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Tracing the impact of folk etymology on Hungarian surnames

100%
Fodor J. N., Hauber K.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 2
397-409
EN
The paper presents the cases of folk etymology in the Hungarian family name stock. It deals with possibilities and difficulties in the interpretation of the term, as well as the differences in the use of the term between the traditional international and Hungarian linguistics. It also examines the issue of learned folk etymologies or naive etymologies as part of folk etymology with some examples from the 13th century. The paper argues that communal associations, analogies and approval play an essential role in folk etymological changes and this should be taken into consideration in the study of the phenomena. It presents examples of changes within the Hungarian language and of changes in interlingual connections throughout the latest centuries in the Carpathian Basin. Also, it introduces the case of hidden folk etymology with examples of name Magyarizations.
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Uwagi etymologiczne w dawnych tekstach użytkowych (na przykładzie Kroniki, to jest historyi świata Marcina Bielskiego, Informacyi matematycznej Wojciecha Bystrzonowskiego i Nowych Aten Benedykta Chmielowskiego)

100%
Kozaryn D., Szczaus A.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2021
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vol. 28
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issue 2
87-105
EN
The subject of the analysis in the article are the etymological explanations presented in the old non-literary texts (i.e. the texts that function primarily outside literature, serving various practical purposes), i.e. in the sixteenth-century Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the entire world) by Marcin Bielski and in two eighteenth-century encyclopaedic texts: Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski and Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski. The review of the etymological comments allows us to take notice of their considerable substantive and formal diversity. These comments apply to both native and foreign vocabulary. On the one hand, they provide information on the origin of proper names (toponyms and anthroponyms), and on the other hand, a whole range of these etymological comments concern common names. A depth of etymological comments presented in non-literary texts is significantly diversified and independent of the nature of the vocabulary to which these comments apply – they can be merely tips on sources of borrowings of foreign words, but they can also constitute a deeper analysis of the meaning and structure of individual words, both native and foreign. These comments are usually implementations of folk etymology. The role of etymological considerations in former non-literary texts is significant. First of all, these texts have a ludic function, typical of popularised texts – they are supposed to surprise, intrigue and entertain readers. Secondly, they serve a cognitive function typical of non-literary texts – they are supposed to expand the readers’ knowledge about the world and language. Thirdly, they have a persuasive function, which is a distinctive feature of both popularised and non-literary texts – they are supposed to provoke the readers’ thoughts on the relationship between non-linguistic reality and the linguistic way of its interpretation, they also stimulate linguistic interests, which was particularly important in the past when the reflection on the native language was poor.
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O sposobach tworzenia nazw miejscowości w świetle etymologii ludowej

100%
Rogowska-Cybulska E.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2015
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issue 19
271-283
EN
The paper discusses the ways in which Polish place names were created, in the light of their folk etymologies. The author uses the example of selected morphological reinterpretations of place names from various regions of Poland. By comparing folk-etymologized place names, and the words and expression that they indicate as bases for derivation, the paper shows that, in fact, folk etymology divides Polish toponyms into similar structural categories as scientific etymology: the primary, the secondary, and the compound. Very few re-etymologized place names do not fit into any of these types. In details, however, pseudoetymologies differ from the results of onomastic research with regard to the methods of creation of place names. Among other differences, the former tend to prefer certain structural types, especially compounds, and display a greater degree of tolerance for phonetic differences.
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Etymologie ludowe w roli kreatorów kaszubskiej tożsamości etnicznej – Rozmòwa Pòlôcha z KaszëbąFloriana Ceynowy

87%
Rogowska-Cybulska E.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2015
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issue 8
EN
The article presents folk etymologies in the work of Florian Ceynowa (1817–1881), who is the creator of the written version of the Kashubian language, entitled Rozmòwa Pòlôcha z Kaszëbą (1850). Rozmòwa...is maintained in a form of dialogue which preaches the most important information about Kashubians. 30 folk etymologies written by Ceynowa, 3 of which are about the war and 27 about the Bible, serve – thanks to creating a positive picture of the 19th century Kashubia and Kashubians – the construction of Kashubian identity and prestige of the whole Kashubian community.
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O etymologii ludowej i naukowej kilku nazw miejscowych powiatu tomaszowskiego

75%
Koper M.
Facta Simonidis
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2008
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issue 1
327-342
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono etymologię ludową i naukową kilku nazw miejscowych powiatu tomaszowskiego. Szczegółowej charakterystyce poddane zostały następujące toponimy: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronimy: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; oraz mikrotoponimy: Gołda i Zamczysko. Analiza semantyczno-strukturalna wykazała znaczne różnice między tzw. etymologią naiwną a badaniami stricte naukowymi.
EN
This paper discusses folk and linguistic etymology of selected toponyms in the district of Tomaszów Lubelski. In particular, the author focuses his analysis on the following place names: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronyms: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; and microtoponyms: Gołda and Zamczysko. The semantic and structural analysis of the names in question reveals considerable discrepancies between the so-called naive etymology and the linguistic etymological analyses.
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Lidové výklady českých příjmení

75%
Dvořáková Ž.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 2
379-396
EN
This paper analyses 379 folk etymological interpretations and other 141 assumptions about the foreign origin of surnames, all received either by the radio programme On the Origin of Surnames, the Language Counselling Centre of the Czech Language Institute, or the information service Ask the Library. These inquiries were sent by the public along with requests for a confirmation of the suggested etymological interpretations of the surnames in question, or for an official (correct / scientific) explanation. The analysis shows that most often the folk etymology consists in erroneous decomposition of the name or in connecting the name with an incorrect original form, i.e. usually a familiar noun recognized in the name. The folk etymologies do not respect the word-forming structure of names. They also ignore the age and origin of the surname which they like to look for in foreign languages (especially in French, Polish, Hungarian), regardless of the origin of the family.
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Urban names and etymological reinterpretation

75%
Walkowiak J. B.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 2
483-496
EN
Etymological reinterpretation, less aptly referred to as folk etymology, is a cognitive process by which less familiar (”weak”) lexical units are ‒ on various levels of consciousness ‒ reassigned to other semantic, syntactic or inflectional categories under the influence of “stronger” words or patterns, more familiar to language users. This phenomenon can be observed not only in common nouns but also among proper names, though the latter are less often subjected to scholarly analysis in that respect. Moreover, while there exist studies of folk etymology in settlement names and microtoponyms, usually analysing legends of how names of towns, villages or landscape features originated, not as much attention has been so far devoted to this phenomenon in relation to urban naming in Poland. This article studies the etymological reinterpretation of Polish urban names (mostly those of streets). Drawing on Witold Cienkowski’s 1972 classic model of classifying the phenomena of folk etymology, it offers its adaptation to fit the specificity of hodonyms by replacing the category of meaning with that of motivation and by the inclusion of inflection as an additional factor. The proposed classification is illustrated with examples from Polish cities.
8
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Von der Primär- zur Sekundärmotivation. Der semantische Sprung bei Volksetymologie und Verballhornung

75%
Ulrich W.
Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław
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2021
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issue 19
339-355
EN
The historical loss of motivation causes many compound words to become arbitrary like simple words or to become only partly motivated. This situation doesn’t please the language community. People search for a new morphological and semantic integration of the lexemes into the network of the lexicon by having recourse to lexical items with similar sound. The results are explainings of the meaning by additional morphemes, folk etymological changes, corruptions, malapropisms, playings on words. Lost primary motivation is replaced by secondary motivation. The relation between both is investigated in detail. Are both expressions connected with each other only by common phonetic features or is there also a semantic continuation by common semantic features or by the same situational context of use? What is the nature of the „semantic jump“?
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Na rozhraní mezi lidovou a vědeckou etymologií

75%
Matúšová J.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 2
432-443
EN
A starting point for reflections about folk etymology in onomastics is a document concerning standardisation of toponyms for maps in the 1930s supplemented by more recent information from various articles and studies. This material helps to find specifics of the development of proper names caused by folk etymology, moreover, it shows problems that appear in the scientific onomastic etymology. The scientific analysis of the original sense of proper names uses various methods, especially comparison, to reach the most likely explanation. The possibility of application of various methods and their ballanced usage is a precondition of the right etymological interpretation. The absence of the comparative material makes the scientific etymology of proper names intuitive and it causes an approximation of their scientific and folk etymology.
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Pomístní jméno Kalabon

75%
Ptáčníková M.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 1
199-205
EN
This study investigates Kalabon, an anoikonym of an unknown meaning. This name is only found near the border separating Bohemia from the Kłodzko Land in Poland with a total of 6 occurrences being documented here. We believe the name is of Italian origin, an assumption supported by a set of extralinguistic (primarily historical) circumstances. We assume the name was introduced by Italian migrant workers that built railways in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The contribution also contains a number of folk interpretations of the name in question.
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Wyrazy obcojęzyczne jako podstawa motywacyjna polskich toponimów w świetle ich etymologii ludowych

75%
Rogowska-Cybulska E.
Język Polski
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2014
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vol. 94
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issue 3
219-227
PL
Artykuł dotyczy etymologii ludowych (inaczej: asocjacyjnych, naiwnych, nienaukowych, potocznych, synchronicznych, pseudoetymologii, reinterpretacji etymologicznych) polskich toponimów, w których wtórnym etymonem jest wyraz obcojęzyczny. Autorka prezentuje na wybranych przykładach kilka podtypów takich pseudoetymologii: etymologie powstałe na obszarach mieszanych etnicznie (np. Bytów, Chojnice), etymologie odwołujące się do prestiżu łaciny (np. Kościerzyna, Donaborów), etymologie odwołujące się do wiedzy miłośników regionu o lokalnej historii (np. Strabla), etymologie erudycyjne powstałe w wyniku poszukiwań słownikowych (np. Łomża), zniekształcenia etymologii naukowych (np. Warszawa), reinterpretacje obcojęzycznych wersji polskich toponimów (np. Warsaw).
EN
The article is concerned with folk etymologies (in other words: associative, unscientific, colloquial, synchronized, pseudoetymologies, etymological reinterpretations) of Polish toponyms, in which a foreign word is the secondary etymon. The author presents, on the basis of selected examples, a few subtypes of such pseudoetymologies as: etymologies created in areas varied ethnically (e.g. Bytów, Chojnice), etymologies referring to the prestige of Latin (e.g. Kościerzyna, Donabrów), etymologies referring to the knowledge of local history enthusiasts (e.g. Strabla), erudite etymologies created as a result of dictionary search (e.g. Łomża), the distortion of scientific etymologies (e.g. Warszawa), foreign reinterpretations of Polish toponyms (e.g. Warsaw).
12
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Obraz księdza w etymologiach ludowych nazw polskich miejscowości

75%
Rogowska-Cybulska E.
Studia Gdańskie
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2018
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issue 42
209-230
PL
Artkuł poświęcony jest wizerunkowi kapłanów zawartemu w etymologiach ludowych nazw miast, miasteczek, osad i wsi, czyli w błędnych z naukowego punktu widzenia objaśnieniach pochodzenia jakiegoś wyrazu, opartych na podobieństwie jego formy do innych wyrazów lub na innych swobodnych skojarzeniach. Okazuje się, że obraz księdza odtworzony na podstawie wtórnych wykładni semantycznych wybranych nazw miejscowych nie jest zbyt bogaty, nie zawiera bowiem wielu istotnych cech składających się na ogólne wyobrażenie kapłana katolickiego, takich jak odprawianie mszy świętych, udzielanie sakramentów świętych innych niż chrzest, głoszenie kazań, prowadzenie katechezy, troska o sprawy finansowe parafii, mimo że motywy te można często spotkać w podaniach historycznych nieodnoszących się do pochodzenia nazwy miejscowej. Jednak z drugiej strony, twórcy podań etymologicznych stosunkowo dokładnie scharakteryzowali kapłanów w zakresie innych cech. W świetle poddanych analizie etymologii ludowych do zadań księży należą: udzielanie sakramentu chrztu świętego, krzewienie i obrona wiary, osobista pobożność, autorytet moralny, inicjowanie założenia i rozwoju danej miejscowości. Ponadto podania etymologiczne zwracają uwagę na pewne charakterystyczne materialne aspekty życia dawnych kapłanów: strój (komża), miejsce zamieszkania (plebania), sposób podróżowania (bryczka) oraz rozrywki (uczty i polowania).
EN
The article describes the image of priests presented in folk etymologies of the names of the cities, towns and villages, that is in explanations of the origins of words which are incorrect from the scholarly point of view, being based on the similarity of their form to other words. It turns out that the image of the priest which is created on the grounds of secondary semantic interpretations of selected places is not especially rich, since it does not refer to many of the essential activities which constitute the general image of a Catholic priest, such as saying mass, administering other sacraments such as baptism, preaching, giving religious instruction, looking after the financial issues of the parish. However, all these motifs can often be found in historical legends which do not refer to the origins of the place names. On the other hand, the makers of legends described priests relatively precisely in terms of other features. In the light of the analysed folk etymologies, priests are responsible for giving the sacrament of baptism, propagating and defending the faith, setting an example of personal piety and moral authority, initiating the creation and development of the place and its surroundings. Furthermore, the legends focus attention on certain characteristic material aspects of priests’ lives, such as vestments (surplice), place of residence (presbytery), means of transport (britzka) and entertainment (feasts and hunting).
13

O funkcji objaśniającej etymologii ludowych polskich toponimów

75%
Rogowska-Cybulska E.
Język Polski
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2018
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vol. 98
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issue 1
74-86
PL
Funkcja objaśniająca etymologii ludowych toponimów polega na odwołaniach do współczesnej – najczęściej potocznej i stereotypowej – wiedzy o świecie, m.in. o realiach topograficznych, społecznych, kulturowych itp. dotyczących danej miejscowości, regionu i całej Polski, o początkach osad ludzkich, o dawnych warunkach życia ludzi, o dawnych wierzeniach, wydarzeniach i o nazwach osobowych.
EN
The explanatory function of folk etymologies of toponyms relies on the reference to contemporary, usually colloquial and stereotypical knowledge of the world, e.g. about topographic, social, cultural realities concerning a particular place, region or the whole Poland, about the beginnings of settlements, about former living conditions, former beliefs, events and proper names.
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O etymologii ludowej i naukowej kilku nazw miejscowych powiatu tomaszowskiego

63%
Koper M.
Facta Simonidis
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2008
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1
327-339
EN
This paper discusses folk and linguistic etymology of selected toponyms in the district of Tomaszów Lubelski. In particular, the author focuses his analysis on the following place names: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronyms: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; and microtoponyms: Gołda and Zamczysko. The semantic and structural analysis of the names in question reveals considerable discrepancies between the so-called naive etymology and the linguistic etymological analyses.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono etymologię ludową i naukową kilku nazw miejscowych powiatu tomaszowskiego. Szczegółowej charakterystyce poddane zostały następujące toponimy: Lubycza Królewska, Korczmin; hydronimy: Huczwa, Wieprz, Tanew; oraz mikrotoponimy: Gołda i Zamczysko. Analiza semantyczno-strukturalna wykazała znaczne różnice między tzw. etymologią naiwną a badaniami stricte naukowymi.
15
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Na Zakroczymskiej, na Freta: o reinterpretacji fleksyjnej nazw miejskich

63%
Walkowiak J. B.
Język Polski
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2022
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vol. 102
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issue 4
66-80
PL
Przedmiotem badań jest zjawisko reinterpretacji fleksyjnej (które można traktować jako rodzaj etymologii ludowej, słuszniej zwanej reinterpretacją etymologiczną) w nazwach ulic (urbanonimach). Prowadzi ona do zmiany paradygmatu odmiany onimu, np. na Matejkach, na Strugarce, na Karasiej zamiast na (ulicy) Matejki, Strugarka, Karasia. Ekscerpcji przykładów dokonano głównie na podstawie Internetu oraz w niewielkim stopniu – prac naukowych. Wyróżniono dwanaście typów takiej reinterpretacji, egzemplifikowanych łącznie przez ponad 40 onimów. Przeanalizowano możliwe czynniki reinterpretacji, takie jak specyfika nazw własnych, częstość ich występowania i tendencje rozwojowe, ale także mechanizmy strukturalne (elipsa członu utożsamiającego, analogia wewnętrzna) i semantyczne. Podkreślono też pewne podobieństwa między efektami najczęstszego typu reinterpretacji fleksyjnej a tworzeniem potocznych nazw miejskich.
EN
The topic of the study is the phenomenon of inflectional reinterpretation (which may be understood as a kind of folk etymology, more appropriately called etymological reinterpretation) in urban names (hodonyms). It leads to a change of the inflectional paradigm of the onym, e.g. na Matejkach, na Strugarce, na Karasiej instead of na (ulicy) Matejki, Strugarka, Karasia. The examples were excerpted mostly from the Internet and – to a lesser degree – from scholarly literature. Twelve types of such reinterpretation have been identified, exemplified by a total of over 40 onyms. Possible factors contributing to reinterpretation were analysed, such as the specificity of proper names, their frequency and developmental trends, as well as semantic and structural mechanisms (internal analogy, the ellipsis of the identifying element). Some similarities were also found between the effects of the most common type of inflectional reinterpretation and the formation of informal, unconventional urban names.
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"Mezi chalupama ulička to ouzká" aneb Apelativum soutka v pomístních jménech v Čechách:

63%
Zirhutová M.
Acta onomastica
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2020
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vol. 61
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issue 2
388-402
EN
The paper deals with the use of the common noun soutka in minor place names in Bohemia. This dialectal word refers to narrow roads/footpaths between houses and/or gardens both in rural and urban areas. The focus of the article is on the analysis of minor place names containing this common noun or its variants (souska, šouska) and their geographical occurrence. Whereas the common noun soutka is usually described as specific to Southern Bohemia, minor place names containing this lexical item are found in the southern parts of Central Bohemia and only northern parts of Southern Bohemia. In the rest of this region, other dialectal words with the same or similar meaning are used in the minor place names referring to narrow roads between houses or gardens (zahata, souhrada). Folk etymology often associates the name Soutka with the words soud (a court/trial) or soudek (a small cask). Thus, the name has frequently been written down as Soudka.
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Hujcze, Hujsko, Nahujowice. Nietypowy rezultat typowego (regularnego) rozwoju fonetycznego

63%
Duda H.
Acta onomastica
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2023
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vol. 64
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issue 2
331-343
EN
The article discusses regular linguistic processes in some proper names which show mutual Polish-Ruthenian linguistic contacts – Hujcze, Hujsko, Nahujowice. Today’s native Polish speakers find those names really expressive and/or offensive. This is caused by the similarity between a part huj and Polish word chuj, which is a swearword for penis. The analysis has shown that in every one of those names the part huj comes from a different root and any associations with the word chuj are unfounded. Regular linguistic processes might lead to developing atypical proper names.
CS
Článek pojednává o pravidelných jazykových procesech u některých místních jmen, jež jsou svědectvím vzájemného polsko-rusínského jazykového kontaktu – Hujcze, Hujsko, Nahujowice. Dnešní rodilí polští mluvčí považují tato jména za výrazně expresivní a/nebo urážlivá. To je způsobeno podobností mezi částí huj a polským podstatným jménem chuj ‚penis‘. Analýza ukázala, že v každém z těchto jmen pochází část huj z jiného kořene a jakékoli asociace se slovem chuj jsou neopodstatněné. Pravidelné jazykové procesy mohou vést ke vzniku atypických vlastních jmen.
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"Půda cizí, ale řeč ještě naše" - anoikonymie tzv. Českého koutku

63%
Ptáčníková M.
Acta onomastica
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2021
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vol. 62
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issue 2
404-418
EN
The Czech Corner (Cz. Český koutek, Ger. Böhmischer Winkel) refers to a territory found in what is now modern Poland. Despite its location and the fact that it had constituted part of Germany until 1945, the territory shares geographical, historical, ethnic and linguistic ties with the Czech lands. Until the end of the Second World War, the area, which consists of 11 villages, had predominantly been populated by ethnic Czechs. This study is the first outcome of our research into the toponymy of the Czech Corner. It seeks to collect as many names that used to be used by the Czech inhabitants of the area in question as possible, as well as to analyse such collected names in semantic and formal terms. Additionally, the objective is to investigate how these names changed over time as well as their ties with foreign language anoikonyms including, but not limited to, German anoikonyms. The aims of the research also include shedding light on how the landscape of the Czech Corner used to be perceived and interpreted by its previous inhabitants as well as exploring the ways in which the local anoikonyms are tied with the ethnic and national identity of those who created and used them. This study focuses primarily on the names of those parts of the villages in question that have their own names identifying them. A total of 40 such names have been collected including e.g. Ráj (Paradise), Ve voleti (Bird’s Crop), V krku (Bird’s Neck), V huse (Goose Belly) and Dvanáct apoštolů (Twelve Apostles).
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Projevy lidové etymologie v urbanonymii města Liberec

63%
Lábus V., Vrbík D.
Národopisný věstník
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2022
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vol. 63
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issue 2
418-431
EN
The article focuses on manifestation of folk etymology in both standardized and non-standardized urbanonymy of Liberec town (a county town in Northern Bohemia). Reetymologization processes may or may not influence a surface structure of the name. Reetymologization with formal changes covers three sub-categories: a) false reetymologization as a result of bohemization of German urbanonyms; b) false reetymologization in the German urbanonym and translation of the new structure into Czech; c) intentional reetymologization based on a language pun. Reetymologization without formal changes is classified into two sub-categories: a) semantic reinterpretation; b) weakening of commemorative onymical function.
20
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Lidová etymologie a "hanlivá" příjmení

63%
Dvořáková Ž.
Acta onomastica
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2018
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vol. 59
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issue 1
42-53
EN
There are many Czech surnames motivated by parts of human or animal body. Some of them are connected with sexual or fecal activities. These surnames are pejorative and many of them were changed during the time and disappeared from our onymic system. This article is focused on surnames which are meant to be obscene only by a folk etymology but their real origin is different and they have nothing to do with vulgar common nouns. However, the pressure of the folk etymology is so strong that many people rather change their surname not to be objects of jokes and notes about their names.
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