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1
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New elements of phenomenology of forced labour in Poland – recent cases

100%
Wieczorek Ł.
Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego im. prof. Stanisława Batawii
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2012/2013
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issue 20
86-88
2
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Sprawozdanie z seminarium „Czy i jak definicja pracy przymusowej powinna być włączona do Kodeksu Karnego?”, 6 czerwca 2019 r., INP PAN

87%
Włodarczyk-Madejska J.
Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
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2019
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issue 26
176-179
3
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A new concept of criminology for the labour market

70%
Lasocik Z.
Studia Prawnicze
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2018
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issue 3 (215)
61-88
EN
There are numerous pathologies in the labour market. However, until now, no effort has been made to approach this subject from the perspective of criminology. In this study, I use the conceptual apparatus of criminology to create a model describing negative phenomena on the labour market. The key element of this model is referred to as a labour market delict (violation), a term which denotes any behaviour by a participant in this market which may lead to infringement of the rights of or damages to the possessions of another market participant, or which may create a threat to the common good, such as social order or justice, or which puts into question the economic and social meaning of work. Delicts of the labour market can be recognized in several areas, such as those involving wages, partner obligations, safety, or duties towards the workplace. The article also contains a theoretical model of labour market delicts and an analysis of preliminary empirical survey of this issue.
4
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Trafficking in Human Beings for Forced Labour. Contemporary Trends and Threats

70%
Łyżwa A.
Internal Security
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2020
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vol. 12(1)
267-279
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of human trafficking in legal and criminological terms, with particular emphasis on the exploitation of victims of the crime for work or forced services. The author introduces the essence of forced labour by reaching for many of its legal definitions contained in legal acts in the rank of conventions, as well as ordinary laws. At the same time, it highlights the factors that characterize the type of work indicated and allow to distinguish it from other types of violations, including violation of employee rights. The phenomenon of human trafficking is shown through the prism of its current evaluation tendencies, both globally and regionally (European, and especially EU). To this end, the author presents statistical data collected in recent years by, inter alia, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the International Labour Organization, the International Organization for Migration and the European Commission. She emphasizes, however, that the actual scale of the aforementioned crime remains unknown. A significant part of the discussion focuses on the issue of human trafficking in modern Poland, showing the scale of the dealings in question, diagnosed in recent years by law enforcement agencies. A lot of attention is also paid to the spectrum of crime threats on the Polish labour market from the perspective of foreigners. Thus, with particular care, she considers the problem of violating the employment rights of Ukrainian citizens as the largest group of foreigners illegally employed in Poland. She also shows the legal situation in this area of the citizens of Belarus, Moldova, India and Russia. She discusses this issue in the context of activities of the National Labour Inspectorate included in the audit report for 2017. The author further scientific interest includes the issue of criminalization of human trafficking in selected countries around the world. In this respect, it refers primarily to legal regulations contained in the Latvian, Hungarian, Swiss, Finnish, Ukrainian and Liechtenstein penal codes. The author’s ambition was to present the indicated issues in a concise manner, while also taking into account its most important aspects.
5
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Wspomnienia i pamiętniki więźniów obozów niemieckich oraz robotników przymusowych w Prusach Wschodnich w zbiorach biblioteki Instytutu Północnego im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie.

61%
Figura-Osełkowska E.
Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
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2020
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issue 3(309)
404-447
EN
The list of memoirs and diary materials concerning prisoners of German camps and forced labourers in East Prussia, located in the library of the North Institute of W. Kętrzyński in Olsztyn was drawn up on the basis of the current library catalogue based on the study of Zbigniew Fras – Diary materials in the collection of the W. Kętrzyński Scientific Research Centre in Olsztyn. Which are an addition information collected mainly on special harvest located in library of North Institute after year 1985. The purpose of this thematic summary was primarily to collect and update the documentation to the current state of knowledge, to explain the differences between the study of Fras, the catalogue and the facts, and to correct the noted errors.
6
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Wypowiedzi świadków historii w perspektywie historycznej i językoznawczej. Analiza wybranych relacji ludzi ze znakiem „P”

61%
Bekieszczuk K., Rosner-Leszczyński K.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2022
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issue 15
61-72
EN
The article presents a study of historical and linguistic aspects of testimonies of history witnesses. In our case those were forced labourers – Poles obliged in the Third Reich to wear the “P” symbol indicating their ethnicity. Because of the nature of the topic, an interdisciplinary approach was necessary. The first part of the paper recalls briefly the history of forced labour in Germany during World War 2 as well as illustrates with some examples the everyday life difficulties of the workers. All the samples analysed in this study are taken from an anthology by Anna Kosmulska, who collected and published them twice in 1995 and 2020 (2nd revised and expanded edition). It is an interesting fact that many of the people with the “P” symbol decided to stay after the war in the region and the city where they were forced to work for Germans. The article tries to find traces of orality in the redacted text of primordially spoken testimonies. To investigate that we decided to apply the theory of five indicators of spoken language by Bartminski and Niebrzegowska-Bartminska as well as certain statistical analyses (including sentence length, the relation between Polish conjunction i and preposition w, FOG index). Moreover, we discuss the communication situation of the witnesses of history together with the question of the existence of discourse community within this group and analyse the keywords of their testimonies.
7
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Kompetencje wychowawcze, moralne i etyczne kadry Powszechnej Organizacji „Służba Polsce” na przykładzie Rzeszowszczyzny

61%
Lenart J.
Szkoła - Zawód - Praca
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2019
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issue 18
77-89
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę funkcjonującej w Polsce w latach 1948–1955 Powszechnej Organizacji „Służba Polsce”, której celem było przysposobienie wojskowe i zawodowe młodzieży oraz jej socjalistyczna ideologizacja. Szczególną uwagę autorka koncentruje na kadrze tej organizacji i jej kompetencjach. Nie generalizując, dokonuje jej charakterystyki. Eksponuje ogromne braki w jej wykształceniu, wulgaryzm, naruszanie godności wychowanków, łamanie norm moralnych i etycznych, brak odpowiedzialności za młodzież, pijaństwo. W tym kontekście ukazuje również, stworzony przez komunistyczne władze, mechanizm zniewalania młodego człowieka i odbierania mu prawa decydowania o sobie i o swoim losie.
EN
The article discusses the organization functioning in Poland in 1948-1955, known as “The Service to Poland”, the purpose of which was military and vocational training of the youth as well as their socialist ideologization. The author focuses particularly on the organization staff and their competences. Without generalizing, the author characterizes the educators, exposing their significant learning gaps, profanity, violation of the dignity of the children, violation of moral and ethical norms, lack of responsibility for young people and drunkenness. In this context, it also shows the mechanism created by the communist authorities in order to enslave and deprive the youth of their right of self-reliance and independence.
8
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Epilogue

57%
Winterdyk J., Van der Watt M.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2021
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issue XLIII/1
295-306
PL
The Epilogue begins by describing the ambiguity of the meaning of human trafficking (HT) before offering a review of the 4P's that represent the primary responses to combatting HT. A brief reference is then made to a 'new' P - participation – and how it can play an essential role in fighting HT. The article then notes that there remains a dearth of research on forced labour trafficking despite its rich history. A summary of the articles is presented with an emphasis on identifying existing gaps in our knowledge and research. The Epilogue concludes with several vital suggestions for future efforts to combat forced labour trafficking.   Epilog rozpoczyna opis niejednoznaczności terminu „handel ludźmi”. Następnie zostały przedstawione cztery podstawowe sposoby zwalczania tego zjawiska (4P), a także omówiono zagadnienie „nowego uczestnictwa”, mogącego odgrywać kluczową rolę w walce z handlem ludźmi. Zauważono także, że mimo bogatej historii badań poświęconych handlowi ludźmi, wciąż brakuje badań dotyczących pracy przymusowej. W epilogu zawarto także podsumowanie artykułów opublikowanych w niniejszym numerze, przy czym szczególny nacisk położono na identyfikację luk w dotychczasowej wiedzy i badaniach. Epilog kończy się kilkoma sugestiami odnośnie do przyszłych działań na rzecz zwalczania pracy przymusowej.
EN
The Epilogue begins by describing the ambiguity of the meaning of human trafficking (HT) before offering a review of the 4P's that represent the primary responses to combatting HT. A brief reference is then made to a 'new' P - participation – and how it can play an essential role in fighting HT. The article then notes that there remains a dearth of research on forced labour trafficking despite its rich history. A summary of the articles is presented with an emphasis on identifying existing gaps in our knowledge and research. The Epilogue concludes with several vital suggestions for future efforts to combat forced labour trafficking.
9
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OBOWIĄZEK PRACY NA CELE SPOŁECZNE JAKO ELEMENT KARY KRYMINALNEJ

57%
Hryniewicz E.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2013
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vol. 75
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issue 1
105-117
EN
The object of the analysis is a duty of unpaid controlled work for the community as an element of punishment of restricted freedom in Polish criminal law. The paper presents the function of compulsory work in Polish criminal codes of 1932, 1969 and 1997. It also shows, on the example of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, that it is possible to differentiate between a punishment of restricted liberty and a punishment of compulsory work. Next, the authoress attempts to answer the question whether the duty of work for the community can be seen as an inconvenience characteristic of criminal punishment. Finally, the compulsory character of work is being examined to establish whether that kind of penalty is in conformity with the provisions of international treaties that prohibit forced and obligatory labour, to which the Republic of Poland is a signatory.
PL
Przedmiotem analizy jest obowiązek wykonywania nieodpłatnej kontrolowanej pracy na cele społeczne jako element kary ograniczenia wolności w polskim prawie karnym. Artykuł obrazuje, jaką funkcję miał i ma obowiązek pracy na gruncie polskich kodeksów karnych z 1932 r., 1969 r. i z 1997 r. Wskazywany jest przykład Kodeksu karnego Federacji Rosyjskiej, w której obowiązek pracy i ograniczenie wolności stanowią osobne rodzaje sankcji. W dalszej części artykułu autorka stara się ustalić, czy obowiązek wykonywania pracy na cele społeczne może być traktowany jako dolegliwość cechująca karę kryminalną. W końcowej części artykułu bada niedobrowolny charakter takiej pracy z punktu widzenia zgodności tej regulacji z umowami międzynarodowymi, których sygnatariuszem jest Rzeczpospolita Polska, a które zabraniają pracy przymusowej lub obowiązkowej.
10
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What is labour exploitation? The Belgian and British experience

51%
Weatherburn A.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2021
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issue XLIII/1
47-73
PL
The legal understanding of labour exploitation is a grey area. This paper will first outline some of the obstacles in international and regional law and jurisprudence, as to the understanding of exploitation in the context of human trafficking, slavery, servitude and forced labour. Secondly, taking into account recent law reforms in both Belgium and England & Wales, this paper will outline some of the key features that have emerged from the judicial handling of labour exploitation in criminal cases. Drawing on the findings from empirical analysis of criminal cases between 2010-2017 as part of doctoral research, this paper will first of all outline similarities, differences and challenges to ensuring a clear understanding of the meaning of labour exploitation in the context of human trafficking. The findings will provide insight into how to strengthen a harmonised and robust response to human trafficking.   Prawne rozumienie pojęcia wykorzystania do pracy nie jest do końca jasne. W niniejszym artykule po pierwsze zostały przedstawione niektóre przeszkody, wynikające z prawa czy orzecznictwa na poziomie międzynarodowym oraz regionalnym, które utrudniają zrozumienie takich zagadnień jak wykorzystanie w kontekście handlu ludźmi, niewolnictwa, poddaństwa czy pracy przymusowej. Po drugie zaś, zostały omówione kluczowe wnioski, jakie wynikają z badania akt spraw karnych dotyczących wykorzystania pracowników do pracy, które przedstawiono przy uwzględnieniu ostatnich reform prawa mających miejsce w Belgii oraz Anglii i Walii. Badania empiryczne objęły lata 2010-2017 i zostały przeprowadzone w ramach badań doktorskich. W artykule pokazano przede wszystkim podobieństwa, różnice i wyzwania odnośnie do opracowania jasnej i zrozumiałej definicji pojęcia wykorzystania do pracy w kontekście handlu ludźmi. Wyniki tych analiz pozwolą zrozumieć, w jaki sposób należy wzmocnić zharmonizowaną i zdecydowaną reakcję na zjawisko handlu ludźmi.
EN
The legal understanding of labour exploitation is a grey area. This paper will first outline some of the obstacles in international and regional law and jurisprudence, as to the understanding of exploitation in the context of human trafficking, slavery, servitude and forced labour. Secondly, taking into account recent law reforms in both Belgium and England & Wales, this paper will outline some of the key features that have emerged from the judicial handling of labour exploitation in criminal cases. Drawing on the findings from empirical analysis of criminal cases between 2010-2017 as part of doctoral research, this paper will first of all outline similarities, differences and challenges to ensuring a clear understanding of the meaning of labour exploitation in the context of human trafficking. The findings will provide insight into how to strengthen a harmonised and robust response to human trafficking.
11
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The unspoken phenomenon: Forced labour in Hungary

51%
Windt S.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2021
|
issue XLIII/1
119-141
PL
According to official criminal statistics, a total of 36 registered forced labour crimes were committed in Hungary between 2013 and 2019. Forced labour (Section 193 of the Criminal Code) was a separate statutory element in Hungary between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2020. In 2019, nearly 40 forced labour cases were analysed, the sociological and criminological characteristics of which are summarised and shown in this article following the statistical review. Based on the cases we examined, it can be said that the victim has alcohol problems, is homeless and unemployed, is in extremely poor health condition, has a low intellectual level and is elderly. In terms of their gender, there was a significant number of men among the victims of forced labour. Victims of forced labour and those crimes that were committed against them are even more hidden, even more difficult to detect and to prove than are acts of sexual exploitation. These people are a ‘hidden population’, statuses such as ‘subtenants’ or ‘accepted relatives’ obviously do not reveal the real situation to police officers arriving on the scene. It is possible that this situation prevails for years and is not brought to the authorities.   Jak podają oficjalne statystyki dotyczące przestępczości, w latach 2013-2016 na Węgrzech zarejestrowano 36 przestępstw związanych z pracą przymusową. W okresie od 1 lipca 2013 r. do 30 czerwca 2020 r. czyn ten był odrębnym przestępstwem uregulowanym w art. 193 węgierskiego kodeksu karnego. W niniejszym artykule zostały przedstawione wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz – statystycznej, jak i socjologiczno-kryminologicznej dotyczącej charakterystyki 40 przypadków ofiar pracy przymusowej. Na ich podstawie można stwierdzić, że ofiary tego rodzaju przestępstwa to osoby mające problem z alkoholem, bezdomne, bezrobotne, których stan zdrowia można określić jako zły, a poziom intelektualny jako niski. Zwykle to osoby w podeszłym wieku. Wśród ofiar przeważają mężczyźni. Ofiary pracy przymusowej trudno jest zidentyfikować, a popełnione przeciwko nim przestępstwa trudno wykryć. Jest to jeszcze trudniejsze niż w przypadku przestępstwa wykorzystania seksualnego. Ofiary pracy przymusowej stanowią bowiem „ukrytą” grupę. O ich faktycznej sytuacji trudno dowiedzieć się choćby funkcjonariuszom policji w trakcie interwencji na miejscu zdarzenia, a to z uwagi na fakt, że ofiary przedstawia się jako dalekich krewnych lub osoby podnajmujące mieszkanie. Niewykluczone, że sytuacje takie trwają wiele lat, a informacje o nich nie docierają do władz.
EN
According to official criminal statistics, a total of 36 registered forced labour crimes were committed in Hungary between 2013 and 2019. Forced labour (Section 193 of the Criminal Code) was a separate statutory element in Hungary between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2020. In 2019, nearly 40 forced labour cases were analysed, the sociological and criminological characteristics of which are summarised and shown in this article following the statistical review. Based on the cases we examined, it can be said that the victim has alcohol problems, is homeless and unemployed, is in extremely poor health condition, has a low intellectual level and is elderly. In terms of their gender, there was a significant number of men among the victims of forced labour. Victims of forced labour and those crimes that were committed against them are even more hidden, even more difficult to detect and to prove than are acts of sexual exploitation. These people are a ‘hidden population’, statuses such as ‘subtenants’ or ‘accepted relatives’ obviously do not reveal the real situation to police officers arriving on the scene. It is possible that this situation prevails for years and is not brought to the authorities.
12
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Is research on forced labour at an ‘early stage’? Introduction to the Special Issue

51%
Lasocik Z.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
2021
|
issue XLIII/1
7-18
PL
Pisząc o postępach w walce z pracą przymusową Specjalny Sprawozdawca ONZ ds. handlu ludźmi Maria Grazia Giammarinaro w roku 2020 użyła określenia, że ciągle jeszcze jesteśmy na wczesnym etapie. To może dziwić, skoro konwencja dotycząca tej kwestii liczy sobie ponad 80 lat. Praca przymusowa to w istocie dwa zjawiska: eksploatacja cudzego trudu i migracja – obydwa społecznie dolegliwe. Ale z punktu widzenie praktyki życia publicznego najbardziej frustrujące jest jednak zestawienie dwóch liczb: 40.000.000, czyli globalna liczba ofiar różnych form zniewolenia i 100.000, mniej więcej tyle ofiar identyfikują rocznie organy ścigania na całym świecie. Mimo to, wiele krajów nadal nie ma żadnej polityki zwalczania pracy przymusowej, a zainteresowanie polityków jest osłabiane potrzebami rozwoju lokalnej gospodarki. Na ten mało optymistyczny obraz nakłada się relatywnie niski poziom świadomości wielu grup społecznych i dominujące przekonanie, że prawdziwym problemem jest eksploatacja seksualna kobiet i dzieci. Oto powody dla, których wydanie specjalnego tomu Archiwum Kryminologii uznaliśmy za zadanie aktualne i potrzebne. Zamieszczone tu artykuły zawierają szereg interesujących refleksji i przynoszą wiele nowatorskich pomysłów.
EN
Writing about the progress in the fight against forced labor, the UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Maria Grazia Giammarinaro in 2020 said that were still at an “early stage”. It may be surprising if we take into account that International Convention on this issue was adopted over 80 years ago. Forced labor has two basic components: the labor exploitation and migration – both of them socially distressing. But from the point of view of the public life, the most painful is the juxtaposition of two figures: 40,000,000, i.e. estimation of the global number of victims of various forms of enslavement, and 100,000 – this is more or less the number of victims identified yearly by law enforcement agencies around the world. Even so, many countries still do not have any policies to combat forced labor but the interest of politicians is weakened by the needs of economic development. Finally, this non optimistic picture is combined with relatively low level of awareness of many social groups and the prevailing false belief that the real problem is the sexual exploitation of women and children. These were the reasons why we considered the publication of a Special Issue of the Archives of Criminology as necessary. The articles in this volume offer a number of interesting reflections and bring many innovative ideas.
13

Váleční zajatci v Rakousku-Uhersku v letech 1914–1918

51%
Moritz V., Walleczek-Fritz J.
Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)
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2014
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vol. 24
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issue 4
281 - 292
EN
The following article offers an overview of the central fields of research concerning Prisoners of War (POWs) in the Habsburg Empire during World War One, including living conditions in war camps, propaganda campaigns, forced labour and repatriation. The text also shows the discrepancy between the principles of Austro-Hungarian authorities relating to POW politics and an often harsh reality: All POWs were affected by the supply shortages which began in 1916 or even earlier: Thousands of POWs died from disease, exhaustion and undernourishment. In addition, soon after their capture POWs were confronted with the introduction of a new dimension of captivity: forced labour. The majority of prisoners were used for several work projects in the hinterland, behind the Austro-Hungarian front lines and even in the combat zones. The article also illustrates how the Russian Revolutions in 1917 influenced the fate of POWs in the Habsburg Monarchy.
14
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Różnice w położeniu i traktowaniu polskich, czeskich i słowackich robotników pracujących na rzecz Trzeciej Rzeszy

51%
Kwieciński W.
UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
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2019
|
issue 1(10)
53-73
PL
Masowe zatrudnienie cudzoziemców w gospodarce Trzeciej Rzeszy jest zagadnieniem, które doczekało się wielu poważnych opracowań i zajmuje istotne miejsce w obszarze studiów nad gospodarką i polityką okupacyjną Niemiec hitlerowskich. Wynika to bez wątpienia z jego wymiaru ilościowego, jak i złożoności (według statystyk Ministerstwa Pracy Rzeszy na dzień 15 VIII 1944 r. cudzoziemcy stanowili 26% ogółu robotników na niemieckim rynku pracy). Hitlerowski aparat zajmujący się polityką zatrudnienia stworzył kompleksowy system wykorzystania obcej siły roboczej, który był podporządkowany pryncypialnym kryteriom rasowym. Poszczególne narodowości oraz grupy rasowe objęte zostały detalicznym ustawodawstwem, które różnicowało ich wzajemne położenie, warunki egzystencji, traktowanie oraz, co najważniejsze, odseparowywało je od Niemców – kategorii Übermenschen. Nawet w warunkach wojny totalnej wymogi rasowe nie wpłynęły na odstępstwa od bezwzględnej strategii eksploatacji, zwłaszcza Słowian, uznanych za kategorię Untermenschen. Polacy, nacja szczególnie doświadczona i poddana skrajnie brutalnemu i represyjnemu ustawodawstwu, byli kategorią robotników przymusowych, których swobody osobiste i prawa wyjątkowo mocno ograniczono. Inne było położenie obywateli Protektoratu Czech i Moraw oraz satelickiej Słowacji, którzy mieli status dobrowolnych robotników i tym samym mogli liczyć na łagodniejsze traktowanie, możliwość powrotu do ojczyzny po zakończeniu kontraktów i wreszcie lepsze racji żywnościowe. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie procesu zatrudnienia polskich, czeskich i słowackich robotników w gospodarce niemieckiej ze szczególnym naciskiem na dyferencje w obszarze warunków pracy, położenia i traktowania.
EN
The problem of the mass employment of foreigners in the economy of the Third Reich has been touched upon on many occasions, and presents a key element in the field of economic studies the occupational politics of Hitler’s Germany. This is undoubtedly a result of both its scale and scope (according to statistics of the Germany Ministry of Labour from 15th August 1944, foreigners constituted 26% of the total Reich labour force). The apparatus within Germany which dealt with employment policies created a complex system to exploit the foreign labour supply, which was organized primarily along the principles of race. Specific nations and ethnic groups became the objects of legislation which specified their location, existential conditions, treatment and, most importantly, isolated them from the Germans – the category of Übermenschen. Even under the conditions of total war, racial demands failed to bring about the introduction of exceptions to the ruthless strategy of exploitation, especially of Slavs, who themselves were classified as Untermenschen. Poles, a nation subject to extremely brutal and repressive legislation, were placed into the category of forced labourers, wherein their personal freedoms and rights were excessively curtailed. Such treatment was entirely different from citizens of the Czech Protectorate and Moravia, and the Slovak satellite state, who had the status of free labourers and could consequently count on more lenient treatment, the possibility to return home at the end of their contacts and better food. The purpose of the following article is to demonstrate the process of employing foreigners of specific nations within the Germany economy, with specific emphasis placed upon the different locations, conditions of work and treatment.
15
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Praca przymusowa w Powszechnej Organizacji „Służba Polsce” w latach 1948–1955. Pomiędzy buntem a kapitulacją

51%
Lenart J.
Edukacja Ustawiczna Dorosłych
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2019
|
issue 1
EN
The 100th anniversary of Poland regaining independence encourages us to reflect on its difficult road to obtaining actual freedom. It obliges us to recall events and attitudes not only of well-known heroes of past times, but also ordinary people who guided by wisdom, courage, and responsibility defended centuries-old Polish values. In the article, I am looking for the answers to the following questions: Can any constructive values be found in forced labour and what are they? What work attitudes were shaped by forced labour? I have based my reflections on the labour brigades of the "Service to Poland,” which was a labour organisation for the young created by communist authorities in 1948. Their official goal was to shape young people’s attitudes towards work, vocational training, and reconstruction of the country. The hidden goal, however, was the communist indoctrination of young people aiming at making them the so-called new people – "homo sovieticus", i.e. the obedient citizens of the new socialist state
16

Dyskusja: Czy można mówić o działalności badawczej w warunkach nazistowskiego obozu koncentracyjnego?

51%
Leligdowicz A.
Przegląd Archeologiczny
|
2022
|
vol. 70
275-296
EN
In 2011, Przegląd Archeologiczny published an article by Andrzej Prinke discussing the wartime fate of Kazimierz Gelinek, the pre-war curator of the Masovian Museum in Płock, who was sent to the Nazi concentration camp in Gusen, but saved his life thanks to the archaeological research being conducted there by the SS. This interesting story was presented by the author as Gelinek’s research activity. However, he did not take into account the fact that Kazimierz Gelinek was primarily a forced labourer from the beginning to the end of his stay in the camp, whose combination of favorable circumstances made it possible to prepare an amateur study of archaeological excavations conducted in the area of the camp.
17

The History of the Germans from Mérk and Vállaj, Deported to the Soviet Union for Forced Labour 1945–1949

51%
Tircsi R.
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies
|
2015
|
vol. 7
|
issue 1
61-71
EN
The deportation - in German: Verschleppung - was a ‘taboo' for a long time. However, the works born since the change of regime provide an excellent and overall picture about this painful historical act. At the same time, it is desirable to get a more precise picture by examining the detailed history of the deportation in the case of the individual settlements. Merk and Valla), the Swabian settlements in the Szatmar region, in the eastern part of the country, lie on the periphery in several aspects. Still, considering the numerical proportion of their population, the most displaced persons were deported by the Soviets, as war criminals, from here in 1945 - a quarter of whom never saw their beloved ones and home country again. It is the particular tragedy of this fact that those deported were at least as much bound to their recipient country, the Hungarian nation, as to their German nationality. They are not criminals of war but victims of the war of racial discrimination. ‘Who will be responsible for these people suffering innocently?’ - puts the question Ferenc Juhasz, parish priest in Merk at that time. Giving an answer is the task of all of us. The paper seeks to explore a segment of the micro-texture of the country-wide, and even wider, regional trauma of this community, based on diary excerpts from the period as well as on individual, specialized literature research.
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A Repression of Czechoslovak Citizens in the USSR

51%
Hornik J.
Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies
|
2015
|
vol. 7
|
issue 1
73-78
EN
Around 30,000 citizens of pre-war Czechoslovakia were persecuted in the Soviet Union, at least 5.000 originated from Czech lands. One of the groups consist of the people who in the period of 1939-1942 sought refuge in the USSR from German or Hungarian Nazism, or who wanted to actively fight against it. They ended up in the Gulag, from which they were freed during an amnesty linked to the creation of a Czechoslovak unit in the USSR. Many were Czechoslovak Jews, including those who escaped from the Nazi concentration camp in Poland. Nisko, while thousands were inhabitants of Carpathian Ruthenia.
19
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Are we ‘leaving no-one behind’? How gaps in modern slavery programmes allow forced labour among adolescent girls in the garment and textile industries

50%
Bryant K., Joudo B.
Archiwum Kryminologii
|
2021
|
issue XLIII/1
19-46
PL
This article will examine the efficacy of current programme services for adolescent girls at risk of forced labour through an analysis of Walk Free’s Promising Practices Database. The Database is a collection of evaluations of anti-slavery and counter-trafficking programmes since 2000, categorised by type of intervention, location of programme, and target population, among other terms. This article identifies what lessons can be learnt, if any, to both prevent and tackle the forced labour of adolescent girls, with a particular focus on the garment and textile industries. We examine a subset of the Promising Practices Database of 81 evaluations, where at least one component in programme design was targeted at adolescent girls. We find that, in line with other critiques of human trafficking research, most evaluations are disproportionately focussed on programmes tackling sex trafficking to the exclusion of other forms of forced labour. Based on two existing evaluations, and related programmes in the garment sector, we determine the importance of community-led, inclusive, rights-based awareness-raising and the need to tailor interventions specifically to the needs and life-stage of the target group.   W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowana zostanie skuteczność obecnych programów dla dziewcząt zagrożonych pracą przymusową poprzez analizę bazy danych Walk Free's Promising Practices Database. Baza danych jest zbiorem ewaluacji programów przeciwdziałania niewolnictwu i handlowi ludźmi od 2000 roku, podzielonych m.in. na kategorie według rodzaju interwencji, lokalizacji programu i populacji docelowej. W niniejszym artykule określono, jakie wnioski można wyciągnąć, jeśli w ogóle, w celu zapobiegania i zwalczania pracy przymusowej młodocianych dziewcząt, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przemysłu odzieżowego i tekstylnego. Analizujemy podzbiór bazy danych Promising Practices Database, obejmującej 81 ewaluacji, w których przynajmniej jeden komponent programu był skierowany do nastolatków. Stwierdzamy, że zgodnie z innymi krytykami badań nad handlem ludźmi, większość ewaluacji jest nieproporcjonalnie skupiona na programach zajmujących się handlem seksualnym, z wyłączeniem innych form pracy przymusowej. Na podstawie dwóch istniejących ewaluacji i powiązanego z nimi programowania w sektorze odzieżowym, stwierdzamy, jak ważne jest podnoszenie świadomości w oparciu o prawa i potrzeby społeczności lokalnej oraz dostosowanie interwencji do potrzeb i etapu życia grupy docelowej.
EN
This article will examine the efficacy of current programme services for adolescent girls at risk of forced labour through an analysis of Walk Free’s Promising Practices Database. The Database is a collection of evaluations of anti-slavery and counter-trafficking programmes since 2000, categorised by type of intervention, location of programme, and target population, among other terms. This article identifies what lessons can be learnt, if any, to both prevent and tackle the forced labour of adolescent girls, with a particular focus on the garment and textile industries. We examine a subset of the Promising Practices Database of 81 evaluations, where at least one component in programme design was targeted at adolescent girls. We find that, in line with other critiques of human trafficking research, most evaluations are disproportionately focussed on programmes tackling sex trafficking to the exclusion of other forms of forced labour. Based on two existing evaluations, and related programmes in the garment sector, we determine the importance of community-led, inclusive, rights-based awareness-raising and the need to tailor interventions specifically to the needs and life-stage of the target group.
20
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Content available

The tale of 400 victims: A lesson for intervention

41%
Muraszkiewicz J.
Archiwum Kryminologii
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2021
|
issue XLIII/1
75-96
PL
This article speaks to a world order where forced labour is in plain sight. The starting point for the crime and recruitment of victims of human trafficking is often on the street. Homeless persons and individuals who have recently left correctional institutions are approached and swiftly transported to countries of destination. There, again in plain sight, they are taken to legal and regulated recruitment agencies and are found jobs. In many instances, they are placed in factories, recycling plants, and warehouses. Although these jobs are legitimate, what happens behind the scenes is not: individuals working have no access to their wages, suffer psychological and physical abuse, threats, coercive control, and their documents are taken from them. These clear components of forced labour are perfectly illustrated in the plight of vulnerable polish men recruited and transported to the UK who were discovered in UK’s largest police investigation into forced labour: Operation Fort. This exposé investigates and explores three key points where intervention is needed: two related to the recruitment of certain subgroups – the targeting of homeless individuals and those with a relationship with the criminal justice system, and a third, where forced labour is facilitated through the use of legitimate recruitment agencies.   Artykuł opisuje realia pracy przymusowej, która odbywa się na naszych oczach, a często zaczyna się na ulicach. Osoby bezdomne, a także osoby, które niedawno opuściły zakłady karne, są werbowane na ulicach miast i miasteczek, a następnie szybko przewożone do miejsc docelowych, gdzie są wykorzystywane. Za pośrednictwem legalnie działających agencji rekrutacyjnych, znajdują pracę. W wielu przypadkach jest to praca w fabrykach, zakładach zajmujących się recyklingiem lub w magazynach. Chociaż sama praca jest legalna, to co się dzieje za jej kulisami, już nie. Ludzie nie otrzymują wynagrodzenia, są wykorzystywani fizycznie i psychicznie, podlegają przymusowym kontrolom, są zastraszani i pozbawiani własnych dokumentów. Te elementy pracy przymusowej są dobrze widoczne wśród jednej z grup narażonych na stanie się ofiarami takiego procederu – Polaków rekrutowanych i przewożonych do Wielkiej Brytanii. Na podstawie ich historii, w niniejszym artykule zostały wskazane trzy kluczowe obszary, w jakich potrzebna jest interwencja. Dwa z nich dotyczą rekrutacji osób z grup wrażliwych na pokrzywdzenie – osób bezdomnych oraz osób mających za sobą przeszłość kryminalną. Trzecim obszarem jest ułatwienie świadczenia pracy tym osobom poprzez zaangażowanie legalnych agencji rekrutacyjnych. By ułatwić dyskusję nad tym tematem, w artykule została przedstawiona historia, która wydarzyła się niedawno, a w której 400 osób w wieku od 17 do 60 lat zostało zrekrutowanych i wykorzystanych do pracy przymusowej w Wielkiej Brytanii przez dwie polskie rodziny zaangażowane w przestępczość zorganizowaną.
EN
This article speaks to a world order where forced labour is in plain sight. The starting point for the crime and recruitment of victims of human trafficking is often on the street. Homeless persons and individuals who have recently left correctional institutions are approached and swiftly transported to countries of destination. There, again in plain sight, they are taken to legal and regulated recruitment agencies and are found jobs. In many instances, they are placed in factories, recycling plants, and warehouses. Although these jobs are legitimate, what happens behind the scenes is not: individuals working have no access to their wages, suffer psychological and physical abuse, threats, coercive control, and their documents are taken from them. These clear components of forced labour are perfectly illustrated in the plight of vulnerable polish men recruited and transported to the UK who were discovered in UK’s largest police investigation into forced labour: Operation Fort. This exposé investigates and explores three key points where intervention is needed: two related to the recruitment of certain subgroups – the targeting of homeless individuals and those with a relationship with the criminal justice system, and a third, where forced labour is facilitated through the use of legitimate recruitment agencies.
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