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EN
The role of an expert in a criminal proceeding is disputable. On the one hand, the expert’s “monopoly” is criticized, namely the fact that the judge’s responsibility is reduced because they have to trust in the expert’s specialist conclusion. On the other hand, the expertise process is analyzed as a whole by psychologists and non-experts not only from the methodical point of view but also in terms of its contents. The diagnostic process of the credibility assessment requires an enormous cognitive accomplishment of the expert. This is the result of the complexity of the expertise task because there exists no valid theory of credibility, which could link psychologically meaningful constructs in a universally valid law. For that reason, experts have to adapt themselves to a variety of small laws (so called indicators). Added to the high complexity of the credibility assessment there are also high demands on the court in respect of the quality of the expert. On the one hand, the expert has to observe the legal and ethical frameworks and act in a structured and scientific way. On the other hand, his or her way of thinking has to be flexible and self-critical. The problems of the credibility assessment raise the question of how exactly the expert assessment proceeds and where do its borders lie. Then the identification of its borders can contribute to more transparency and with that to the improvement of the expert assessment’s quality. This article deals not only with the difficulties of credibility assessment but also with the possibilities of the systematization and improvement of the credibility assessment’s procedure. First of all, the judge’s expertise and the expert’s position in the criminal proceeding are explained. Afterwards the complex diagnostic process of the credibility proceeding is explained. Then the author explains problems and limite of the credibility proceedings and their consequences within the practical application of the credibility proceeding. Finally, several possibilities that can contribute to improvements in quality are discussed.
EN
The history of forensic psychology in Czech Republic and Slovakia is described in many psychological or criminological publications usually in the introductory chapters. These texts, however, differ in different aspects: definition of the beginning of forensic psychology and the description of the historical development of forensic psychology. The aim of this article is to present how forensic psychology’s history till the beginning of WWII is represented in Czech and Slovak psychological literature, and further to fill in missing information by searching for primary sources.
CS
Historie forenzní psychologie v Čechách a na Slovensku je popsána v řadě psychologických a kriminologických publikacích obvykle v rámci úvodních kapitol. Tyto texty se však liší v různých aspektech: vymezení začátku forenzní psychologie či popsání historického vývoje forenzní psychologie. Cílem tohoto článku je nahlédnout do historie forenzní psychologie do začátku druhé světové války a poukázat na to, jak je prezentována v české a slovenské psychologické literatuře. Na základě této exkurze byly také doplněny různé informace dohledáním primárních zdrojů.
EN
This article applies to applications of cognitive neuroscience in forensic psychology and sexology. Many studies show that anti-social people demonstrate deficits in the central area of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VMPF) and related to it executive functions (FZ). These people have difficulties with learning, discounting of rewards and use the rules. The somatic markers theory explains this in terms of disorders in the formation of association between stimulus and reward or punishment (function VMPF). Tests involving VMPF should therefore differentiate between control groups and those manifesting anti-social behavior. The theory is confirmed by numerous studies measuring the efficiency of the FZ in the population of sex offenders. Deficits in the FZ are used in the diagnosis of deviant sexual preferences
EN
This article aims to introduce the reader of a new magazine to the context of thinking about crime in the Czech Republic, both at the level of theory and research. In this regard, we consider it crucial to outline the development of Czech criminology, its long tradition and promising present, and inform about main directions of current research in the field. The second task appears certainly more difficult since it forces us to make a selection and our criteria of any such selection may become the subject of dispute. It is to present the most important projects, which – paradoxically – cross the horizons of the Czech basin and integrate the Czech Criminology into a wider, international context.
EN
Knowledge of psychology is vital in the application of law. However, classical studies by Richard A. Wise and Martin A. Safer (conducted on a sample of American judges, prosecutors and attorneys) showed that they know very little about psychological effects in eyewitness testimony. Further studies conducted in Norway, Canada and China arrived at similar conclusions. This article presentsresults of the author’s own study, which was the first attempt to verify the knowledge of Polish judges and prosecutors concerning the psychology of eyewitness testimony. The research was conducted on a sample of 545 participants, including 87 judges and 193 prosecutors. The results showed that Polish lawyers also know rather little about the psychology of eyewitness testimony. The results suggest that the professional experience of judges and prosecutors does not in itself always guarantee they have actual knowledge about the psychology of eyewitness testimony.
PL
Znajomość psychologii jest niezbędna w stosowaniu prawa, jednakże klasyczne badania R. Wise’a i M. Safera, przeprowadzone na próbie amerykańskich sędziów, prokuratorów i adwokatów, pokazały, że przedstawiciele zawodów prawniczych dysponują niewielką wiedzą psychologiczną, szczególnie z zakresu psychologii zeznań. Dalsze badania prowadzone w Norwegii, Kanadzie i Chinach przyniosły podobne wnioski. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wyniki badania własnego, będącego pierwszą próbą zweryfikowania wiedzy polskich sędziów i prokuratorów na temat psychologii zeznań. Badanie przeprowadzono na próbie liczącej 545 osób, w tym 87 sędziów i 193 prokuratorów. Wyniki wskazują między innymi, że również polscy prawnicy dysponują relatywnie niewielką wiedzą z zakresu psychologii zeznań. Sugeruje to, że samo doświadczenie zawodowe sędziów i prokuratorów nie zawsze gwarantuje posiadania aktualnej wiedzy z zakresu psychologii zeznań naocznych świadków.
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Vznik forenzní psychologie v českých zemích

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EN
The beginnings of a scientific discipline are usually connected with the publication of a certain manuscript or the founding of a research institute. In the Czech Lands, the founding of psychology is traced to the academic year 1921/1922, when František Krejčí (1858-1934) founded the Psychological Institute at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University, and the beginnings of criminology are connected to the founding of Criminological Research Institute in the 1960s. However, a question remains, which moment in history defines the founding of forensic psychology in the Czech Lands. In order to answer this question, I have described the multidisciplinary beginnings of forensic psychology, the state of scientific fields up till 1939, and created a publication timeline from 1918 to 1939. Based upon the analysis of the publication timeline and using the six basic characteristics of scientific discipline, it can be stated that the publication of Josef Šejnoha Criminal Psychology from 1930 is the defining moment of founding forensic psychology in the Czech Republic.
CS
Počátky vědních oborů jsou často spojovány s určitým definujícím momentem, jako je například publikace určité monografie či založení výzkumného institutu. V českých zemích se počátky psychologie tradují k akademickému roku 1921/1922, kdy František Krejčí (1858-1934) založil na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy Psychologický ústav, a počátky kriminologie se kladou do šedesátých let 20. století, kdy byl založen Výzkumný ústav kriminologický. Otázkou však zůstává, který moment definuje vznik forenzní psychologie v českých zemích. Cílem tohoto článku je zodpovědět si tuto otázku pomocí popisu multidisciplinárních počátků forenzní psychologie, stavu vědních oborů do roku 1939 a vytvoření časové linie publikací od roku 1918 do roku 1939 vztahujících se k forenzní psychologii. Na základě analýzy této časové linie publikací a s použitím šesti základních charakteristik vědecké disciplíny lze konstatovat, že vydání publikace Josefa Šejnohy Kriminální psychologie v roce 1930 je momentem, který definuje ustavení forenzní psychologie v českých zemích.
PL
Zaprezentowane w artykule badania dotyczą efektu dezinformacji w kontekście zeznań świadków. Podstawowym celem badań była próba zaprezentowania możliwych konsekwencji (pozytywnych, jak i negatywnych) działania ostrzeżenia o rozbieźnościach między materiałem oryginalnym a materiałem następczym na jakość raportu pamięciowego. Następnym celem było włączenie do typowej procedury badania efektu dezinformacji dodatkowego etapu, jakim była prezentacja kolejnego materiału następczego. W obu badaniach uczestnicy, po zaprezentowaniu im materiału oryginalnego, byli wystawieni na odbiór dwu materiałów następczych – jeden z nich poprawnie powtarzał informacje zawarte w materiale oryginalnym lub zawierał informacje neutralne, w treci drugiego natomiast manipulowano podaniem dezinformacji. Eksperymenty różniły się sekwencją postępowania eksperymentalnego. W eksperymencie I najpierw zastosowano jako pierwszy materiał następczy (nie)dezinformujący, w eksperymencie II powtórzono materiał oryginalny/materiał neutralny. W obu badaniach potwierdzono wszystkie postawione hipotezy. Stwierdzono wystąpienie efektu dezinformacji. Zgodnie z oczekiwaniami, w I eksperymencie w następstwie podania ostrzeżenia odnotowano efekt skażonej prawdy, natomiast w II – całkowitą eliminację efektu dezinformacji.
EN
The presented studies are concerned with the misinformation effect in the context of eyewitness testimony. The main purpose of the experiments was to present the possible consequences (positive ones and negative ones) of warning participants about inconsistencies between original and postevent materials to the quality of memory report. Another aim of the studies was to include an additional stage in the typical procedure of researching misinformation effect: the presentation of an additional postevent material. In both experiments, after the original material was shown to them, participants were exposed to two postevent materials. One of the materials correctly repeated the information from the original material or contained neutral information, while the other one included some misleading information. The two experiments differed in the sequence of the exposition of postevent materials. In the first study, misinformation manipulation was used in the first material. In the second study, the first postevent material was neutral or contained information correctly repeated from the original material. As expected, in Experiment 1 the tainted truth effect was observed, whereas in Experiment 2 warning eliminated the misinformation effect.
EN
The study looks at the ability to detect nonverbal deception among police officers and economics and management students in the Czech Republic. Respondents from police departments (n=197) and university students of human resources (n=161) completed a deception detection task and evaluated veracity of the statements of suspects in 21 videos from real crime investigations. Their evaluations were based on nonverbal behavior. Voices in the video clips were modified so that words were not recognizable, yet paraverbal voice characteristics were preserved. Results suggest respondents have a tendency to so-called lie bias, i.e. a tendency to evaluate the statements preferably as deceptive. In the evaluation of video clips, stereotypes also played a significant role. The statements of suspects of a different ethnicity, younger age or specific visual features were considered deceitful more often. Research might be beneficial for training professionals, who use techniques of deception detection in crime investigation, for identification of deception during job interviews or in other fields.
CS
Cílem studie je sledovat dovednost neverbální detekce pravdy a lži mezi policisty a studenty ekonomiky a managementu. Příslušníci Policie ČR (n=197) a studenti ekonomiky a managementu (n=161) hodnotili pravdivost výpovědí v 21 videoklipech z reálného vyšetřování trestných činů. Jejich hodnocení byla založená na pozorování neverbálního chování. Zvuková stopa ve videozáznamech byla modifikována, aby nebylo možné rozeznat konkrétní slova, ale aby zůstaly zachovány paraverbální charakteristiky řeči. Výsledky naznačují tendenci respondentů k tzv. lie bias při hodnocení výpovědí, tedy tendenci posuzovat výpovědi spíše jako lživé. Významnou roli hrály také stereotypy. Výpovědi podezřelých odlišné národnosti, nižšího věku nebo s výraznými vzhledovými rysy byly častěji označovány jako lživé. Výzkum může být přínosný pro výcvik profesionálů, kteří využívají techniky detekce lži při vyšetřování trestných činů, k identifikaci klamání při výběrových řízeních i v dalších oblastech.
9
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Przesłuchanie poznawcze

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EN
The article aims at presenting the topic of cognitive interview (CI) taking into account its advantages and disadvantages, as well as the usefulness of its application in Polish law enforcement during pre-trial proceedings. Due to the wide application of this method of questioning, mainly in countries with the common law judicial systems, it is worth considering which of the achievements of combined science and practice from Western Countries may be adapted in Poland. Are there any contraindications to conduct interviews by means of this method? If not, the question arises – what benefits it can bring to Polish practice.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie tematyki przesłuchania poznawczego (wywiadu poznawczego, cognitive interview, CI) z uwzględnieniem jego zalet oraz wad, a także użyteczności stosowania go w praktyce polskich organów ścigania podczas postępowania przygotowawczego. Z uwagi na szerokie wykorzystanie tej metody przesłuchania, głównie w krajach bazujących na common law, warto się zastanowić, co z zachodniego dorobku połączenia nauki i praktyki możliwe jest do zaadaptowania w Polsce. Czy w ogóle istnieją jakiekolwiek przeciwwskazania prowadzenia przesłuchań przy użyciu tej metody? Jeśli nie, to nasuwa się pytanie – jakie korzyści może ona przynieść polskiej praktyce.
Ius Matrimoniale
|
2016
|
vol. 27
|
issue 4
95-122
EN
The analysis of the evidence, particularly the testimony of parties and witnesses is the essence of each process. Particularly important is the appropriate to assign the credibility of the presented theses. Human memory is sometimes unreliable and often on the basis of the analyzed court records raises the question: we remember what happened, or what we want to remember? Analysis of the mechanisms associated with the perception of the facts, their storage in memory and reconstruction and skillful interpretation of what was said “between the lines” can be very helpful.
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