Objectives: A protocol for training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in football is proposed. The protocol aims to train professionals in the field of football, as well as assess whether their training has been effective. The final objective is that, if necessary, they are able to carry out an intervention prior to the arrival of specialized care. Methods: The protocol is aimed at professionals in the field of football, as coaches or assistants, among others. The protocol consists of three phases: 1) Initial evaluation. 2) Training 3) Final evaluation. To obtain a positive evaluation, the participants must obtain a positive evaluation in all the evaluation criteria. Findings: It is expected that the percentage of participants with a positive evaluation after the training is significantly higher (p <0.05) than the percentage of participants with a positive evaluation before training, a result that will confirm the effectiveness of the proposed protocol for training on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in football. Conclusions: This protocol could be extrapolated to other sports and situations outside the sports field, such as shopping centers or schools.
Public opinion on professional football in Europe tends to the view that the salaries of athletes are 'too high'. Existing empirical studies, as well as economic theory, suggest the opposite is true. Only a few players earn high wages, due most likely to innate characteristics of the market both on the demand and production sides. A substantial rise of salaries during the second half of the 20th century came chiefly from the introduction of TV broadcasting and the increased interest in watching sports as a form of entertainment. While the peculiar institutional setup of the labour market long contributed to the underpayment of athletes, reforms over the last several decades have improved player wages. Moreover, it is difficult to present a strong argument for limiting athletes' salaries, from the perspective either of fans or society.
Football is played throughout the far regions of the world. There is no other sport that brings so many people together locally, nationally, and internationally. Football is not, however, a unified sport with shared rules, customs and histories across time and space. In contrast, football is largely a different sport depending on where it is being played. This paper traces the development of Canadian football as a unique sport with strong similarities to and subtle differences from American football, as well as clear distinctions from forms of football played outside of North America.
Purpose: The problem of identifying the most important determinants of the market value of football players is quite well described in the literature. There are many works that try to identify these factors. Some of them are focused on variables to make a set complete and others are on models and methods. The aim of this article is to present the variables influencing the valuation and to build an econometric model valuing footballers playing on the forward position, taking into consideration the assumptions of the econometric modelling. Such an approach indicates managers as other sources for obtaining information. Methodology: Econometric models were used to verify the hypothesis formulated in this research. The database was created on the basis of variables presented on the website www.transfermarkt. de that presents the values of the most valuable football players in the world playing on the forward position. The Gretl program was used in the research. Findings: The literature review showed that there are many independent variables having an impact on the value of the player. There are also many different models used to valuate footballers’ performance rights. The results of estimation of models in the research indicated that such factors as Canadian classification points adjusted the market value of the team and dummy variables describing “goodwill” (only for the best players) had an impact on the market value of footballers’ performance rights. Limitations/implications: Information about different factors having an impact on football players’ market value could support the investment decision process of football managers. Originality/value: The results were part of a study concerning economics of sport, particularly processes of management of football clubs and valuation of intangible assets.
The present paper aims to specifically outline the critical moments that permeate professional football players’ development and existence in elite level English Premiership football. It also recognises the role of the applied sport psychologist in working with top players to address issues that challenge, impact (and change) player identity and personal meaning as they travel through their career from youth to professional to retirement. We conclude the paper by introducing some alternative perspectives on theory and practice. The paper is a result of the combined interests and applied activity of the authors and draws from theoretical frameworks and concepts in social psychology, existential phenomenological psychology and sociology. In this regard the paper attempts to synthesise (and celebrate) complimentary disciplines in order to allow us to consider the individual player within their social context.
Today sports plays a very important role in marketing, brand image building and also in the entire promotion process in organizations. In order to obtain the planned and crucial for every entity involved effects, there should be the relationship between the product and the sport [Pogorzelski,2010, p 14]. Not every sport provides the opportunity of shaping the image safely and at the level expected by the entity involved.
The article describes a very interesting phenomenon: connections between identity, ethnicity, sport (especially football) and marketing – being used to create an ethnic brand in the contemporary global world. The author examines the example of the “nation without a state,” Catalans, and their famous football club, FC Barcelona, to indicate how they use their ethnic and cultural heritage to make an interesting market “product,” binding local features with global openness. Contemporary reality seems to put ethnic identity in danger. However, the case of Catalans and FC Barcelona shows that it is possible to link identity and culture with global market’s needs.
Not Just For KicksThe match-up between Makabi and Inter did not attract many spectators. The weather was likely the only factor at play, since that Saturday in November was extremely nasty. That was because the game was held not in Haifa or even Milan, but in the Warsaw district of Mokotów. To be precise, on a small but well-kept field lined with artificial turf in the so-called Jordan’s Garden. The game, lasting fifty minutes including the break, was not especially fierce, and ended with Inter’s confident victory 5–1. Esej, który uzyskał wyróżnienie (drugie miejsce) w europejskim konkursie młodych badaczy (the Young Academies) w 2014 roku.
The Kurds, the largest minority in Turkey, have almost no visibility in Turkish sports. While Kurdish sportspeople are not discouraged from joining in sports activities, their participation is heavily monitored by the government agencies against any manifestation of ethnic identity. Football in the Kurdish regions, seen by the Turkish state as a tool to distract Kurdish youth from political activities, has always been subject to the direct intervention of the civil and military bureaucracy, their presence in club boards is not uncommon. However, a third-division club named Amedspor, challenged all the unwritten rules related to Kurds in sports, at the expense of receiving a recurring suspension from the Turkish Football Federation. This article examines the Kurdish sports and the Amedspor case through Manuel Castells’ conception of legitimizing, resistance and project identities
Contrary to what is sometimes supposed, racism is not a phenomenon of the past. In fact, it is one of the major challenges of the present and future in Europe and Spain. Besides providing an incomparable sense of belonging, football stadiums are also an excellent platform to express racist and xenophobic attitudes and behaviours. In Spain, for years many players have suffered abuse and insults, although it is black and ethnic minority players who receive the most harassment. Thus, the problem of racism has increased recently in Spanish football, as shown by the emission of monkey noises toward black players and the use of racist slogans and symbols in the stadiums.This paper analyses the forms of racism and xenophobia in Spanish football, as well as the actions promoted and carried out by various institutions and agents to prevent and reduce these types of behaviour. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution based on figures and reflections on the types of racism and xenophobia in the world of football in Spain. The article is divided into three major parts. The first reviews some concepts of the scientific study of racism and xenophobia, placing them in the context of Spanish football. The second contains an overview of racism in European football and describes the situation in Spain, providing some empirical data about its incidence in recent years. The third and final section presents a classification and analysis of different antiracist reactions, actions and initiatives carried out recently in Spain with the aim of combating racism in Spanish football.
The Internet gave to different media unlimited possibilities of transmission of information. It responds quickly to any contemporary changes, offers a space for open discussion and facilitates exchange of ideas or opinions. The image of a world provided by electronic newspapers has an unparalleled dynamic, and its language is one of the most significant factors. In this context the sport, as one of the key issues in Portuguese media discourse serves as a basis for a linguistic analysis with various interpretations.
Modern multifunctional areas are designed to host a wide range of various events and provide comfortable space for both football fans and other guests. Modern arenas are places where ‚multi-sensory’ and ‚omnivorous’ needs of fans are met: As such, stadiums have become ‚machines for living’. This has serious social consequences for the segregation of fans – hardcore vs. casual consumer fans – that is built in the arena. This article analyzes the role of modern sport arenas in shaping the commercial dimension of contemporary football. Architects of stadiums, and the people who are in charge of marketing and management of the space of these arenas, play essential roles in the process of commercializing the sports space. The analysis is based on material obtained from archival research and in-depth interviews (IDI) with these key actors.
The aim of the present article is to offer some reflections on the possibilities of developing intercultural competence in the context of glottodidactics by employing some elements constituting the language of football and sport. It is demonstrated that such elements as football-related lexems, anthroponyms of Italian football players, Italian football and fascism, cultural scripts, and many others can be used to shape students’ awareness as regards Italian culture, society, lifestyle, and customs. Consequently, one facilitates the enculturation process and the achievement of intercultural competence.
The paper addresses racism as a key contemporary challenge to safety at football matches in Europe. The hypothesis is that racism does occur in the sports environment. To prepare the paper, press excerpts and scholarly publications on racism were used. To interpret the material, comparative method was used, so as to present the environments that harm safety in sports. The goal was to demonstrate the role of education in fighting discrimination in contemporary European football and the need to care for security culture in football. It is because football stadiums become arenas for expressing political and ideological views, as well as for racist at-tacks. The author points at the role of mass media and public entities in shaping social atti-tudes concerning racism in sports. He also indicates shortcomings in the law and in the activi-ties of the institutions overseeing sportspeople’s and sports activists’ safety. The conclusion is that the upbringing of society as regards tolerance and respect must become a priority in fighting racism in sports. Further research should focus on the education of children and ado-lescents and on introducing costly and effective sanctions for the individuals and entities that violate the rule of respecting one’s sports competitor.
The European transfer market is based on the assumption that a sports club is entitled to compensation for the time and resources invested into the player’s training and the development of his sports talent, received when the player states his desire to change his club. In settlements, the transfer fee is a kind of compensation paid by the new club to the old one. This makes transfers not only an investment into the team’s development but also a source of considerable profits for individual football clubs. On the other hand, the amount paid for the new players does not necessarily correspond with the sport results, yet a transfer of a popular player becomes a source of financial revenues derived from merchandising, sponsorships, match tickets and broadcasts. The article presents the situation on the European football transfer market, the role of UEFA and the EU in transfer regulations and analyses the transfer fees in 2010/2011 season.
Football coverage is considered a rich source for phraseological research. It primarily highlights the functionality of phraseological units within this domain. However, although this research is usually based on corpora, it mostly uses qualitative methods. In contrast, quantifying analyses in the narrow sense based on sufficiently large corpora are hardly available. This article therefore presents a method for the data-driven, i.e. purely quantitative-statistical survey of phrasemes in large corpora of football live text commentaries in six European languages (German, English, Dutch, French, Italian and Spanish). With this method, which is based on the determination of recurrent word pairs on the basis of statistical association measures, idiomatic expressions can be accurately identified, which can then be examined from a contrastive perspective. Parallels can be found both in the phraseological designation of typical game situations and in the set of available figurative components. In addition to some culture-specific peculiarities in the football phraseology of the analysed languages, a transculturally shared inventory of both source domains and phraseological units is revealed. However, these form a characteristic phraseological profile of the domain-specific language of football coverage within the respective languages. Thus, the presented method contributes to the contrastive research in the language of football as well as to the phraseologically relevant question of the cognitive and cultural aspects of cross-linguistically widespread idioms.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.