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Sanok podczas I wojny światowej - wpływ działań wojennych na instytucje publiczne i życie mieszkańców

100%
Usyk A.
Rocznik Przemyski
|
2013
|
vol. 49
|
issue 3: Historia
125-145
EN
The First World War was a conflict of enormous impact on the whole of Europe at that time. However, this global cataclysm may also be considered on the local scale. For the residents of villages and towns the Great War became a local tragedy. The purpose of this article is to show the influence of the hostilities on the life of Sanok inhabitants and the atmosphere in the town both before and during the war. The article consists of three chapters. The first one deals with Sanok’s situation before the FWW. It touches upon such themes as demography, activity of different organizations, functioning of public institutions as shown in contemporary newspapers. The second chapter concerns the situation in the town during the Great War. The hostilities brought about serious changes. Russian and then Austrian occupations significantly disturbed Sanok’s peaceful life. That chapter also includes the outline of historical background and the analysis of influence of the war on organizations. Besides, the author attempts to answer the question: what were the residents’ feelings during the war? The third chapter presents gradual normalization and return of stability to post-war Sanok. The article, apart from studies, is based on a journal, memories and regional press.
2
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Rozbieżności w stosunkach polsko-łotewskich po I wojnie światowej i ich wojskowo-polityczne następstwa

88%
Łach W. B.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2011
|
vol. 2
135-150
EN
The article entitled “Discrepancies in Polish and Latvian relations after World War I and its Military and Political Consequences” is a study presenting the current state of historical and military knowledge concerning the place, role and significance of Polish and Latvian relationships after World War I. Contacts between reborn Poland and a new Latvian state were not established instantly. However, a drive towards military cooperation between both sides became visible in the second half of 1919. Latvia was then at war with Soviet Russia and needed support. Under these conditions, Poland seemed to be the most important ally, whose help should be sought. A formal agreement on a joint military operation was concluded on 30 December 1919. According to this agreement, the Operating Group of General Śmigły-Rydz, formed with Polish and Latvian troops, started its actions on 3 January 1920. Daugavpils was seized soon after, and consequently, direct communication was established between Poland and Latvia. Despite the shared victory, discrepancies started to emerge. Poland wanted Latvia to stand by its side during the offensive on the eastern front planned for the spring of 1920. The Latvians had a different view on this matter. Along with defeats of the Polish troops, the attitude of Latvia towards Poland became cooler. The sign of the turnabout was the rapid conclusion in August 1920 of peace talks with Soviet Russia, in the most tragic moment of war for Poland. The seizure of Vilnius in October 1920 by General Żeligowski resulted in further deterioration of Polish-Latvian relations and became an obstacle for entering into a military alliance. Despite a significant general improvement, the Polish and Latvian relations were still bothered by unsettled issues. The problem was an indefinite and hesitant view of Latvia towards the solution of the Vilnius affiliation issue. It inclined towards neutrality under the condition of Lithuania holding its independence. In 1926, apart from general pacification, as a matter of fact, it can be claimed that despite the stabilisation of Polish-Latvian relations, political and military alliance was not achieved. The borders and expanded economic cooperation were not arranged either. Such an unstable state of affairs remained until 1939.
3
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Geneza powołania Komitetu Polskiego w Sztokholmie w latach pierwszej wojny światowej

75%
Witkowski S.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2020
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vol. 85
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issue 1
91-122
EN
The aim of the article is to present the origins of the Polish Committee in Stockholm during the First World War. The author verifies all the findings that researchers in this field have made so far. Józefa Ledóchowska, an Ursuline nun, stated that the Polish Committee in Stockholm was established on the initiative of Aleksander Lednicki, President of the Council of Polish Organisation Congresses for War Victims and the Polish Committee in Moscow. Andrzej Nils Uggla presented a different view on the origins of the Stockholm Committee. He argued that the organization was established on the initiative of Polish emigration in Sweden, which originated from the descendants of emigrants who came to this country after the January Uprising, supported by national democrats. The above-mentioned researchers did not present the sources on which they based their findings. Based on primary sources stored in Swedish and Polish archives, as well as Swedish and Polish press, the author of the article confronted both aforementioned claims. A detailed analysis of the above-mentioned primary sources allowed to determine that the initiative to establish the Polish Committee in the Swedish capital was taken during the mission of Józef Evert, Vice-President of the Polish Committee in Moscow, who went to Stockholm. The mission took place at the end of November and beginning of December 1915. In Stockholm, Evert met the representatives of the ‘old emigration’, as well as the ‘new emigration’ caused by the First World War. The talks resulted in an offer made by Evert to allocate a certain amount of money from the funds of aid organizations operating in Russia to a charity to be established in Sweden. The goal of this new organisation was to help the Poles living in Sweden regardless of their citizenship.
4
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Demograficzny obraz ziem polskich w przededniu I wojny światowej

63%
Pociecha J.
Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician
|
2019
|
vol. 64
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issue 7
56-69
EN
n 2018, Statistics Poland, the publisher of statistical yearbooks celebrated its 100th anniversary. The purpose of this work is to present a book which is the immediate predecessor of the Polish statistical yearbooks. The work, published in 1915, entitled ”Polish Statistics”, was elaborated by Adam Krzyżanowski and Kazimierz Władysław Kumaniecki, eminent Polish statisticians and economists. Based on this work, we can reconstruct the demographic picture of the Polish lands before the outbreak of the First World War, which initiates the analysis of the process of independence restoration through demographic and socio-economic situation of the country. The number of population on historical Polish lands around the year 1910 is shown. At the same time, the estimates of the number of Polish population on these lands with the information on the scale of emigration and vital statistics is presented. Such information contributes to the knowledge of the history of the rebirth of Polish independence and the history of statistics.
PL
W 2018 r. Główny Urząd Statystyczny, wydawca roczników statystycznych, obchodził setną rocznicę powstania. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zawartość książki będącej bezpośrednim poprzednikiem roczników statystycznych – wydanej w 1915 r. Statystyki Polski autorstwa Adama Krzyżanowskiego i Kazimierza Władysława Kumanieckiego, wybitnych statystyków i ekonomistów polskich. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja sytuacji demograficznej na ziemiach polskich w przededniu wybuchu I wojny światowej, co zapoczątkowuje analizę procesu odzyskania niepodległości prowadzoną przez pryzmat sytuacji demograficznej i społeczno-gospodarczej kraju. Przedstawiono liczbę ludności zamieszkującej poszczególne dzielnice ziem polskich ok. 1910 r., szacunki dotyczące liczby ludności polskiej na tych ziemiach oraz dane o skali emigracji i ruchu naturalnego ludności historycznych ziem polskich. Informacje te stanowią przyczynek do poznania historii odrodzenia niepodległości Polski oraz historii statystyki polskiej.
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