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EN
A text dedicated to the memory of Professor Sylwester Dworacki, a member of the Editorial Committee of the journal „Przestrzenie Teorii” [Spaces in Theory].
EN
This article offers a comparative interpretation of two poems: “Ostatni mój sonet” [My Last Sonnet] by Cyprian Norwid and “Adieux à la poésie” by Louise Ackermann. Although these two authors differ in terms of sex, nationality, artistic style as well as the national and European reception of their work, these two poems are only four years apart. Both prove to be interesting material for study due to their simultaneous “debut” and “late” character: they describe gestures of bidding farewell to poetry in some specific aspect and in general. The lonely existence of the lyrical “I” in Ackermann’s poem and its sombre mood can be juxtaposed with the relation between “I” and “you” and the increasing scale of emotions in the lyric by Norwid, leading to 150 the conclusion that both works elaborate on the theme of human indifference to the feelings of others, and on the misunderstanding of both authors’ poems by their readers. What dominates in the case of Ackermann is the fear of lack of empathy, while Norwid emphasizes the problem of conventions that hinder real communication. What this is proves is that in these “debuts” the two authors bid farewell only to certain properties of poetry characteristic of the period’s lyricism (expression of the feelings of the lyrical subject and the convention of sonnet-like love lyricism), while these two poems themselves open passages to different stages of poetic creation.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono interpretację porównawczą utworów: Ostatni mój sonet Cypriana Norwida i Adieux à la poésie Louise Ackermann. Autorów dzieli płeć i narodowość, a także styl artystyczny oraz krajowa i europejska recepcja, ich wiersze powstały w odstępie czterech lat. Te dwa utwory okazują się interesującym materiałem do badania z powodu ich jednoczesnego debiutanckiego i „późnego” charakteru: opisano w nich gesty pożegnania z poezją w ogóle i w pewnym jej wymiarze. Obecność samotniczej egzystencji „ja” lirycznego w wierszu Ackermann oraz jednostajnie smutnego nastroju w tym utworze, a relacji między „ja” i „ty” lirycznym w utworze Norwida oraz większej skali emocji prowadzi do wniosków, że tym, co łączy omawiane dzieła, jest motyw ludzkiej obojętności wobec uczuć innych i niezrozumienia ich poezji przez odbiorców. U Ackermann dominuje lęk przed tym brakiem współodczuwania, Norwida zaś uwypukla problem konwencji, które uniemożliwiają prawdziwą komunikację. Udowodniono zatem hipotezę, że tym, co w istocie żegnają w swoich debiutach twórcy, są tylko pewne właściwości poezji typowe dla liryki im współczesnej (ekspresja uczuć osoby mówiącej w wierszu, konwencje sonetowej liryki miłosnej), a utwory te stanowią przejście do innego etapu ich poetyckiej kreacji.
EN
The goal of the paper is to present analysis of a personal apology letter with formal features written by Ukrainian examinees during the Examination of the Czech Language for Permanent Residence in the Czech Republic. The study does not present a complex analysis of the letters, but it concentrates on selected linguistic phenomena tied up to the functions of an introductory greeting, apology from a meeting and proposal of a new meeting, expression of farewell. The investigation presented in the paper aims to (1) make an inventory of linguistic means used by non-native speakers to achieve the task given, (2) analyse their use and to (3) compare the results with those reported on the basis of a similar analysis conducted on a native speakers’ corpus. It seeks to answer the following questions: (1) What type of means do non-native speakers use to express the communicative functions under the interest? (2) What is the frequency of the means? Does it create any pattern of the interlanguage? (3) How do the non-native speakers express the function in comparison to the native speaker use? The corpus built for the analysis consists of letters selected during the Examination of the Czech Language for Permanent Residence in the CR in years 2013–2014. The participants selected were the Ukrainian native speakers, all living and working in the Czech Republic for 5 years at least. There are 141 letters finally included into the corpus. The letters were written on the basis of a short printed verbal and visual prompt in an essay examination. The same task was given to a group of native speakers. This group included 23 Czech native speakers of various age, level of education and occupation. We analysed the letters of this group at the same way as the letters of the examinees, the result served as the prototype of the Czech native speakers and allowed the comparison and the frame for description of variants in the learners’ language.
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