by civil law provisions and, to be more precise, by family law provisions which are closely related to the existing family relationships and blood relationships. Legislators have also provided for a possibility of changing surnames and names through administrative and legal procedures based on the public law regulations, in particular – the Change of Name and Surname Act (Gesetz über die Änderung von Familiennamen und Vornamen). Adopting the principle of relative stability of names and surnames, German legislators allow for a change of names and surnames solely upon the request of the party concerned and for valid reasons only, e.g. when the surname is embarrassing, has a complicated spelling or difficult pronunciation. In Germany, German citizens or stateless persons residing or staying on German territory may file a petition to have their name and surname changed. Moreover, administrative provisions allow refugees and persons eligible for asylum to file a change of the surname petition.
EN
The article concerns the works of the Comission of European Family Law (CEFL) in the field of divorce law and maintenance between former spouses. The article presents shortly the history, structure, mission and the undertakings of the CEFL. It explains CEFL’s main objective, which is the creation of European Family Law Principles and the methodology of their elaboration. The first set of CEFL Principles regarding the divorce and maintenance between former spouses is presented in details. These principles are compared with the law in force in Poland in order to find any common features or visible differences. The article is supplemented with the publication of the CEFL principles regarding divorce and maintenance between former spouses in all authentic languages (English, German, French) and their translation into Polish.
EN
The National Report on Multicultural Challenges in Family Law aims to provide an analysis of how multicultural phenomenon understood as a plurality of "ways of life" in society, based e.g. on cultural tradition, ethnic background, custom, religious conviction or sexual orientation, interact with family law. It served as a starting point for a comparative analysis of multicultural challenges in family law in the Civil Law Section of the 20th Congress of International Academy of Comparative Law (AIDC/IACL).
EN
The subject of this article is to discuss the notion of family within the procedure of enacting and applying the law. The authors analyze the way of defining the said notion by the legislator in a selection of legislative acts situated in the context of the provisions of the Polish constitution as well as the Family and Guardianship Code pertaining to the notion of family. Additionally, the authors take into consideration the Polish judicial practice related to the court interpretation of the said notion. The article contains several suggestions and proposals de lege lata and de lege ferenda. The authors propose, among other things, an amendment to the procedure of law enactment by agreeing upon a single definition of family within the entire legal system, which has already been introduced in the Family and Guardianship Code, so that the definition would not need to be modified depending on the subject of the provision of law, and so that the legislator would be allowed to distribute the rights related to the family also to other entities without having to incorporate the aforementioned entities in an “unnatural” way into the notion of family.
PL
W artykule omówiono skutki nowelizacji prawa majątkowego małżonków po jego znacznej reformie w 2004 r. Sama idea zmiany przepisów pochodzących z epoki realnego socjalizmu i braku swobody gospodarczej obywateli na wolnym rynku była potrzebna, zwłaszcza co do zarządu przez każdego z małżonków składnikami majątku wspólnego. Autor krytycznie ocenia niektóre rozwiązania prawne, a w szczególności nieuregulowanie skutków czynności zarządu, mimo skutecznego sprzeciwu drugiego małżonka (art. 361 Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego). Podobnie potrzebę zmiany dostrzega, jeśli chodzi o rozszerzenie odpowiedzialności z majątku wspólnego małżonków za zobowiązania powstałe bez zgody drugiego małżonka, oraz za zobowiązania niewynikające z czynności prawnej, np. alimenty, odszkodowanie z powodu deliktu (czynu niedozwolonego), bezpodstawnego wzbogacenia. W tym zakresie należy przychylić się do postulatów zmiany art. 41 § 2 k.r.o. Zdecydowanie należy przeciwstawić się natomiast stanowisku, że pod rządem aktualnego prawa jest możliwe ustanowienie majątkowego ustroju umownego małżonków z połączeniem rozszerzenia wspólności i jej jednoczesnego ograniczenia co do konkretnych składników. Aktualna regulacja wyboru ustroju umownego pozwala tylko na wybór jednego ze wskazanych w art. 47 § 1 k.r.o. Chodzi bowiem o skuteczność umowy majątkowej względem wierzycieli, skoro tylko rodzaj tej umowy powinien być im znany (art. 471 k.r.o.). Postulat swobodnego kształtowania przez małżonków ustroju majątkowego, jako mieszanego, kombinowanego, można by zrealizować po dostosowaniu innych przepisów regulujących tę kwestię. Można zgodzić się ze stanowiskiem nawołującym do pełniejszego i bardziej szczegółowego unormowania ustroju rozdzielności majątkowej małżonków z wyrównaniem dorobków. Byłoby to z pożytkiem dla ochrony podstawowych warunków bytu rodziny i dla ochrony małżonka ekonomicznie słabszego.
EN
The article discusses the effects of significant amendments to matrimonial property law, which took effect in 2004. Amendments to legal provisions adopted in the era of real socialism and lack of business freedom of citizens in the free market were necessary, especially as far asthe managing of joint matrimonial property components by each of the spousesis concerned. The author criticises some legal solutions, including without limitation, the lack of regulations governing the property management effects in the case of the effective opposition of the other spouse (Article361of the Family and Custody Code).Similarly, the author sees the need to change solutions regulating expansion of the spouses’ liability under the joint matrimonial property regime for liabilities which were contracted without the other spouse’s consent and for liabilities not arising from an act in law (e.g. alimony, compensation resulting from tort, unjust enrichment, etc.). As regards the above, the author is of the opinion that Article 41.2 of the Family and Custody Code should be changed. Furthermore, the author is strongly against the standpoint that under the applicable law, it is possible to have the contractual matrimonial property regime of the spouses expanded and simultaneously limited with respect to specific components. The existing provision regulating the contractual regime selection allows only for the selection of one of the regimes specified inArticle 47.1 of the Family and Custody Code. Here the property agreement effectiveness towards creditors matters since only that type of the agreement should be known to them (Article 471of the Family and Custody Code).The demand for the free selection of the property regime by the spouses e.g. a mixed or combined one, could be fulfilled provided that other provisions regulating that issue are harmonised. The author could agree with the standpoint urging for more comprehensive and detailed regulations on the separate matrimonial property regime with levelling of gained property. It would be beneficial to protecting the basic conditions of the family existence and to protecting an economically weaker spouse.
EN
In this article, I examine the division of space in private and public spheres according to gender in the context of present-day Morocco. One of the many male-dominated spaces in Moroccan society is the Café culture, which in turn has implications for the male domination of the public sphere as a whole. The café not only occupy the actual part of an area but also creates a purely male territory where women are often not welcomed. Any women’s attempt to trespass into this territory is an exception that is in some cases can amount to cultural suicide. This article investigates parts of the history of Moroccan women’s attempt to reclaim public spaces, which can be said to coincide with the first phase of women movement. This article also attempts to create a link with the conceptualization of Harem as a historical and physical limitation to women’s access to public space. The article will trace this limitation back to the first Moroccan family law adopted in 1947, which only confirmed the traditional role of women and men. It will be argued that the last modification of the law in 2004 finally gave more rights to women.
EN
The aim of this article is to present marriage and family protection in the light of Polish constitutional law. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland provides for this protection through a constitutional guarantee. The publication shall present aspects of marriage and family not only on the basis of the regulations of the Basic Law, but also in accordance with the Family and Guardianship Code. The discussion in this article focuses mainly on protection of the institution of marriage and family as the fundamental social unit. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of constitutional legislation including the Basic Law of the Republic of Italy and Spain in the field of marriage and family protection has been performed.
EN
Thanks to the Polish pro-family policy, families with children can now count on more financial support than a few years ago. The pool of benefits covering the so-far granted child benefit with allowances has been increased by the parental allowance, upbringing allowance and the ‘Good Start’ allowance. The names of newly introduced services have, however, contributed to terminological chaos due to the multitude of different services and their similar terminology. This terminological chaos can hinder not only the communication of the citizen with the authorities, but also the work of the translator. The article analyses the equivalents of Polish names of benefits for family with children into German, which were published on the website of the European Commission and the cross-border partnership EURES-TriRegio. Based on the assessment of the correctness of the proposed equivalents with regard to the benefits granted in Germany and Austria, an attempt was made to summarise the problems occurring in the translation of these names.
PL
Dzięki polskiej polityce prorodzinnej rodziny z dziećmi mogą obecnie liczyć na większe wsparcie finansowe niż jeszcze parę lat wcześniej. Albowiem pulę świadczeń obejmującą  dotychczas przyznawany zasiłek rodzinny z dodatkami powiększono o świadczenie rodzicielskie, wychowawcze oraz świadczenie „Dobry start”. Nazwy nowo wprowadzonych świadczeń przyczyniły się jednak do chaosu terminologicznego ze względu na mnogość różnych świadczeń i ich podobne nazewnictwo, co  może utrudniać nie tylko komunikację obywatela z urzędami, lecz również pracę tłumacza. W artykule przeanalizowano niemieckie ekwiwalenty polskich nazw świadczeń dla rodzin z dziećmi, które opublikowano na stronie Komisji Europejskiej oraz partnerstwa transgranicznego EURES-TriRegio. Na podstawie oceny poprawności zaproponowanych ekwiwalentów w odniesieniu do niemieckich i austriackich świadczeń podjęto próbę podsumowania problemów występujących w przekładzie tych nazw.
PL
The Regulations on Matrimonial Property (No 2016/1103) and on the Property Consequences of Registered Partnerships (No 2016/1104) are new important pieces in the “puzzle” of European private international law. This article particularly focuses on the relationship between the Matrimonial Property Regulations and the Succession Regulation, two instruments which will often be applied in parallel because of the close connection between the two areas they govern. The author examines in particular the scope of those instruments as well as their interaction with respect to jurisdiction and applicable law. At the same time, an attempt is also made to assess the position of Poland and of those other Member States that are bound by the Succession Regulation, but not by the Matrimonial Property Regulation.
EN
The review presents the monograph Canonical Marriage Law by Stanislav Pribyl, which is intended as a text for students of faculties of law. Apart from the preface and conclusion, the monograph is divided into 16 chapters, with the most space devoted to the issues of marital consent, in accordance with its doctrinal and legal significance, by frequently giving examples from court practice, especially in the area of deficiencies of marital consent - this is an extremely valuable asset of this work. It also considers secular family law, especially Czech law, as well as the law of other Christian churches. This monograph therefore also has an ecumenical dimension.
PL
W recenzji przedstawiono monografię Kanoniczne prawo małżeńskie autorstwa Stanisława Pribyła, która jest przeznaczona jako tekst dla studentów wydziałów prawa. Poza przedmową i zakończeniem monografia podzielona jest na 16 rozdziałów, przy czym najwięcej miejsca poświęcono problematyce zgody małżonków, zgodnie z jej doktrynalnym i prawnym znaczeniem, nawet poprzez częste podawanie przykładów z praktyki sądowej, zwłaszcza w zakresie braków zgody małżonków - jest to niezwykle cenny walor tej pracy. Uwzględnia również świeckie prawo rodzinne, zwłaszcza czeskie, a także prawo innych kościołów chrześcijańskich. Niniejsza monografia ma zatem również wymiar ekumeniczny.
PL
Unieważnienie małżeństwa oraz stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa są instytucjami prawa w dwóch odrębnych porządkach prawnych, które u swych podstaw mają podobne założenia. Celem obu procesów jest wykazanie, czy dane małżeństwo jest ważnie zawarte. W zakresie podobieństw analogię można wykazać odnośnie do przesłanek do wniesienia powództwa o unieważnienie małżeństwa lub skargi powodowej o stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa, legitymacji procesowej, terminu na wniesienie powództwa lub skargi powodowej oraz w zakresie skutków wyroku unieważniającego małżeństwo lub stwierdzającego nieważność małżeństwa. W zakresie dwóch pierwszych przesłanek do wszczęcia procesu należy wyszczególnić: przeszkody małżeńskie oraz wady oświadczenia woli. W zakresie przeszkód małżeńskich ustawodawca kościelny wykazuje szerszy katalog przeszkód, podobnie w zakresie wad oświadczeń woli. Trzecia kategoria przesłanek jest w dwóch procesach odrębna. W prawie cywilnym jest to wadliwe pełnomocnictwo, w prawie kanonicznym – brak formy kanonicznej. Należy jednak wskazać, iż pomimo tych rozbieżności treść przesłanek jest w wielu miejscach analogiczna, jedynie inaczej usystematyzowana przez ustawodawcę. Precyzyjne określenie różnic jest istotne, ponieważ pomaga usystematyzować nabytą wiedzę oraz precyzyjnie wskazywać cechy charakterystyczne dwóch odrębnych procesów, które błędnie uważane są za tożsame.
EN
Annulment and declaration of nullity of marriage are legal institutions in two separate legal orders but based on similar premises. The purpose of both processes is to show whether a given marriage was validly concluded. As regards similarities, analogy can be shown in the grounds for an application for marriage annulment or an application for a declaration of marriage nullity, locus standi, time limit for bringing an action (or libellus), and regarding the consequences of a judgment annulling a marriage or declaring nullity of a marriage. As regards the first two categories of criteria for the initiation of a process, the following should be specified: marital impediments and defects in the declaration of will. With respect to the former, the church legislator provides for a broader catalogue of impediments, just like in the case of defective declarations of will. The third category specifies different conditions for two processes. Under civil law, this would be defective power of attorney, while under canon law – the lack of the canonical form. However, it should be pointed out that despite these discrepancies, the content of these criteria is in many respects analogous, yet differently systematised by the legislator. The precise determination of differences is important since it helps to systematize the acquired knowledge and precisely point out the characteristics of two separate processes, which are mistakenly regarded as identical.
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